Abstract: Described herein are compositions and methods useful for the purification of water using dendritic macromolecules. The process involves using dendritic macromolecules (dendrimers) to bind to contaminants, and a filtration step to produce water from which contaminants have been removed or modified. Examples of dendrimers that may be used in the process include cation-binding dendrimers, anion-binding dendrimers, organic compound-binding dendrimers, redox-active dendrimers, biological compound-binding dendrimers, catalytic dendrimers, biocidal dendrimers, viral-binding dendrimers, multi-functional dendrimers, and combinations thereof. The process is readily scalable and provides many options for customization.

Abstract: The invention relates to using alcalophilic sulphate-reducing bacteria selected from at least one species of a Desulfohalobiaceae or Desulfonatronum species family or from species whose gene encoding for ribosomal PARN 16S has a homology equal to or greater than 97% with a corresponding gene of any species of the Desulfohalobiaceae or Desulfonatronum species family for producing a hydrogen sulphide substantially soluble in an aqueous medium.

Abstract: A waste stream is treated in a pre-filter having media, preferably sand, connected below a zero-valent metal column reactor incorporating a metal with reducing potential, preferably elemental iron (Fe0); the combination preferably configured as a single unit. The waste stream is pumped through the pre-filter to trap solids and deoxygenate it, then enters the reactor and is subjected to a reducing process. Most of the Fe0 is transformed to the ferrous ion (Fe+2), mixed with the reduced product, and fed to a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) in which Fenton oxidation occurs. The output is then sent to a sedimentation tank and pH-neutralized using a strong base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The aqueous portion is drawn off and the sludge pumped from the sedimentation tank. The system is monitored and controlled to optimize required additives, while monitoring of pressure drop across the pre-filter and column reactor establishes replacement requirements.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and an apparatus for treating a chlorine-containing waste, which can separate and recover a chlorine component from a chlorine-containing waste, and also can achieve a high chlorine removal thereby obtaining a high purity chlorine compound, and can decrease the amount of water for recovering chlorine.

Abstract: An emulsion and affluent process which treats and breaks very tight emulsions and separates dissolved solids from associated fluids produced in industry, whereby solids and fluids are separated into clean interfacial phases thus providing an improved quality saleable product resulting in significant reductions in base sediments and water, and compliance with international saleable product and environmental effluent standards with a specific focus on biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand levels for treated fluids.

Abstract: Even if arsenic-containing wastewater includes an oxidizing substance, the arsenic can be reliably removed as a precipitate. A wastewater treatment method includes a preparation step (S10) of preparing wastewater containing an oxidizing substance and arsenic, a feeding step (S30), a precipitation step (S50), and a post-treatment step (S60). In the feeding step (S30), as much FeCl2 as necessary to reduce the oxidizing substances, such as polishing agents, is introduced into the wastewater. In the precipitation step (S50), to precipitate out the arsenic as a precipitate from the wastewater as at least a part of the precipitating flocculant, FeCl3 transformed from the FeCl2 by its reducing the oxidizing substance is utilized. In the post-treatment step (S60), the precipitate is removed from the wastewater.

Abstract: Processes for removing oil from a solid wellbore material such as drill cuttings or water such as produced by a subterranean formation include contacting the solid material/water with an amino-substituted polymer such as chitosan and a halogenating agent. The oil separates from the solid material and becomes bound within a flocculated solid. The flocculated solid containing the oil subsequently may be combined with a solvent of the amino-substituted polymer. Further, the flocculated solid may be contacted with a reducing agent, converting the flocculated solid back into the amino-substitute polymer and forming an oil-phase separate from the solvent-phase. The oil-phase may then be separated from the solvent phase and recovered. The solvent in which the amino-substituted polymer is dissolved may be recycled for treating more solid material removed from the well bore.

Abstract: We disclose methods of sorting or separating mixtures of living cells (e.g., eukaryotic, prokaryotic, mammalian, pathogenic, bacterial, viral, etc.). We perform our methods by activating cell-selective photophoric labels, which photosensitize and chemically reduce a photosensitive metal compound to form metal grains, particles or crystals. The metal adheres to the cells and forms the basis for sorting or separating different cell types. Photophoric labels may include chemiluminescent agents such as peroxidase enzymes activated with peroxidase substrates capable of luminescence. Photosensitive metal compounds may be present in a light-sensitive matrix or emulsion containing photosensitizable metal compounds, which form metal grains, particles or crystals upon exposure to a developer solution. Developer solutions are formulated to substantially allow living cells to remain viable after exposure to the developing solution.

Abstract: A method and system for decreasing the concentration of at least one metal in an aqueous solution. The metal may be molybdenum, tungsten, or both. An aqueous solution is introduced into at least one reaction zone, and at least one source of hydroxide ions is provided into the at least one reaction zone in an amount sufficient to precipitate at least some of the mass of the at least one metal. The aqueous solution includes a mass of the at least one metal and a mass of at least one reducing agent. The at least one reducing agent includes at least ferrous iron from at least one source of the at least one reducing agent. A composition of tungsten ferrite or molybdenum tungsten ferrite may be formed. The method may be used for purifying water, for the refining of metals, or to facilitate a chemical analytical determination.

Abstract: Processes for removing oil from a solid wellbore material such as drill cuttings or water such as produced by a subterranean formation include contacting the solid material/water with an amino-substituted polymer such as chitosan and a halogenating agent. The oil separates from the solid material and becomes bound within a flocculated solid. The flocculated solid containing the oil subsequently may be combined with a solvent of the amino-substituted polymer. Further, the flocculated solid may be contacted with a reducing agent, converting the flocculated solid back into the amino-substitute polymer and forming an oil-phase separate from the solvent-phase. The oil-phase may then be separated from the solvent phase and recovered. The solvent in which the amino-substituted polymer is dissolved may be recycled for treating more solid material removed from the well bore.

Abstract: A method for treating a subsurface formation with a ferrous compound, to reduce a contaminant therein, involves introducing into the subsurface formation a ferrous compound in combination with sodium hydrosulfite in an amount sufficient to substantially prevent precipitation, during the introducing, of a major portion of the ferrous compound. The method was found to be useful in the reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium at a Superfund site.

Abstract: A cost-effective method for reducing the dissolved sulfide content in a wastewater stream and thereby hydrogen sulfide emissions therefrom involving the steps of adding a transition metal salt to the wastewater stream at the upper reaches of a wastewater collection system prior to at least some hydrogen sulfide volatilization followed by addition of an oxidant to the wastewater stream to generate elemental sulfur and a transition metal salt which subsequently participates in additional hydrogen sulfide capturing steps, thereby also improving water quality and wastewater treatment plant operations.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to processes for removing a contaminant from dental effluents and includes transporting a three-phase effluent through a suction line into a particle collection vessel, introducing a suction line cleaning solution which includes a reagent into the suction line, and introducing the three phase effluent and the line cleaning solution into the collection vessel, wherein the effluent separates into solid. liquid, and gas phases in the collection vessel and the reagent includes a flocculant and/or a precipitant. and removing the gaseous and liquid phases from the collection vessel. The contaminant includes mercury. lead. and arsenic.

Abstract: Methods for enhancing bioremediation of ground water contaminated with nonaqueous halogenated solvents are disclosed. An illustrative method includes adding a composition to the ground water wherein the composition is an electron donor for microbe-mediated reductive dehalogenation of the halogenated solvents and enhances mass transfer of the halogenated solvents from residual source areas into the aqueous phase of the ground water. Illustrative compositions effective in these methods include surfactants such as C2–C4 carboxylic acids and hydroxy acids, salts thereof, esters of C2–C4 carboxylic acids and hydroxy acids, and mixtures thereof. Other illustrative compositions according to the present invention include oleyl lactylic acid and, optionally, oleic acid and lactic acid or salts thereof. Especially illustrative compositions for use in these methods include lactic acid, salts of lactic acid, such as sodium lactate, lactate esters, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A water filtration device (3) and method which removes heavy metals and organic compounds from raw water is provided.

Abstract: A product and method for the removal of pollutant heavy metals from aqueous solutions which precludes the end user from storing, handling, feeding and controlling hazardous soluble sulfide materials. The product is a slurry which includes a mixture of a liquid medium and an essentially insoluble salt wherein the salt is the reaction product of heavy metal ions, preferably selected from Mn++ ions, Fe++ ions, and Fe+++ ions, and sulfide ions derived from soluble sulfide sources such as sodium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and sodium hydrosulfide. Addition of the subject slurry to a wastewater stream will effect the precipitation of heavy metals with lesser equilibrium sulfide ion concentrations than that of the essentially insoluble salt. Solids collected by this method may be returned to subsequent wastewater streams for additional removal of heavy metals by any excess heavy metal sulfide salt.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to processes for removing a contaminant from dental effluents and includes transporting a three-phase effluent through a suction line into a particle collection vessel, introducing a suction line cleaning solution which includes a reagent into the suction line, and introducing the three phase effluent and the line cleaning solution into the collection vessel, wherein the effluent separates into solid, liquid, and gas phases in the collection vessel and the reagent includes a flocculant and/or a precipitant, and removing the gaseous and liquid phases from the collection vessel. The contaminant includes mercury, lead, and arsenic.

Abstract: A method for recovering and separating precious and non-precious metals from waste streams, which removes, separates, and recovers such metals in a cost effective manner with more than 95% removed from waste streams and with minimal amounts of unprocessed solids and sludge remaining in the environment. Metals such as chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, silver, gold, platinum, vanadium, sodium, potassium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, barium, lead, aluminum, tin; and the like are removed and recovered from the waste streams with at least 95% removal and other metals and compounds, such as antimony, sulfur, and selenium are removed and recovered from waste streams with at least 50% removal. The method employs a unique complexing agent comprising a carbamate compound and an alkali metal hydroxide which facilitates the formation of the metals into ionic metal particles enabling them to be readily separated, removed and recovered.

Abstract: A removal system for removing a waste metal from a waste solution. The removal system comprises outer and inner containers, inlet, intermediate, and outlet conduits, and first and second reaction media. The inner container defines an upper wall portion and is located within the outer container. The inlet conduit allows fluid to flow to the inner chamber and extends through the upper wall portion of the inner container. The intermediate conduit allows fluid flow from the inner chamber to the outer chamber. The outlet conduit allows fluid flow out of the outer chamber. The first reaction media located in the inner container. The second reaction media located in the outer container. The waste solution is forced along a removal path through the inlet conduit, the first reaction media, the intermediate conduit, the second reaction media, and the outlet conduit.

Abstract: A test for determining the presence of multi-valent metal contaminants, such as arsenic, mercury and chromium, when present in certain valence states and a system for removal of these contaminants from water. Multi-valent metal salts, for example, Cr+6, which are highly toxic, can be detected and potentially removed from water through a redox reaction by reaction with iron or cobalt salts to obtain a reductive elimination of the Cr+6 by conversion to Cr+3. The determination may be in the form of a test, such that a tableted composition can be introduced into water for reduction of a metal salt, such as Cr+6 to Cr+3 in order to provide a visual indication thereof. The system for the conversion of Cr+6 or other reducible metal salts to other lower valence states having less toxicity would rely upon introduction of a metal salt in the form of a reducing agent which would be introduced into the water allowing for a reduction/oxidation action to take place.

Abstract: The present invention relates to anaerobic curing impregnation sealant compositions which are readily separable from water upon mixing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to heat curing impregnation sealant compositions, which are readily separable from water upon mixing.

Abstract: A method is taught for converting metal contaminants in the soil to less toxic forms as well as permitting their removal from groundwater. A first reactive solution comprising ferrous sulfate and an acid selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid is injected to decomplex contaminants and precipitate them as insoluble compounds. A second reactive solution comprising hydrogen peroxide, and an acid selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid is then injected to destroy organic liquids and enhance decomplexation. The pH of the first solution may range from 3 to 5, and the pH of the second solution range from 3 to 7, preferably 5 to 7. The process is particularly effective where chromium compounds such as hexavalent chromium are the contaminants.

Abstract: A method of treating industrial wastewaters is provided. Specifically, the wastewater includes one or more organic contaminant materials and is pre-treated prior to filtering by the following steps The pH of the wastewater is adjusted to a pH in the range of about 2 to 6, and a combination of iron salts and peroxide are added to the wastewater and allowed to react for a period of at least about three minutes. Next, the pH of the wastewater is adjusted upwards to a value of at least 7 and precipitating or flocculating agents are added to form an insoluble contaminant bearing compound. The compound is then filtered from the wastewater thereby removing the contaminant materials from the wastewater. This invention is particularly suited for use with single pass flow-through filters, and most particularly suitable for high flow rate single pass flow-through filters.

Abstract: A removal system for removing a waste metal from a waste solution. The removal system comprises outer and inner containers and inlet, intermediate, and outlet conduits. The outer container defines an outer chamber, and the inner container defines an inner chamber. The inner container is located within the outer chamber. The inlet conduit allows fluid to flow from an exterior of the outer container to the inner chamber. The intermediate conduit allows fluid flow from the inner chamber to the outer chamber. The outlet conduit allows fluid flow from the outer chamber to the exterior of the outer chamber. A first reaction media located in the inner chamber, and a second reaction media located in the outer chamber. In use, the waste solution is forced along a removal path through the inlet conduit, the first reaction media, the intermediate conduit, the second reaction media, and the outlet conduit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for converting chemical structures, that is to say a process for the conducting of chemical reactions in a fluid under pressure and at temperature in a supercritical fluid in particular, containing a solvent and at least one electrolyte such as a salt, in which reactive species are generated in situ by electrolysis. According to the invention, the fluid flows upwards in a reservoir reactor crossing through a first lower electrolysis zone with high salt solubility and a second upper zone in which the salts precipitate, then the fluid free of salt is evacuated at the upper part of said reservoir reactor and directed into a second tubular reactor to reach the desired stage of advancement of the conversion.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention relates to a biological process for continues purification of waste water by converting its constituents to a solid form that can be easily separated using retainable biological catalysts and a novel reactor hereafter referred to as “Reverse Fluidized Loop Reactor” (RFLR) for performing the above said process.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are chemical methods for reducing concentrations of perchlorate ion in sources of water to be used for potable purposes. The disclosed methods include contacting water containing perchlorate ion with iron metal to chemically reduce the perchlorate ion to a more innocuous ion species. The metal can then be removed. The instant methods also relate to contacting perchlorate contaminated water with iron metal or a metal oxide in the presence of phosphoric acid to form a complex with perchlorate ion and adsorb the complex onto the iron, which is then removed from the water. These methods provide an environmentally safe and economically efficient means to effectively remove perchlorate ion from potable water sources, resulting in water that is safe for human use and consumption.

Abstract: A process for treating which contains carbonaceous solids, includes subjecting the water to hydrolysis in a biological hydrolysis reaction stage, in the presence of sulfate ions, thereby to produce treated water, a slurry component, and a sulfur-containing component. Treated water, the slurry component, and the sulfur-containing component are withdrawn from the reaction stage.

Abstract: In a liquid treating process according to the present invention, colloidal particles in stable hydrated states or in meta-stable hydrophobic colloidal states in a liquid are rendered hydrophobic and separated from liquid molecules by an electric field formed by a microwave. The separated colloidal particles are allowed to collide against one another to become flocculated under a cavitation effect by a ultrasonic wave having a frequency in a low frequency range, and the liquid is deodorized by an electromagnetic ultrasonic wave having a frequency in a high frequency range. Therefore, it is possible to easily and reliably remove the colloidal particles dissolved in the liquid and to deodorize the liquid without need for a large-scaled equipment.

Abstract: A method of processing waste water comprises atomizing waste water under selected atmospheric conditions to achieve substantially complete phase change of the water. The atomization is conducted by spraying waste water from a nozzle mounted on a tower adjacent a catchment area for collecting ice crystals produced by the phase change of the atomized waste water into ice crystals, under atmospheric conditions favorable to freezing of atomized water droplets into ice.

Abstract: A test for determining the presence of multi-valent metal contaminants, such as arsenic, mercury and chromium, when present in certain valence states and a system for removal of these contaminants from water. Multi-valent metal salts, for example, Cr+6, which are highly toxic, can be detected and potentially removed from water through a redox reaction by reaction with iron or cobalt salts to obtain a reductive elimination of the Cr+6 by conversion to Cr+3. The determination may be in the form of a test, such that a tableted composition can be introduced into water for reduction of a metal salt, such as Cr+6 to Cr+3 in order to provide a visual indication thereof. The system for the conversion of Cr+6 or other reducible metal salts to other lower valence states having less toxicity would rely upon introduction of a metal salt in the form of a reducing agent which would be introduced into the water allowing for a reduction/oxidation action to take place.

Abstract: A method for the remediation of arsenic is presented, comprising providing an aqueous solution of inorganic arsenic species, and passing the solution of inorganic arsenic species over a substrate comprising zero valent iron under anaerobic conditions, thereby reducing the arsenic species and forming arsenic-metal co-precipitates. Preferably, the metal is iron in the form of iron filings, and a source of sulfate ions is also present, resulting in the precipitation of arseno-pyrites.

Abstract: A method for purifying matter contaminated with a halogenated organic compound is disclosed. The method includes the step of adding a reducing agent and a nutritional source for a heterotrophic anaerobic microorganism to the contaminated matter. The reducing agent is reduced iron, cast iron, iron-silicon alloy and so on, or a water soluble compound. A combination of chemical reactions with microorganisms allows to decompose the halogenated organic compound. The nutritional source including an organic carbon and 20 to 50 percent by weight of an oxidized form of nitrogen is added, thereby preventing by products of the decomposition such as generation of noxious gases and decoloration of soil. A method includes the steps of mixing a reducing agent and a nutritional liquid with the contaminated matter, wherein the mixing step including a step of adjusting the contaminated matter at pH ranging from 4.5 to 9.

Abstract: Process for removing heavy metal ions from aqueous media, characterized in that, to precipitate out the heavy metal ions, a sulphide precipitation is carried out in the presence of iron oxide.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of waste waters containing chemically reducible dissolved organic and inorganic pollutants and suspended mater in particulate or colloidal form. The process comprises of contacting the water with metallic iron or ferrous ions (Fe2+), or mixtures thereof, in the presence of promoter metals, such as Cu, Pd, Pt, Au, Ag, and Ni, or oxides, sulfides and other insoluble compounds of these meals, which catalyze the redox reductions carried out by the iron or ferrous reagents. The production of ferric ions (Fe3+) as a final iron oxidation product allows for the simultaneous coagulation and precipitation of suspended colloidal and particulate solids out of the aqueous phase. In addition to the main reductive reaction scheme, the system performs a multitude of secondary reactions involving the ferrous and ferric ions produced in-situ which allows for the simultaneous removal of specific target pollutants, such as phosphate and hydrogen sulfide.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for recovering and separating precious and non-precious metals from waste streams, which removes, separates, and recovers such metals in a cost effective manner with more than 95% removal from waste streams and with minimal amounts of unprocessed solids and sludge remaining in the environment. Metals such as chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, silver, gold, platinum, vanadium, sodium, potassium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, barium, lead, aluminum, tin; and the like are removed and recovered from the waste streams with at least 95% removal and other metals and compounds, such as antimony, sulfur, and selenium are removed and recovered from waste streams with at least 50% removal. The method employs a unique complexing agent comprising a carbamate compound and an alkali metal hydroxide which facilitates the formation of the metals into ionic metal particles enabling them to be readily separated, removed and recovered.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for recovering and separating precious and non-precious metals from waste streams, which removes, separates, and recovers such metals in a cost effective manner with more than 95% removal form waste streams and with minimal amounts of unprocessed solids and sludge remaining in the environment. Metals such as chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, silver, gold, platinum, vanadium, sodium, potassium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, barium, lead, aluminum, tin; and the lie are removed and recovered from the waste streams with at least 95% removal and other metals and compounds, such as antimony, sulfur, and selenium are removed and recovered from waste streams with at least 50% removal. The method employs a unique complexing agent comprising a carbamate compound and an alkali metal hydroxide which facilitates the formation of the metals into ionic metal particles enabling them to be readily separated, removed and recovered.

Abstract: A method for removing the oxy-anions of selenium from FGD scrubber purge water. The purge water is contacted with free hydroxyl radicals to effect oxidation of reduced forms of sulfur to sulfate and the destruction of sulfur-nitrogen compounds present in the purge water. The purge water is then subjected to chemical reduction and co-precipitation of selenium with an amount of ferrous ions effective to remove the oxy-anions of selenium in the liquid in less than 30 minutes of reaction time. The resultant ferrous-selenium solids generated are separated and stabilized to elemental selenium in a separate reaction vessel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for removing volatile impurities such as mercury and selenium from a weak acid solution resulting from scrubbing gases created in the production of sulfuric acid by roasting of sulfide concentrates. The apparatus comprises a calcine filtering unit for removing calcine from the weak acid solution, a sodium sulfide mixing unit for precipitating mercury from the weak acid solution, a sodium dithionite mixing unit for precipitating selenium from the weak acid solution, and a mercury-selenium filtering unit for filtering the precipitated mercury and selenium from the weak acid solution. The present invention further relates to a treatment plant utilizing such an apparatus, a process for removing volatile impurities from a weak acid solution, and a selenium cake obtained by utilizing the resent invention.

Abstract: A new method of forming mask ROM in the manufacture of an integrated circuit device has been achieved. A semiconductor substrate is provided with field oxide areas defined and a gate oxide layer overlying the semiconductor substrate. A gate electrode layer is deposited overlying the gate oxide layer. The gate electrode layer and the gate oxide layer are patterned to form gate electrodes. Ions are implanted to form source and drain junctions. A buffer layer is deposited overlying the gate electrodes, the source and drain junctions, and the field oxide areas. The buffer layer is etched down to expose the gate electrodes while leaving a protective thickness of the buffer layer overlying the source and drain junctions. Ions are implanted through the gate electrodes into the semiconductor substrate to selectively code the mask ROM devices and to complete the mask ROM devices in the manufacture of the semiconductor device. A coding mask controls the ion implantation to selectively code the mask ROM.

Abstract: A method for removing selenocyanate from aqueous waste water containing a reducing agent by adding a water soluble cupric salt, said waste water containing a reducing agent having a potential to reduce the cupric ion to the cuprous ion, and removing the resulting selenocyanate precipitate from said waste water.

Abstract: A process for treating metal-containing acid water comprises adding an alkaline aqueous component to metal-containing acid water, thereby to raise the pH of the acid water and to cause metals therein to precipitate. The precipitated metals are separated from the water in a separation stage. The water is then passed to a biological alkalinity generating stage wherein the alkalinity of the water is increased biologically. The alkaline aqueous component, which is added to the metal-containing acid water, is withdrawn from the alkalinity generating stage. Treated water is also withdrawn from the alkalinity generating stage.

Abstract: An aqueous solution, for example, effluent from an off-gas scrubber, is treated to remove metal and metalloid ions by in situ precipitation of ferrous ions by the addition thereto of a ferrous ion-containing solution, salt or other such ferrous ion-containing source and a hydroxyl-yielding base in the presence of the metals and metalloids. The reaction conditions include a temperature of at least about 60° C., and a pH of from about 6 to about 10.

Abstract: A method for removing heavy metals, selected from palladium, tin and nickel, from heavy metal complexes with thiazole compounds in aqueous or alcoholic solution, by precipitation as sulfides, characterised in that such solutions are treated with a water-soluble ammonium, alkaline or alkaline-earth sulfide.

Abstract: In a method for the remediation of inorganic arsenic species, a solution of inorganic arsenic is passed over zero valent iron under abiotic and anaerobic conditions, thereby removing the inorganic arsenic species and forming arsenic-metal co-precipitates. The metal is preferably in the form of iron filings, and is provided together with sand.

Abstract: Spent color photography liquids comprising alkaline developer liquid and fixer liquid loaded with iron ions generate a dischargeable effluent, in which clogging of drains and conduits with precipitated iron oxides is minimized or avoided; the liquids are fed through separate feed ports into a vessel to form a liquid bath, the feed ports being isolated from each other and from the liquid bath; liquid effluent is pumped from the bath to form an effluent flow; preferably the pumping employs a suction generated by flow of a carrier liquid such as water through a venturi passage, whereby the liquid effluent is entrained in the flowing water and discharged under pressure, the precipitated iron oxides being retained in a dispersed non-clogging state.

Abstract: A process for treating acid water process comprises raising the alkalinity of an aqueous component by means of algae, and separating algae from the aqueous component, thereby to obtain a purified alkaline aqueous component. The purified alkaline aqueous component is added to acid water, thereby raising the pH of the acid water.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for removing hydrocarbon contaminants and heavy metal ion contaminants from wastewater stream comprising the introduction of iron ions into the stream. In one embodiment, the ions are introduced by applying an electrical current through a bed of iron particulates in the form of steel wool and iron nodules. In another embodiment, the iron salts are added to the waste stream and the iron ions are reduced to a more reactive lower valence state by electric current.

Abstract: A method for removing selenium from waste water is disclosed comprising reducing selenium oxide with carbohydrazide in a solution comprised of the selenium oxide to form elemental selenium.