Abstract: The invention is an improved process for denaturing and coagulating paint in an aqueous medium in which denatured and coagulated paint must remain in a dispersion in the aqueous medium. The aqueous medium contains a coagulant and the aqueous medium is maintained at an alkaline earth metal ion equivalent of less than 1.0 mmole/liter.

Abstract: A water and energy recovery process for an ice rink is disclosed. The process includes softening and carbon filtering water for use as flood water on an ice rink. The water is then demineralized by reverse osmosis to produce flood water having a specific conductance of about 2 to 30 micromhos/cm. The demineralized water is heated to 90.degree. F. and utilized in a resurfacer to flood the surface of the ice rink. The ice shavings removed from the surface of the ice by the resurface are deposited into a holding means and melted by utilizing recovered heat from the ice rink's refrigeration unit. The melted water from the holding means is used as a coolant in the ice rink's refrigeration unit. The steps of the process are then repeated, utilizing the warmed water from the refrigeration unit.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for demineralizing water include a fibrous microporous body having interfiber spaces in communication with one another and a porosity at least equal to 50%, water supply elements for supplying water to be demineralized through the fibrous microporous body, a heating device adapted to heat the fibrous microporous body to a temperature of at least 60.degree. C., and elements adapted to collect the demineralized water.

Abstract: A process for purifying the raw juice (diffusion juice) obtained from sugar beets replaces the traditional liming and carbonation purification methods with ion exchange softening and chromatographic separation operations.

Abstract: A water softening system using resin beads of two or more ranges of mesh sizes with the quantities of each range of resin sizes being in a predetermined proportion to each other.

Abstract: Aqueous solutions of an amine N-oxide such as N-methyl morpholine N-oxide used in the manufacture of regenerated cellulose can be purified by passage through a strongly basic anion-exchange resin. The resin is regenerated by treatment with (1) an aqueous solution of a strong inorganic acid such as hydrochloric or sulphuric acid and (2) an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.

Abstract: A fluid treating method for treating water to reduce the hardness therein is disclosed. The method utilizes a bed of finely divided metal particulate matter. The metal particulate matter comprises copper, and may also contain zinc and can be in the form of an alloy.

Abstract: A process for removing calcium from an amine-water solution is provided by using a low calcium cationic exchange resin which preferably has large pores to avoid hydrocarbon coating of the resin. Preferably, the resin is pretreated to reduce calcium concentration of the resin to less than two parts per million prior to use for calcium removal.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for desalinating seawater or brine and purifying water which contains minerals, salts, and other dissolved solids while simultaneously generating power. The salinous water is heated in a boiler to form steam and a concentrated brine. The concentrated brine is removed from the boiler, the steam produced in the boiler is washed with fresh water to remove trace salts and inorganic materials, and water bearing trace salts and inorganic materials are returned to the boiler. The washed steam is expanded across a turbine to generate electrical or mechanical power which is utilized as a product. The steam exhausted from the turbine is collected and condensed, and one portion of the condensed water is utilized as a fresh water product and another portion of the condensed water is used as the wash water to wash the steam produced in the boiler. Energy efficiency is improved by heat exchanging the hot concentrated brine against the salinous feed water or by flashing the brine to produce steam.

Abstract: An ionically gellable material is gelled with a metal cation and the metal cation content of the gel is reduced to provide the gel with binding sites not occupied by the metal cation so the gel can be used to bind and remove metal cations from solution. In a preferred embodiment, a calcium alginate gel in the form of beads is prepared, the calcium ion content of the gel is reduced to between 0.01 mg/g and 1.5 mg/g of moist gel by contacting the gel with an aqueous solution of acid such as lactic or tartaric acid having a pH of 1 to 3.5. The gel can be produced containing a microorganism such as yeast used for fermentation so metal ions can be removed while fermenting with the microorganism. In the bottle fermentation of wine to produce champagne, the gel containing yeast is added to the wine in the bottle. During fermentation, calcium and potassium ions are bound by the gel to reduce the precipitation of calcium tartrate and/or potassium bitartrate.

Abstract: An agent for capturing metal ions, which consists essentially of a cyclic inulooligosaccharide having from 6 to 8 molecules of fructose bonded by .beta.-2,1 bonds to form a cyclic structure, wherein hydroxyl groups may all or partially be alkylated.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for removing calcium ions and silicon compounds from various liquors produced or obtained in an alkali metal chlorate process, thereby reducing the operating cost and improving the possibility to close the process further. The calcium ions and silicon compounds are removed by addition of carbonate ions for precipitating calcium carbonate and by addition of an iron-containing compound for forming and precipitating a complex of iron ions and a silicon compound, whereupon the precipitates are co-separated from the liquor. The removal of calcium and silicate ions is substantially facilitated by the simultaneous separation of the precipitates. Subsequently, the excess of carbonate ions can be reduced by acidifying the electrolyte for releasing carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A fluid treating method for treating water to reduce the hardness therein is disclosed. The method utilizes a bed of metal particulate matter. The metal particulate matter comprises copper, and preferably also contains zinc and can be in the form of an alloy.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for removing ammonia, organic amines and alkaline impurities from waste water which comprises using a partially spent ion exchange resin which no longer meets the purity requirements for the production of MTBE, washing the catalyst with water, contacting it with waste water for a an adequate period and removing the purified filtrate.

Abstract: The electronics industry demands that hydrogen peroxide for use therein be purified to very low levels of impurities, currently at the level of a few ppb for some impurities, or even lower. However, existing methods are either inherently unsafe because they bring concentrated hydrogen peroxide into contact with a concentrate of transition metal decomposition agents for peroxide and a purification resin which acts as a source of carbon, or are unable to attain the desired impurity level. In the instant purification process, the hydrogen peroxide solution is passed through a membrane having a very small pore size which contains an ion exchange resin that is capable of removing alkali and alkaline earth metal ions from solution. The feed solution in characterized in that it contains no more than a small proportion by weight of transition metals that catalyse hydrogen peroxide decomposition compared with the total metals content.

Abstract: The invention relates to a composite element incorporating a support of an organic, electricity conducting, polyaromatic structure product, such as graphite, covered with a polymer or copolymer of dibenzoethers of formula: ##STR1## in which m=0 or 1 to 10, n=0 or 1 to 10, m+n.ltoreq.10, p=0 or 1 to 6, R.sup.1 =alkyl or aryl, R.sup.2 =alkyl or aryl.These elements are usable for absorbing metal cations present in an aqueous or organic solution.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved method of operating a sodium chlorate crystal production system where a brine stream is electrolyzed to form sodium chlorate, the sodium chlorate is crystallized in a crystallizer, and the mother liquor from a crystallizer is recycled to the brine stream. The improvement comprises passing the mother liquor through a cationic chelating ion exchange column before it is returned to the brine stream, and operating the ion exchange column so that it removes, on the average, only the amount of calcium that enters the system in the brine stream.

Abstract: A composition for removing metal ions from aqueous solution is prepared by immobilizing metal ion-binding microorganisms such as algae, washing the immobilized microorganisms, drying the washed immobilized microorganisms and heating the dried immobilized microorganisms to a temperature of about 300.degree. to about 500.degree. C. for a time sufficient to provide a stable composition that is non-swelling in aqueous solution. The composition preferentially adsorbs precious metal ions from an aqueous solution containing concentrations of base metal ions and/or other dissolved materials several orders of magnitude greater than the concentration of the precious metal ions. The composition can also be used to extract precious metal ions from geothermal fluids.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a 2,3-dihydroxyterephthalamide of the structure (I): ) ##STR1## wherein A is selected from hydrogen or an organic linking group Y attached to a solid substrate Q,R.sub.1 is independently selected from alkyl having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or aryl having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, andR.sub.2 is selected from R.sub.1 or an organic linking group Z bonded to a solid substrate, with the proviso that structure (I) has only one linking group selected from Y or Z to a solid substrate Q, as selective chelating or sequestering to remove at least one metal ion from aqueous solution. These dihydroxy compounds are useful to remove metal ions (e.g., Fe.sup.+3, from industrial waste water, human or mammalian blood or plasma, and the like.

Abstract: A process to control the addition of excess carbonate to brine systems is provided wherein the process measures the raw brine flow rate through the carbonate reactors, the concentration of calcium in the brine feeding the reactors and the concentration of carbonate in the sodium carbonate feed tank to calculate the quantity of sodium carbonate necessary to remove substantially all of the calcium impurity in the brine by precipitating it out as a calcium carbonate flocculant. The process is automated and employs an information feed forward system.

Abstract: An improved method is provided for regenerating cation exchange resin loaded with metal ion impurities from wet process phosphoric acid. A regenerant solution is used composed of a mixture of ammonium sulfate and sulfuric acid in predetermined proportions which are maintained during recycle of the regenerant. This solution is preferably formed from anhydrous ammonia and sulfuric acid. Calcium and magnesium sulfates are selectively crystallized from the regenerant solution in the form of readily filterable crystals.

Abstract: A method of reducing alkaline earth metals contamination of activated carbon by washing the contaminated product with an inorganic acid, preferably hydrochloric, and then rinsing the acid washed carbon with water. Preferably, the washing step is carried out from three to thirty minutes at a pH of 2.5 or less. The rinsing step is continued until a pH of 5 or greater is obtained, preferably for a time period of at least three to five minutes. The method is applicable to any alkaline earth metal but particularly calcium and magnesium. Any inorganic may be employed with those forming water soluble salts being preferred. The invention also encompasses a method of regenerating spent activated carbon employing the acid wash and rinsing steps noted above followed by separating the washed carbon from the rinse water followed by drying and then pyrolizing the dried carbon at a temperature of approximately 500 degrees C. to 1100 degrees C. so as to effect the water gas reaction.

Abstract: A method for the purification of fluids such as water, aqueous fluids and liquid fuels, comprises contacting said fluids with a solid material body of a novel alloy which comprises 50 to 60% copper, 20 to 28% zinc, 0.5 to 8% nickel, 0.005 to 2.5% aluminum, 7 to 15% manganese, and 1.3 to 4.5% tin, based on the total weight of the alloy.

Abstract: A method and composition are described for the prevention of the mushing or the disintegration of solid sodium chloride in an aqueous medium.

Abstract: Oxidized coal is used to remove dissolved or suspended matter from aqueous mediums. It is particularly effective in removing metal ions dissolved in aqueous mediums and/or bacteria from aqueous mediums.

Abstract: A steam flood recovery process for recovering heavy oil from a producing formation wherein the production stream is processed to separate the produced water from the heavy oil and then the hardness of the water is first reduced to from 10-60 ppm by treatment with caustic and then reduced to less than 1 ppm by flowing it through a weak acid cation resin whereby the water can be used to generate the steam used in the recovery operation.

Abstract: A method for removing magnesium and calcium from sodium sulfate solutions to render the solutions suitable for membrane processing, which comprises adjusting the pH of the solutions to about 11 to 13 with sodium hydroxide to form a precipitate containing the bulk of the magnesium and the calcium, removing the precipitate from the resulting partially purified sodium sulfate solution, and contacting the partially purified sodium sulfate solution with a polystyrene divinyl benzene copolymer chelating cation exchange resin having an aminophosphonic functional group and having sodium as the exchangeable cation, to remove essentially all of the magnesium and the calcium from the partially purified sodium sulfate solution.

Abstract: A material adapted for use as a stationary phase in chromatographic processes for adsorbing metal ions, comprising:a linear alternating polymer of carbon monoxide and at least one ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Abstract: There is described a method for the purification of fluids, such as water, aqueous fluids and fuel fluids, which comprises passing said fluids through a chamber usually inserted in the line of the aqueous fluid or the fuel fluid to be treated, within which there is located a solid body of an alloy material, having any suitable shape, preferably an elongated shape, in such a way that the external surfaces of said solid body of an alloy material are contacted with the water, aqueous fluid or fuel fluid flowing within the chamber, said solid body of an alloy material being fabricated from the metals nickel, zinc, aluminum, manganese and tin; and the alloy to carry out the method, made of the above metals.

Abstract: A cooling tower system and associated method is disclosed for controlling an aqueous coolant circulated through a cooling tower without requiring discharge of the coolant during recirculation. The coolant pumped from the cooling tower is filtered and monitored for characteristics. Generally acceptable levels of pH, temperature and TDS are maintained in the coolant to reduce the corrosive and scale-forming tendencies thereof and with those levels being maintained and monitored, the calcium content of the coolant is then adjusted in order to balance the Langelier Saturation Index (Sl) at a zero level. A computer is programmed to resolve control algorithms for Sl=0 and, using stored tabular data corresponding to the respective values of the monitored characteristics of pH, temperature, alkalinity and TDS, the computer calculates the value of calcium necessary to maintain a zero index.

Abstract: A process for removing cations of a first alkaline earth metal species from an aqueous solution with an ion exchanger material that is a cation exchanger or contains one and subsequently regenerating the loaded or exhausted ion exchanger material. A cation exchanger that has been loaded in advance with cations of a second alkaline earth metal species is used to remove the cations of the first alkaline earth metal species. The cation exchanger that is loaded or exhausted with the first species to be removed is regenerated by bringing the loaded or exhausted cation exchanger into contact with an aqueous suspension of a slightly soluble carbonate and/or hydroxide of the second alkaline earth metal species, either alone or in a mixture with an anion exchanger, and introducing a CO.sub.2 -containing gas into the suspension.

Abstract: A method for removing suspended impurities and colored substances from water which is hard and/or has a pH in excess of 5 which comprises contacting the water at its natural pH with a coagulant/adsorbent which comprises a finely divided particulate mineral material, the individual particles of which have a thin hydroxylated surface layer having a positive zeta potential at the adsorption pH, and separating the thus treated water from the coagulant/adsorbent.

Abstract: A process for the removal of cationic impurities from inorganic solutions and especially wet process phosphoric acid solutions wherein the solutions are passed through an ammonium ion or hydrogen ion charged cation exchange resin to remove various metal cations and thereafter the ion exchange resin is regenerated using an excess volume of ammonium sulfate solution which is subsequently treated to precipitate and filter out the cationic impurities so that the ammonium sulfate solution may be recycled for further ion exchange regeneration.

Abstract: A process for the substantial removal of calcium or other divalent ions from natural or industrial brines containing high levels of another ion comprising (a) adjusting the pH of the brine to an alkaline pH of 9 to 11 with an alkaline material; and (b) contacting the brine for at least 5 minutes with an ion exchanger consisting essentially of a hydrous oxide selected from hydrous oxides of zirconium, titanium, tin, molybdenum, tungsten, thorium, niobium or tantalum and mixed hydrous oxides of these aforementioned metals at a temperature between ambient and about the boiling point of the brine being treated.

Abstract: A soluble salt (sodium sulfate or sodium borate (Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4 or Na.sub.2 B.sub.4 O.sub.7) contained as the main component in a concentrated radioactive waste liquid generated in the BWR power plant or the PWR power plant is insolubilized and precipitated, sodium hydroxide (NaOH formed in the insolubilization is separated from the precipitate and the radioactive waste liquid slurry containing the precipitate is solidified with a hydraulic solidifying material. Since the separated caustic soda (NaOH) is free of radioactive substances, it can be easily utilized again, and since the radioactive substances are stably fixed in the solidified body, leakage of radioactivity from the solidified body can be greatly reduced.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus for obtaining a dye image on an image receiving material by applying an image forming solvent to a heat development photosensitive material and/or the image receiving material comprises: a solvent application device for applying the solvent to the heat development photosensitive material and/or the image receiving material to circulate and reuse the solvent; and a cation exchanger and/or a pollutant adsorbent disposed in the solvent application device so as to come into contact with the solvent. Accordingly, since Ca.sup.2+ ions, Mg.sup.2+ ions, etc., can be removed, the apparatus effectively prevents the fouling of the solvent.

Abstract: Particles, fibers, or filaments of ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymers or terpolymers, especially in highly porous or microporous form, are employed in removing contaminants from solution in aqueous and/or organic liquids, especially metal contaminants. The porous polymers, having a surface area/weight ratio of at least about 0.5 m.sup.2 /gm, are useful alone, but may also be used in conjunction with, or in tandem with, previously known ion exchange resins such as polyacrylic acid crosslinked with divinylbenzene.

Abstract: Hardness values (Ca.sup.++ and Mg.sup.++) and other polyvalent metal cations are removed from alkali metal brines (esp. NaCl) by using a high surface area ethylene/carboxylic acid polymer (esp. porous ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers).

Abstract: Disclosed is an inorganic polymeric cationic ion exchange matrix which is the condensation polymerized reaction product of components including an alkyl compound of an element that has a valence of at least three, water, and a dopant having groups including an ion exchangeable moiety and a replaceable hydrogen. The ion exchange matrix is preferably made by adding the water to the alkyl compound first followed by the addition of the dopant, followed by heating to dryness. The resulting product is a powder or granule that can be used as an ion exchange matrix by placing it in a column and passing a solution through it which contains metal ions that are exchanged with ions on the polymer.

Abstract: Methods for controlling the viscosity of protein hydrolysates by adjusting their magnesium and calcium content are disclosed. The viscosity may be reduced by adding a pyrophosphate or other precipitating agent to the hydrolysate and then removing the magnesium and/or calcium precipitate that is formed thereby. Alternatively, the viscosity may be increased by adding a magnesium and/or calcium containing source.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for selecting the quantity of salt to be used during each regeneration of a water softener system. The quantity of salt used during each regeneration is approximately equal to the quantity of salt needed to regenerate the resin bed to a preselected design capacity, which is less than the maximum capacity of the resin bed. The design exchange capacity is approximately equal to the exchange capacity of the resin bed at a particular salt dosage, wherein the exchange capacity of the bed at the particular salt dosage divided by the particular salt dosage is generally equal to or greater than 2850. The system is regenerated when at the end of any preselected time period, the percentage of the design capacity of the resin bed used since the last regeneration cycle exceeds a predetermined percentage.In determining the salt dosage used during each regeneration cycle, the exchange capacity of the resin bed is determined for various salt dosages.

Abstract: A process for the extraction of metals selected from the group consisting of zinc (II), silver (I), cadmium (II), mercury (II), nickel (II), cobalt (II), and copper (II) from an aqueous solution containing, in addition to said metals, metals selected from the group consisting of calcium (II) and magnesium (II) is disclosed. The process comprises contacting the aqueous solution having an equilibrium pH within the range of about 0.2 to about 3 with an extractant. The extractant comprises an organic-soluble dithiophosphinic acid or ammonium, alkali or alkaline earth metal salt thereof represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylcycloalkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, aralkyl and cycloalkylaryl radicals having from about 2 to about 24 carbon atoms and X is either hydrogen or an ammonium, alkali or alkaline earth metal salt forming radical.

Abstract: A process for producing potassium phosphates by ion exchange using an Advanced Separation Device (ASD) is disclosed. The process is carried out by supplying a phosphate salt solution, a washing solution and a potassium salt regeneration solution to respective fixed feed ports in periodic fluid communication with a plurality of resin-filled chambers moving about a circular path. Passage of the phosphate salt solution through potassium loaded resin forms potassium phosphates and cation loaded resin by ion exchange. After washing out residual salts, the cation loaded resin is regenerated by adding a potassium salt which loads the resin with potassium and strips it of the cation in the form of a soluble cation salt.By virtue of the ASD, potassium phosphate may be produced continuously and with greater efficiency than is possible with conventional ion exchange processes since the potassium salt and phosphate salt feed solutions may be fortified in an intra-stage fashion, i.e.

Abstract: A method for recording images on a recording material by ejection of recording liquid through fine nozzle or nozzles, characterized in that said recording liquid is a liquid composition containing therein water-soluble dyestuff, and that concentration of calcium ion in said liquid composition is adjusted to 10 ppm or below.

Abstract: Methods for controlling the viscosity of protein hydrolysates by adjusting their magnesium and calcium content are disclosed. The viscosity may be reduced by adding a pyrophosphate or other precipitating agent to the hydrolysate and then removing the magnesium and/or calcium precipitate that is formed thereby. Alternatively, the viscosity may be increased by adding a magnesium and/or calcium containing source.

Abstract: Crystalline layered sodium silicates having the composition NaMSi.sub.x O.sub.2x+1.y H.sub.2 O, in which M denotes sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20, are used for softening water containing calcium and/or magnesium ions.

Abstract: Detergent compositions containing aluminosilicate ion exchange materials as builders are provided. The aluminosilicate builders are characterized by the speed and efficiency with which they remove hardness ions from water.

Abstract: Novel anion exchange resin composites having hydrous chromium III oxide (Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3.nH.sub.2 O) incorporated therein are useful in removing a wide array of polyvalent metal cations from aqueous solution.

Abstract: This invention is concerned with production and use of high surface area particulate matter by calcining a charge of clay mineral, feldspar, zeolite, coal ash, fly ash, pozzolan or volcanic ash for a time to develop fractures which increase the surface area of the particles. Vacuum calcining decreases the calcining time. The calcined matter desirably has an analysis including: calcium oxide, about 20-40 weight %; aluminum oxide, about 15-35 weight %; and silicon oxide, about 20-40 weight %.The calcined particulate matter can be used in the treatment of impure aqueous materials; the matter is denser than water and sludge settles rapidly and completely. The calcined matter interacts with heavy metal ions to form tightly bound sludge that is nonhazardous for landfill disposal. The calcined matter can be combined with conventual coagulants, flocculants, filter aids, or activated carbon to obtain a multipurpose treating agent.

Abstract: Alkaline earth metal ions, e.g., Mg.sup.++ and/or Ca.sup.++, are removed from alkali metal brines, e.g., NaCl, by use of a particulate, macroporous, anion exchange resin containing the in-situ reaction product of polymeric, amorphous, hydrous zirconium oxide and a source of PO.sub.4.sup.--- ions, e.g., H.sub.3 PO.sub.4.