Abstract: Elimination of mercury contained in a hydrocarbon feed by: a) feed 1 is mixed with a hydrogen stream 14 and a gaseous fraction 13 originating from c), b) mixture 1a contacted with a catalyst to convert mercury compounds to elemental mercury producing an effluent containing elemental mercury 6, c) effluent containing elemental mercury is cooled to between 20° C. and 80° C., then, at 1.5 MPa and 3.5 MPa and between 20° C. and 80° C., separation 10 of said effluent containing the elemental mercury into a gaseous fraction 11 and a liquid fraction 15, at least a part of said gaseous fraction 11 being recycled to step a), d) fractionation 20 of liquid fraction 15 to produce a gaseous phase 42 and a liquid phase 21, and e) contacting at least a part of gaseous phase 42 with a mercury collection material 43.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can be a process for removing one or more polynuclear aromatics from at least one reformate stream from a reforming zone. The PNAs may be removed using an adsorption zone. The adsorption zone can include first and second vessels. Generally, the process includes passing the at least a portion of an effluent of the reforming zone through the first vessel containing a first activated carbon. The adsorption zone is operated at a temperature of at least 370° C.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can be a process for removing one or more polynuclear aromatics from at least one reformate stream from a reforming zone. The PNAs may be removed using an adsorption zone. The adsorption zone can include first and second vessels. Generally, the process includes passing the at least a portion of an effluent of the reforming zone through the first vessel containing a first activated carbon. The adsorption zone is operated at a temperature of at least 370° C.

Abstract: A process for producing gasoline having reduced sulfur content while maintaining or improving octane rating is provided. A gasoline fraction having a substantial amount of olefinic and sulfur compounds produced from fluidized catalytic cracking or coking is contacted first with an adsorbent to selectively remove alkylated thiophenic, benzothiophene, and alkylated benzothiophenic sulfur compounds. The adsorptively treated gasoline fraction is then introduced into a conventional hydrodesulphurizing catalyst bed with hydrogen for further removal of sulfur compounds. Adsorbent containing alkylated thiophenic, benzothiophene, and alkylated benzothiophenic compounds are regenerated through washing with a hydrocarbon solvent and subsequent drying-out by warming.

Abstract: A process for removing contaminants and breaking emulsions in a feedstream comprising a crude source composition comprising unconventional or opportunity crude oil, the process comprising: providing the feedstream comprising the crude source composition comprising unconventional or opportunity crude oil, the feedstream comprising an emulsion comprising one or more contaminants, a salt content, and a water content; and, contacting the feedstream directly with one or more mesopore structured materials and one or more demulsifiers under conditions effective to separate a majority of the water content, the salt content, and the one or more contaminants from the feedstream, thereby breaking the emulsion and producing a purified hydrocarbon phase.

Abstract: A process for treating a hydrocarbon liquid composition to improve its storage and/or transportation stability, comprises contacting the hydrocarbon liquid composition with a polar trap, wherein the conductivity of the hydrocarbon liquid composition is not reduced by said contacting with a polar trap. The polar trap may be a clay treater containing attapulgus clay. The process may include sequentially passing the hydrocarbon liquid composition through a dehydrator and a clay treater at a flow rate of between about 100 and about 1000 m3 per hour. Advantageously, the hydrocarbon liquid composition is refined and in particular, may be a Merox™-treated jet fuel.

Abstract: Sulfur is removed from a hydrocarbon fuel via contact with a desulfurization agent; the desulfurization agent is then regenerated (wherein sulfur is released) by exposing it to oxygen. The sulfur removal and regeneration processes each can be carried out at relatively moderate temperatures, e.g., from 300 to 600° C., and pressure, e.g., about 0.79 to about 3.5 MPa; and the desulfurization agent can include a transition metal oxide, such as molybdenum oxide. The process can also include the additional steps of cracking the hydrocarbon, separating high-boiling and low-boiling fractions from the reaction product and contacting the lower-boiling fraction with a secondary desulfurization agent.

Abstract: The present invention provides apparatus and a process capable of reducing the sulphur content of the gasoline product resulting from the cracking of a high molecular weight hydrocarbon feed comprising sulphur which comprises at least three concurrent steps: (a) passing input fluid comprising pollutant through at least one adsorber to produce a polluted adsorber and a purified fluid stream (of reduced pollutant content), which leaves the adsorber, stopping the flow into said adsorber to leave residual fluid therein, and separating said residual fluid from said adsorber to leave the polluted adsorber of reduced residual fluid content, (0) heating a polluted adsorber with a heated regeneration gas to produce a hot adsorher (of reduced polutant content) and cooler regeneration gas (of increased pollutant content), (c) contacting a heated adsorher (of reduced pollutant content) with a regeneration gas (of a lower temperature than that of said adsorber) to produce a cooler adsorber and a warmer regeneration gas, w

Abstract: A process for the purification of a fluid stream containing a sulphur contaminant, such as hydrogen sulphide, and mercury, phosphine, stibine, and/or arsenic compounds as a second contaminant wherein said fluid stream is passed through a bed of a particulate absorbent containing a sulphide of a variable valency metal, especially copper, that is more electropositive than mercury, to remove said second contaminant and then the sulphur contaminant is removed from at least part of the effluent from that bed by passing that part of the effluent through a bed of a particulate sulphur absorbent comprising a compound selected from oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and basic carbonates of said variable valency metal is disclosed. The removal of the sulphur contaminant converts said variable valency metal compound to the corresponding sulphide. The resulting bed of variable valency metal sulphide is subsequently used for the removal of the second contaminant.

Abstract: A method for producing a process oil is provided in which an aromatic extract oil is added to a paraffinic rich feed to provide a blended feed. The blended feed is then hydrotreated in a first hydrotreating stage to convert at least a portion of sulfur and nitrogen in the feed to hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. After stripping, the feed is subjected to a second hydrotreating stage to provide a process oil.

Abstract: A process for the purification of a fluid stream containing a sulphur contaminant, such as hydrogen sulphide, and mercury, phosphine, stibine, and/or arsenic compounds as a second contaminant wherein said fluid stream is passed through a bed of a particulate absorbent containing a sulphide of a variable valency metal, especially copper, that is more electropositive than mercury, to remove said second contaminant and then the sulphur contaminant is removed from at least part of the effluent from that bed by passing that part of the effluent through a bed of a particulate sulphur absorbent comprising a compound selected from oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and basic carbonates of said variable valency metal is disclosed. The removal of the sulphur contaminant converts said variable valency metal compound to the corresponding sulphide. The resulting bed of variable valency metal sulphide is subsequently used for the removal of the second contaminant.

Abstract: Severely contaminated white mineral oils which fail the RCS specification are treated using an acid-treated bentonite clay, such as TONSIL CO 630G. The white oil products produced in the treatment may be a USP grade white oil.

Abstract: A method for producing a process oil is provided in which an aromatic extract oil is added to a napthenic rich feed. The combined feed is then hydrotreated in a first hydrotreating stage to convert at least a portion of sulfur and nitrogen in the feed to hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. After stripping the feed is subjected to a second hydrotreating stage to provide a process oil.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for adsorptive cleaning of vegetable and/or mineral oils and fats operating by a multi-stage countercurrent process, in which uncleaned oil is fed to a first stage, where it is put into contact and pre-cleaned with an already used and partly loaded adsorptive agent, fed to a first separating stage, put into contact with fresh adsorptive agent at a second stage, and then fed to a second separating stage and in which the constituents removed from the oil at the second separating stage are re-utilised at the first step in the process, as an already used, partly loaded adsorptive agent, these constituents are obtained and/or prepared as a pumpable sludge and passed to the uncleaned oil in the first stage with air excluded.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for the elimination of mercury from hydrocarbons by passage of the feedstock with hydrogen over a catalyst then bringing the product obtained into contact with a mercury retention bed, the catalyst comprising at least one element selected from the group constituted by iron, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, palladium, wherein at least 5% is in the sulphide state. Any arsenic present in the feedstock is also eliminated.In accordance with the invention, the catalyst is simultaneously presulphurated and reduced.The invention results in a considerable reduction in operation period and high retention efficiency at temperatures between 120.degree. C. and 250.degree. C. and in the presence of 0-1000 mg of sulphur/kg of feed.

Abstract: For removing mercury and any arsenic in hydrocarbon charges containing mercury and sulfur, the charge is contacted with an arsenic collecting material having catalytic properties ("catalyst") in hydrogen, the material containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, palladium, and platinum; at least one metal selected from the group consisting of chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and uranium; and an active phase carrier. Downstream of the catalyst or mixed therewith is a mercury collecting material containing a sulfide of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of copper, iron, and silver or sulfur, and an active phase carrier.

Abstract: A process for the elimination of mercury and possibly of arsenic from hydrocarbons wherein compounds containing mercury are transformed into elemental mercury, the charge is fractioned, and then the fractions rich in mercury are purified through contact with a mercury collecting mass.

Abstract: Heavy oils are advantageously preconditioned by heat soaking prior to hydrotreating with a dispersed metal catalyst to reduce coking in a two stage hydrotreating process. The effluent of a hydrotreating process is filtered to recover catalytically active coke which is recovered by backflushing and recycled to the feed stream. A mild solvent deasphalting step isolates metals in a reduced volume asphaltene fraction.

Abstract: A method for the adsorptive purification of vegetable and/or mineral oils and fats works with a multi-stage counter flow process. At least a part of the solid phase leaving the first separating stage is mixed in batches or continuously with a part of the purified oil or fat leaving the last separating stage. The mash thereby obtained is fed to a subsequent filter.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for treating hydrotreated naphtha which involves treating the naphtha over massive nickel catalyst followed by treating the naphtha over a metal oxide under conditions effective for removing impurities from said naphtha to result in substantially purified naphtha, wherein the metal oxide is selected from the group of metal oxides having a free energy of formation of sulfide which exceeds said free energy of formation of platinum sulfide, such as manganous oxide. In so doing, naphtha in the gas phase in the presence of hydrogen is passed over the manganous oxide at a temperature within the range of about 800.degree. F. and 1100.degree. F., a hydrogen to oil molar ratio between about 1:1 and 6:1, a whsv between about 2 and 8, and pressure between about 50 and 300 psig; and the naphtha in the liquid phase at a temperature between about 300.degree. F. and about 350.degree. F., and whsv less than about 5 is passed over the massive nickel.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for removing mercury from a liquid hydrocarbon feed material by (a) removing those components having a higher molecular weight than the desired hydrocarbon from the feed material, (b) removing water from the feed material, and thereafter (c) removing mercury from the feed material. Mercury can be removed to an extremely low concentration of 0.001 ppm or lower from a wide variety of liquid hydrocarbon feed materials containing either a relatively large amount or a trace amount of mercury.

Abstract: A process is provided for the pretreatment of heavy oil feeds to demetalate and remove coke precursors. Inert, sorbent material is utilized in a reaction zone to effect the contaminant removal and is cycled to a regeneration zone. The sorbent also adsorbs sulfur oxides produced in a regeneration zone which are then cycled back to the reaction zone, converted to hydrogen sulfide, and removed from the system. The preferred sorbent material is high surface area alumina, having an average surface area in the circulating inventory of greater than 100 m.sup.2 /g.

Abstract: System for recovering purified oil from a mixture of oil, water, and solid particles; comprising allowing the mixture to settle while heating to about 160.degree. F. to form a lower water layer and an upper oil layer; pumping off the water layer and passing it through a strainer to separate solids; pumping off the oil, passing it through a strainer to remove solids, heating the strained oil and passing it through a purification step including filtering fine solids, heating the oil to vaporize any volatile components, and separating the vapors so produced.

Abstract: A method of selective and efficient removal of mercury from a hydrocarbon oil comprising contacting said oil with a cupric and/or stannous compound forming a reaction system. The purified hydrocarbon oil can be readily separated from the reaction system. The purified hydrocarbon oil does not contain mercury or any other catalyst poisoning component and can, therefore, be used extensively in catalytic reactions typified by hydrogenation reaction.

Abstract: An improvement in a process which comprises feeding a heavy hydrocarbon oil and hydrogen to a fixed bed reactor which is charged with a demetallation catalyst at its upper stage and a hydrotreating catalyst at its lower stage, first contacting said feed stock with the demetallation catalyst under hydrotreating conditions and then contacting the same with the hydrotreating catalyst for the purpose of hydrotreating. The improvement comprises providing at the upper stage of the demetallation catalyst bed a small volume of a premetallation catalyst bed, said premetallation catalyst being lower in the activity than the demetallation catalyst. This predemetallation catalyst bed is charged with a catalyst which comprises one kind or more of metals selected from Group IIB, Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB and Group VIII supported on a porous inorganic oxide carrier, said metals being 0.2 to 3 wt. % in terms of oxide, and has a pore volume of 0.4 to 1.5 ml/g and a void fraction of 55 vol % or more.

Abstract: A heavy crude oil is fractionated into at least three liquid fractions which include a distillate fraction boiling in the 400.degree. F.-650.degree. F. range and a 650.degree. F.+ boiling range residuum. The distillate cut is hydrodesulfurized and the residuum is hydrodemetallized. The cuts thus hydrotreated, and at least a part of the third liquid fraction, are then combined to form an upgraded synthetic crude oil of relatively low sulfur content and relatively low vanadium and nickel content.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new and integrated process involving the utilization of a primary adsorption bed containing a regenerable, physical adsorbent and an auxiliary sorption bed containing a chemisorbent for the removal of sulfur compounds from a fluid stream, which process provides for higher yields, higher purity and lower costs. A system for removing sulfur compounds in accordance with the above process is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a chemical process involving a processing step which is sensitive to the presence of at least one component contained within the stream to be processed and to an economical and efficient method of temporarily removing such deleterious component from the stream so as to have the deleterious component by-pass the step which is sensitive to this component using an adsorbent for such removal wherein the adsorbent is regenerated by the product effluent stream leaving the sensitive processing step.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a chemical process involving a processing step which is sensitive to the presence of at least one component contained within the stream to be processed and to an economical and efficient method of temporarily removing such deleterious component from the stream so as to have the deleterious component by-pass the step which is sensitive to this component using an adsorbent for such removal wherein the adsorbent is regenerated by the product effluent stream leaving the sensitive processing step.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new and integrated process involving the utilization of a primary adsorption bed containing a regenerable, physical absorbent and an auxiliary sorption bed containing a chemisorbent and an optional physical absorbent for the removal of sulfur compounds and water from a fluid stream, which process provides for higher yields, higher purity and lower costs.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a chemical process involving a processing step which is sensitive to the presence of at least one component contained within the stream to be processed. In particular, the present invention relates to an economical and efficient method of integrating the means for removing the deleterious component with the sensitive processing step by the use of a sorbent which is capable of removing the at least one deleterious component at sorption conditions which enables the stream to be in the vapor phase for subsequent introduction to the sensitive processing step which is also carried out in the vapor phase. Most preferably, the sorption conditions are substantially the same as the conditions within the sensitive processing step.

Abstract: We disclose a catalyst system which is capable of removing sodium from a hydrocarbon feed having at least 1 ppm oil-soluble sodium. It comprises a catalyst layer characterized as a fixed bed of catalyst particles having a low volume percent of their pore volume percent in the form of macropores above 1000 .ANG. in diameter, high surface area, and high hydrogenation activity. We also disclose a process of using the system.

Abstract: We disclose a catalyst system which is capable of removing calcium from a hydrocarbon feed having at least 1 ppm oil-soluble calcium. It comprises a catalyst layer characterized as a fixed bed of catalyst particles, a high volume percent of their pore volume in the form of macropores above 1000 .ANG. in diameter, low surface area, and low hydrogenation activity. We also disclose a process of using the system.

Abstract: A process for automatically providing for periodic surge flow or liquid slugs in the catalyst bed to insure that the catalyst is periodically fully wetted. Therefore, before dry spots develop in the bed and some catalyst particles are deprived of the liquid reactants, the aforesaid liquid pulse or slug will rewet the catalyst. This desired periodic introduction of a liquid slug through a catalyst bed is accomplished by the provision of a plurality of automatically actuating and operating siphon means disposed and distributed across the area of the distributor tray means within the reactor.

Abstract: A process for removing undesirable elements, e.g. nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, from the light organic liquid product derived from a solvent refined coal liquefaction process, while preserving octane number, which comprises the steps of (1) subjecting the light liquids to an ion-exchange resin treatment and (2) contacting the resulting ion-exchanged liquids with a zeolite acting as an adsorbent under specified conditions of space velocity, temperature and pressure.

Abstract: The treating capacity of a finishing unit for oils of lubricating viscosity is increased and the quality of oil treated therein is improved in a process comprising contacting regenerated clay adsorbent from said finishing unit with anhydrous acid gas prior to returning it to the adsorbent bed of said unit, and thereafter contacting said oil with said acid gas treated adsorbent.

Abstract: A gas phase and a liquid phase pass countercurrently through a reaction vessel, and solid particles move from stage to stage in the reactor concurrently with either the liquid phase or the gas phase. In one embodiment of the invention the liquid phase is a hydrocarbon oil to be treated, for example, desulphurized, the gas phase is hydrogen, and the solid particles are hydrodesulphurization catalyst particles.