Abstract: A mono or multi-layer polyester film is described. Also described, is a process for producing the mono or multi-layer polyester film, the use of a surface-treated filler material product as a voiding agent in the mono or multi-layer polyester film, and an article including the mono or multi-layer polyester film. Further, use of the mono or multi-layer polyester film is described in packaging products, insulating materials, solar, marine or aviation applications, science, electronic or acoustic applications, wires, cables, radio frequency identifications, flexible circuits, graphic arts, stone paper, holograms, filter products, cosmetic products, household products, imaging, recording media, or industrial products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a mono or multi-layer polyester film, a process for producing the mono or multi-layer polyester film, an article comprising the mono or multi-layer polyester film as well as the use of the mono or multi-layer polyester film packaging products, insulating materials, solar, marine or aviation applications, science, electronic or acoustic applications, wires, cables, radio frequency identifications, flexible circuits, graphic arts, stone paper, holograms, filter products, cosmetic products, household products imaging, recording media, or industrial products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing an aqueous slurry comprising a blend of surface modified calcium carbonate comprising particles (MCC) and precipitated calcium carbonate comprising particles (PCC), an aqueous slurry comprising the blend, as well as the blend obtainable by drying the aqueous slurry and their uses in paper, paper coating, tissue paper, digital photo paper, paints, coatings, adhesives, plastics, waste water treating or waste water treating agents.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon-in-water purification system includes a high capacity hydrocarbon absorber stage having a high capacity hydrocarbon absorber material and an inlet configured to receive a hydrocarbon-in-water dispersion from a fuel system. A polishing hydrocarbon absorber stage is in liquid communication and downstream of the high capacity hydrocarbon absorber stage including polishing activated carbon. The high capacity hydrocarbon absorber material has a greater saturation capacity than the polishing activated carbon and the polishing activated carbon has a greater polishing capacity than the high capacity hydrocarbon absorber material. A method for controlling and managing the evacuation of water from the hydrocarbon-in-water purification system includes tracking the purification state of water volumes and the bed loading states of purification beds defined in the water filter.

Abstract: Provided is a method and device for a waste water treatment process. In one exemplary embodiment influent waste water and a defined portion of treated effluent water are combined during a first time interval to produce pretreated water. The pretreated water is dosed with selective chemical additives formulated to cause separation of solid and liquid media during a second time interval, producing separated water. Remaining solid media is removed from the separated water with a sludge filter to produce treated effluent water.

Abstract: An acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment means comprising polyethersulfone (PES) having dispersed therein hydroxy-sodalite (H-SOD) so as to form a membrane is described. The PES-H-SOD membrane is suitable for treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) by providing a filtration means to remove toxic chemicals, including but not limited to heavy metals. The invention extends to a method of manufacturing the acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment means.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the purification of water and/or dewatering of sludges and/or sediments, to the use of a combination of a phyllosilicate and a surface-treated calcium carbonate for water purification and/or dewatering of sludges and/or sediments, as well as to the use of a combination of a phyllosilicate and a surface-treated calcium carbonate for reducing the amount of polymeric flocculation aids in water and/or sludges and/or sediments and to a composite material comprising at least one surface-treated calcium carbonate, at least one phyllosilicate and impurities originated from different sources obtainable by said process.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an apparatus and methods of its use to generate chlorine dioxide. The apparatus comprises three cation exchange resin chambers in fluidic communication to convert chlorite salt into chlorine dioxide. Unlike previous converters, the invention utilizes an novel method of acidifying some of the chlorite to produce a more effective process. The invention can achieve a 100% theoretical yield which is s significant improvement over the 80% theoretical yield in previous attempts using non-acidifying chemistry. The method also avoids the need for expensive catalysts.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for obtaining energy from organic-containing waste materials by (1) precomminuting the waste material and determining its ratio of carbonaceous material and silicatic material; (2) further measuring the constituents in the waste material to determine the ratio of carbonaceous material and silicatic material; (3) maintaining the ratio of carbonaceous material and silicatic material at about 90% to 10%; (4) adding phyllosilicate to the waste material, separating the resulting mixture into solid, liquid and gaseous phases, and pelletizing the solid phase; (5) pyrrolizing the pellets forming a second gaseous phase and a second solids phase; and (6) supplying the second gaseous phase to a tank, and separating the second solids phase into end product carbonaceous and silicatic materials, and recovering the carbonaceous materials.

Abstract: A metalloid contaminated liquid water solution purification process providing decrease to safe human consumption-rated levels of metalloid concentration therein, by precipitation without oxidation and without liquid water heating. The process comprises the following steps: injecting a ferric iron coagulant; injection of lime in the liquid solution; precipitating the metalloid; separating the resulting slurry between a liquid and a solid phase, wherein a clarified water solution is obtained; wherein the liquid phase of the solution is economically reclaimed, while the solid phase slurry is disposed of.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing granular material useful as a phosphorus removal aggregate and involves the mixing of a pulverized calcium or magnesium oxide material with a dewatered clay waste material in a paddle or ribbon type mixer until reaching a state of a uniform consistency paste like material and then allowing such material to cure for several days while periodically mixing to expose new surface area thereof to the air to facilitate evaporation until the water content of the cured material is less than six percent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of capturing radioactive species in an aqueous solution and removing the radioactive species for disposal. The method includes the steps of providing a macroporous bead form sequestration resin including a sequestration ligand coupled to a sulfonic acid based polymer resin, subjecting the bead form sequestration resin to radioactive species contained in the aqueous solution to allow the bead form sequestration resin to capture the radioactive species; using an acid to lower a pH of the resin to release the radioactive species; and disposing the radioactive species in a radioactive storage facility.

Abstract: A method of deactivating biomass is set forth. The method includes two stages, a disrupting stage and a rupture stage. The disrupting stage includes the steps of injecting an oxidizer gas into the biomass with minimal or significant elevated pressure and then a depressurizing of the biomass. The steps cause a disruption of cellular membranes of cells present in the biomass. The rupture stage includes the step of injecting the biomass with a rupture gas sufficient to pressurize the biomass to a second elevated pressure following by the depressurizing of the biomass. The injecting and depressurizing steps of the rupture stage can be repeated at least two times in order to rupture the cell membranes and expose residual cell contents.

Abstract: A self-contained water polishing system includes at least a first containment basin that has an inlet for inflow of water from a collection source and contains calcium carbonate for treatment of water flowing through the system; at least a first polishing basin in communication with the containment basin and that contains at least a first pollutant collection substrate for treatment of water flowing through the system; and a vacuum pumping system in fluid communication with the containment and polishing basins that draws water through the polishing system.

Abstract: Both the hardness and boron content of wastewater may be reduced by contacting the wastewater with liquid sodium silicate (LSS) in an effective amount for such reductions followed by one or both of two additional procedures. The additional procedure may be contacting the wastewater with an Al(3+)-containing compound in an amount effective to at least partially remove silicon from the wastewater, where the contacting is before, during or after the wastewater is contacted with LSS. The second additional or alternative procedure involves, subsequent to contacting the wastewater with LSS, treating the untreated water with an electrocoagulation (EC) apparatus for a period of time effective to at least partially remove silicon from the wastewater. The EC procedure may also further remove boron from the wastewater.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for the removal of mercury and selenium from sulfate-containing waste water. The method may include the following steps: a) a mercury- and selenium-contaminated waste water with a known sulfate concentration is provided, b) barium sulfate (BaSO4) is precipitated from the provided waste water by the addition of a predefined amount of Ba2+ ions to the waste water, c) BaSO4 (if necessary together with other solids) is separated obtaining a low-solid waste water, d) the low-solid waste water is fed to an ion exchanger for the removal of mercury obtaining a waste water with a reduced mercury content, e) selenium and/or selenium compounds are removed from the waste water with the reduced mercury content and f) a sulfate-containing solution or solid is added to the waste water with a reduced selenium and/or selenium compound content in order to precipitate barium sulfate.

Abstract: Provided herein is a method for reducing down-time in a recreational body of water having a water filtering system and water recirculation system after a potential release of Cryptospridium oocyst and/or Giardia cysts. Also described is a kit for practicing the method for reducing down-time in a recreational body of water that may have a potential release of Cryptospridium oocyst and/or Giardia cysts.

Abstract: A process for removing suspended particles and at least one ionic species from a feed water stream to produce a product water stream, the process includes the steps of forming agglomerates of the suspended particles in the feed water stream; passing the feed water stream containing agglomerated particles through a bed of particulate sorbent material so as to sorb the ionic species from the feed water onto the sorbent to provide a loaded sorbent and filter the agglomerated particles from the feed water using the bed of particulate sorbent material as a filtration medium to load the bed with the agglomerated particles, and thereby produce the product water stream; removing the filtered particles and the ionic species from the filtration medium; and re-using the regenerated sorbent in step b).

Abstract: A process for treating acid mine drainage containing heavy and base metals and soluble contaminants is provided. In one embodiment, at least a metal cation is added to the acid mine drainage at a pre-select pH to form insoluble heavy and base metal complexes. After the removal of the heavy and base metal complexes, the pH is raised to the alkaline range. Following removal of base metal hydroxides and gypsum, membrane filtration is employed to generate a treated membrane permeate having a reduced concentration of heavy and base metals and soluble contaminants, and a membrane reject stream containing a concentrated brine. The concentrated brine is further treated with additional lime and at least an aluminum salt to remove remaining soluble contaminants, thus producing a treated water stream with reduced levels of contaminants. Carbonation with CO2 is employed at the end of the process to neutralize flows and further precipitate residual aluminum and calcium salts.

Abstract: A process for removing sulfate includes combining a calcium compound and a fluid comprising sulfate to form a composition; adjusting the pH to be greater than or equal to 12; introducing, to the composition, an electrode comprising aluminum or a noble metal; contacting the composition with a material comprising aluminum if aluminum is absent from the electrode; applying a voltage to the electrode to oxidize the aluminum and to form aluminum ions; contacting the composition with the aluminum ions; and forming a precipitate to remove sulfate from the composition, the precipitate having a crystal structure including calcium, aluminum, and sulfate.

Abstract: A water purification method comprising adding a purification agent to water having a contaminant concentration of 1 ?g/L to 10 g/L, the purification agent containing an adsorbent having an average particle size of 100 nm to 500 ?m, an iron-based flocculant, and an alkaline substance; causing the adsorbent to adsorb at least a part of the contaminants in water; settling the adsorbent with the adsorbed contaminants by the iron-based flocculant; and removing the sediment from water, wherein the purification agent is added in an amount of 0.01 g to 20 g per liter of water, can purify contaminated water conveniently and efficiently.

Abstract: Described are chemical formulations that remove heavy metals from waste solutions containing a chelating agent. Also disclosed are methods for removing heavy metals from waste solutions utilizing such chemical formulations.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates, according to some embodiments, to systems and methods for removal of contaminants from water including, but not limited to, industrial wastewater, brackish water, municipal wastewater, drinking waters, and particularly waters obtained from fracking operations.

Abstract: The invention relates to a continuous process for decontaminating a radioactive liquid effluent comprising one or more radioactive chemical elements to be removed that comprises the following steps: a step of bringing said radioactive liquid effluent into contact, in a first reactor, with solid particles capable of capturing and retaining said radioactive chemical element(s) to be removed, by means of which a suspension of solid particles containing said radioactive chemical element(s) to be removed is obtained; a step of settling said suspension, in a second reactor, by means of which a solid phase is obtained that comprises the solid particles containing said radioactive chemical element(s) to be removed and a liquid phase depleted or devoid of said radioactive chemical element(s) to be removed; a step of separating said solid phase and said liquid phase; characterized in that a portion of said solid phase obtained at the end of the settling step is reinjected into the first reactor for the implementatio

Abstract: Wastewater treatment systems, methods and apparatus for polishing a wastewater stream comprising a plurality of contaminants are provided. One system includes a vessel containing a plurality of natural media filtration agents selected to remove selected ones of the plurality of contaminants from the wastewater stream. In one embodiment, the vessel includes a bed of bauxite residue and at least one other natural media filtration agent. In another embodiment, the vessel includes a bed of compost and at least one other natural media filtration agent. The vessel includes a wastewater inlet that is in fluid communication with one or more of the natural media filtration agents. The vessel includes a wastewater outlet that is in fluid communication with one or more of the natural media filtration agents.

Abstract: Method for removing molybdate from a fluid comprising contacting a fluid containing molybdate with a first reactive solid comprising zero-valent iron and one or more iron oxide minerals in contact therewith; a secondary reagent in contact with the reactive solid, wherein the secondary reagent is ferrous ion; and an added secondary solid, wherein the secondary solid comprises an iron oxide mineral.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for treating water charged with colloidal impurities, either dissolved or suspended, in a treatment plant, wherein said method comprises: the step of contacting said water, in an advanced oxidation area, with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of at least one transition-metal salt; a flocculation step that comprises contacting said water, in a flocculation area, with at least one flocculation additive and with at least one ballast comprising at least one non-soluble granular material denser than water and used as a biomass carrier; the step of feeding the water and floc mixture thus obtained into a settling area; the step of separating the treated water at the upper portion of said settling area from a mixture of sludge and ballast resulting from the settling of said flocs; the step of extracting the sludge and ballast mixture at the lower portion of said settling area; and the step of recycling at least a portion of the sludge into said advanced oxidation area.

Abstract: The invention relates to a double-layered compacted solid water-purification product, comprising at least one first layer and at least one second layer, characterized in that the first layer comprises at least one flocculating system and at least one dispersion system, the second layer comprises at least one disinfectant which liberates free chlorine on contact with water and at least one excipient for the disinfectant, whereby said excipient releases the disinfectant into the water at a controlled rate such that the combination of excipient and disinfectant releases 0.1 to 100 mg/l of free chlorine per hour. The invention further relates to the method for production of such a product.

Abstract: Processing of wet biomass feedstock by liquid-phase catalytic hydrothermal gasification must address catalyst fouling and poisoning. One solution can involve heating the wet biomass with a heating unit to a pre-treatment temperature sufficient for organic constituents in the feedstock to decompose, for precipitates of inorganic wastes to form, for preheating the wet feedstock in preparation for subsequent removal of soluble sulfate contaminants, or combinations thereof. Processing further includes reacting the soluble sulfate contaminants with cations present in the feedstock material to yield a sulfate-containing precipitate and separating the inorganic precipitates and/or the sulfate-containing precipitates out of the wet feedstock. Having removed much of the inorganic wastes and the sulfate contaminants that can cause poisoning and fouling, the wet biomass feedstock can be exposed to the heterogeneous catalyst for gasification.

Abstract: The present invention provides systems and methods for removing an oxidizable target contaminant from a fluid, and methods for their use. In embodiments, these systems and methods include an oxidizing agent, wherein adding the oxidizing agent to the oxidizable target contaminant forms an oxidized species that precipitates as an insoluble precipitate in the fluid; a substrate that forms a removable complex with the insoluble precipitate, thereby sequestering the oxidizable contaminant, and a removal system for removing the removable complex from the fluid.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a system and method for wastewater purification. The system may include a sludge filtration unit, a screen filtration unit, a multi-media filtration unit, and a soluble hydrocarbon filtration unit. The sludge filtration unit may remove impurities from wastewater. Impurities include hydrocarbons, suspended solids, and/or dissolved solids. The screen filtration unit may remove impurities from the wastewater. The multi-media filtration unit may remove impurities from the wastewater. The soluble hydrocarbon filtration unit may remove impurities from the wastewater.

Abstract: In an apparatus for treating wastewater, e.g sewage water, the water passes through a standard treatment process stream to promote production of dissolved reactive phosphate ions (PO4). Iron (or aluminum) ions are generated by electrochemical means and added to the process stream at one or more locations to produce metal-P coagulant solids removed in part by pump-out, with the substantial remaining P removed by mineralization and filtration in a biological filter such as a sand filter or leach field. In another apparatus, the water passes through a standard aerobic treatment process stream to promote production of dissolved reactive phosphate ions. Iron (or aluminum) ions are generated by electrochemical means and added to the process stream at one or more locations to produce a flocculant of Fe—P minerals that are separated out by sedimentation, physical filtration or magnetic means.

Abstract: The present invention provides processes for removing nitrogen species from fresh water or high salinity water recirculated aquaculture systems. The processes are based on physico-chemical treatments which are performed at ambient temperatures and at low p H values thus keeping the total ammonia nitrogen concentrations below a value which is considered detrimental for the growth or survival rate of cultured fish/shrimp.

Abstract: A method for removing heavy metals from contaminated water, comprising collecting metal salt precipitates from a water softening process, drying said precipitates, contacting water having a concentration of one or more heavy metals with said precipitates, and collecting water having a reduced concentration of said heavy metal(s).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a compacted solid product for water purification comprising:—at least a first layer comprising at least a coagulant/flocculant system comprising at least one polyvalent inorganic salt, at least one water-soluble cationic polymer and at least one high-molecular-weight anionic polymer,—at least a second layer comprising at least one disinfectant that releases active chlorine on contact with water, characterized in that said coagulant/flocculant system moreover comprises a sodium alginate. The invention also relates to the method for preparing such a product.

Abstract: The invention comprises water desalination methods and a system for such, which includes treatment of water in cation and anion ion exchange columns, and regenerating the columns after treatment of the water to set them up again for a further treatment cycle, and also providing recoverable by-products during the regeneration of the ion exchange columns instead of waste.

Abstract: Disclosed is a boron adsorbent having an excellent adsorbing ability against boron contained in a solution, which is inexpensive and has high general versatility. Also disclosed is a boron removal method which can remove boron efficiently in a simple manner. An amide derivative represented by the general formula (1) is added to a boron-containing water under alkaline conditions to cause the adsorption of boron to the amide derivative. Then, a cation source having two or more valencies is added to the water to cause the aggregation of the amide body. The aggregated amide body is removed from the water. In the general formula (1), m represents 1 or 2; X represents —CH2OH, —CHO or —COOH; n represents an integer of 2 to 5; X are independent from each other and n are independent from each other when m represents 2; and Y represents a monovalent hydrocarbon group having 6 to 16 carbon atoms when m is 1, and represents a divalent hydrocarbon group having 8 to 18 carbon atoms when m is 2.

Abstract: Disclosed is a wastewater treatment method such that, after iron tetrachloride is added to wastewater containing arsenic and vanadium so as to make the molar ratio of the iron to arsenic in this wastewater 20 and iron tetrachloride is added to this wastewater so as to make the molar ratio of iron to vanadium 10-80, the pH is adjusted to 5.8-8.6, and solid-liquid separation is carried out.

Abstract: A method of reducing a sulfate concentration in wastewater comprises directing the wastewater stream to a precipitation reactor and mixing the wastewater stream with a calcium source and a calcium salt seed material to precipitate calcium sulfate. The precipitated calcium sulfate is then separated from a treated effluent and directed to a settling tank where the precipitated calcium sulfate is separated into heavier calcium sulfate precipitants and lighter calcium sulfate precipitants. The heavier calcium sulfate precipitants and the lighter calcium sulfate precipitants are separately recirculated to the precipitation reactor. A predetermined mass ratio of solids is maintained in the precipitation reactor.

Abstract: A method for treating low barium frac water includes contacting a frac water stream with a radium selective complexing resin to produce a low radium stream, passing the low radium stream through a thermal brine concentrator to produce a concentrated brine; and passing the concentrated brine through a thermal crystallizer to yield road salt.

Abstract: The disclosure relates generally to the use of zeolite to assist in dispersion of components in aqueous mineral slurries to release and separate individual components of the slurry, which may then be recovered from the slurry and, in particular, to the use of zeolite in the recovery of bitumen from an oil sands slurry, water recovery from the slurry, and the subsequent consolidation of residual mineral solids.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of preparing compositions enriched in compounds containing carbon chains of varying degrees of unsaturation using argentation chromatography. The present method utilizes an argentized cationic resin or a conditioned argentized alumina to separate compounds containing saturated or mono-unsaturated carbon chains from compounds having polyunsaturated carbon chains present in a starting composition. The invention is particularly useful for preparing a composition enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acid alkyl esters from mixtures of fatty acid esters in a starting composition derived from vegetable oils. The present invention is also directed to a method of preparing a conditioned argentized alumina adsorbent having increased selectivity for compounds containing one or more polyunsaturated carbon chains.

Abstract: Exemplary systems and methods for treating contaminated water are described. In one instance a method supplies metal salt reagents to a moving media filter in the presence of contaminated water. The method also introduces a waste stream resulting from the moving media filter upstream of the moving media filter effective to lower an average contaminant concentration of effluent water from the moving media filter.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the purification of water by adding surface-reacted natural calcium carbonate or an aqueous suspension comprising surface-reacted calcium carbonate and having a pH greater than 6.0 measured at 20° C., to the medium, wherein the surface-reacted calcium carbonate is a reaction product of natural calcium carbonate with carbon dioxide and one or more acids and the use of the surface-reacted natural calcium carbonate for this process.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from an aqueous medium by adding surface-reacted natural calcium carbonate or an aqueous suspension comprising surface-reacted calcium carbonate and having a pH greater than 6.0 measured at 20° C., to the medium, wherein the surface-reacted calcium carbonate is a reaction product of natural calcium carbonate with carbon dioxide and one or more acids, the use of the surface-reacted natural calcium carbonate for the removal of endocrine disrupting compounds, as well as to a combination of a surface-reacted natural calcium carbonate and activated carbon for the removal of endocrine disrupting compounds.

Abstract: A phosphorus removal system is operable to remove phosphorus from an influent. The system includes a first section receiving the influent and discharging a first flow. A first coagulant inlet is positioned upstream of the first section and is in fluid communication with the influent to introduce a first coagulant selected to precipitate phosphorus. A second section receives the first flow and discharges a second flow, and a third section receives the second flow and discharges an effluent. A second coagulant inlet is positioned downstream of the first section and upstream of the third section to introduce a second coagulant selected to precipitate phosphorus.

Abstract: A method and a apparatus for treating a liquid volume containing latex waste, the method comprising providing a treatment apparatus comprising at least a first vessel, and a filtration system in liquid communication with the first vessel; delivering a portion of the liquid containing waste latex to the first vessel; adding a first reagent to the portion of liquid containing waste latex to cause the formation of waste latex flocs of a first size; adding a second reagent to the portion of liquid containing waste latex to cause growth of the waste latex flocs of the first size into separable waste latex flocs; separating the separable waste latex flocs within the filtration system into a waste latex sludge and a first filtrate; and dewatering the waste latex sludge to produce a waste latex solid and a second filtrate. The filtrates may be reusable in a latex manufacturing process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for treating water charged with colloidal impurities, either dissolved or suspended, in a treatment plant, wherein said method comprises: the step of contacting said water, in an advanced oxidation area, with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of at least one transition-metal salt; a flocculation step that comprises contacting said water, in a flocculation area, with at least one flocculation additive and with at least one ballast comprising at least one non-soluble granular material denser than water and used as a biomass carrier; the step of feeding the water and floc mixture thus obtained into a settling area; the step of separating the treated water at the upper portion of said settling area from a mixture of sludge and ballast resulting from the settling of said flocs; the step of extracting the sludge and ballast mixture at the lower portion of said settling area; and the step of recycling at least a portion of the sludge into said advanced oxidation area.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a water purifier of tap water. According to the present invention, a metal having a higher ionization tendency is ionized by exposing the metal to water to be purified. The metal having a higher ionization tendency is selected based on iron (Fe) and limited to metals having a higher ionization tendency as compared with iron (Fe). Electrons generated when a metal is ionized into water react with heavy metal ions that have already existed in the water to reduce the heavy metal ions. The heavy metal ions react with the electrons and are converted into heavy metal components. The heavy metals are pulled by magnets with a strong magnetism and removed from the water safely. When using a water purifier according to the present invention, users can drink water useful to the human body safely and hygienically since mineral components dissolved into water are not removed at all while removing the heavy metals although small quantities of heavy metals are dissolved into water.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a reactive filtration method includes continuously regenerating a reactive filter media while simultaneously filtering contaminants from fluid flowing through the filter media. In one embodiment, regenerating the reactive filter media comprises mixing metal granules with the filter media and agitating the mixture. In another embodiment, regenerating the reactive filter media comprises introducing a metal in the fluid flowing through the filter media and agitating the filter media. In one embodiment, a method for removing phosphorus, arsenic or a heavy metal from water includes introducing a metal salt reagent into the water at a molar ratio of 5:1 to 200:1 to the phosphorous or the arsenic in the water and passing the water through a bed of moving sand.