Abstract: An emulsion treating unit and process. A subcooled boiling zone in the unit comprises a heat transfer surface to contact an emulsion at a temperature in excess of the saturation temperature of an aqueous phase in the emulsion, wherein the boiling zone is atmospherically vented. The unit also provides means for recovering an oil-rich layer from adjacent a vapor-liquid interface; and means for recovering an aqueous-rich layer from below the oil-rich layer. The process provides operation of the treating unit to heat an emulsion in the subcooled boiling zone, wherein the boiling zone is atmospherically vented, recovering an oil-rich layer and recovering an aqueous-rich layer from below the oil-rich layer. In one embodiment the boiling zone comprises a heat transfer surface having a temperature in excess of the saturation temperature of the aqueous-rich layer, wherein the vapor-liquid interface is subcooled with respect to the saturation temperature of the aqueous layer.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to the small-scale separation of a mixture of two or more components with different boiling points into enriched fractions. In some embodiments, a first and second fluid (e.g., a liquid and a gas, a liquid and a liquid, etc.) are passed through a channel. The first fluid may include at least two components, each with a unique boiling point. Upon contacting the first and second fluids within the channel, at least a portion of the most volatile of the components in the first fluid (i.e., the component with the lowest boiling point) may be transferred from the first fluid to the second fluid. In some instances, the transfer of the volatile component(s) from the first fluid to the second fluid may be expedited by heating, in some cases above the boiling point(s) of the component(s) to be transferred from the first fluid to the second fluid. Contact between the first and second fluids may be maintained, for example, via segmented flow, bubbling flow, etc.

Abstract: An energy efficient desalination process that does not produce waste products involves the extraction of water from a first solution, such as seawater, by using a second concentrated solution to draw the water from the first solution across a semi-permeable membrane. By manipulating the equilibrium of the soluble and insoluble species of solute within the second solution in favor of the soluble species of the solute, a saturated second solution can be used to generate osmotic pressure on the first solution. Also, by adjusting the equilibrium in favor of the less soluble species after the water has been drawn from the first solution, a portion of the solute can easily be precipitated out. Heating the second solution decomposes the solute into its constituent gasses. The constituent gasses and precipitated solute may be recycled through the process to affect the changes in equilibrium and eliminate waste products.

Abstract: Water is removed from oily water produced during operation of a separation column by withdrawing the oily water from the column during separation into an external separator where the oily water is separated into a water phase and an oily phase. The oily phase is then heated to a temperature effective to produce a density differential that drives the oily phase back into the operating column.

Abstract: Systems and methods of capturing and sequestering carbon dioxide, comprising mixing a substantially non-aqueous solvent and an alkali such that the solvent and alkali form a solvent suspension, mixing water and a flue gas containing carbon dioxide with the solvent suspension such that a reaction occurs, the reaction resulting in the formation of a carbonate, water and heat.

Abstract: An emulsion treating unit and process. A subcooled boiling zone in the unit comprises a heat transfer surface to contact an emulsion at a temperature in excess of the saturation temperature of an aqueous phase in the emulsion, wherein the boiling zone is atmospherically vented. The unit also provides means for recovering an oil-rich layer from adjacent a vapor-liquid interface; and means for recovering an aqueous-rich layer from below the oil-rich layer. The process provides operation of the treating unit to heat an emulsion in the subcooled boiling zone, wherein the boiling zone is atmospherically vented, recovering an oil-rich layer and recovering an aqueous-rich layer from below the oil-rich layer. In one embodiment the boiling zone comprises a heat transfer surface having a temperature in excess of the saturation temperature of the aqueous-rich layer, wherein the vapor-liquid interface is subcooled with respect to the saturation temperature of the aqueous layer.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to the small-scale separation of a mixture of two or more components with different boiling points into enriched fractions. In some embodiments, a first and second fluid (e.g., a liquid and a gas, a liquid and a liquid, etc.) are passed through a channel. The first fluid may comprise at least two components, each with a unique boiling point. Upon contacting the first and second fluids within the channel, at least a portion of the most volatile of the components in the first fluid (i.e., the component with the lowest boiling point) may be transferred from the first fluid to the second fluid. In some instances, the transfer of the volatile component(s) from the first fluid to the second fluid may be expedited by heating, in some cases above the boiling point(s) of the component(s) to be transferred from the first fluid to the second fluid. Contact between the first and second fluids may be maintained, for example, via segmented flow, bubbling flow, etc.

Abstract: A water treatment process whereby heat is used and recaptured to pasteurize water and or sewage effluent. Contaminated waters are partially treatable utilizing bacterial and chemical processes; however some bacteria (e.g. Cryptosporidium and Giardia) are resistant to chemicals. The present process raises the temperature of the water to a desired pasteurization temperature and for a corresponding required length of time to destroy pathogens and viruses. A heat exchanger is employed to use the waste heat from the pasteurization tank to pre-heat the fluid entering the tank. After the initial heating of the tank, the pre-heating reduces the required heat to maintain the temperature of the tank. Make-up heat increases the temperature within a small temperature range. The make-up heat may be waste heat from a separate process.

Abstract: A strainer device for a fluid flow circuit removes debris and solid particles from the fluid flow to prevent plugging and reduce fouling of the system. The assembly includes a chamber that can be hydrocyclonic, a collection area, a screen assembly and a distributor that allows selective connection to a flushing fluid. The fluid flows through the chamber past the strainer device, with large particles collecting in the collection area under the influence of gravity and smaller solid particles being collected in the screen assembly. Particles can be flushed from the system by selectively activating the distributor to back flush the screen assembly and sweep the collection area free of solid particles without disassembling the system.

Abstract: There is provided a process for the thermal treatment of waste materials, particularly pharmaceutical waste materials. The process comprises placing the waste material into a chamber and increasing the temperature inside the chamber in three stages. At a first stage, water in the material is desorbed as water vapor. At a second stage, organic ingredients in the material are desorbed and decomposed producing condensable organic vapor and non-condensable synthesis gas. And at a third stage, polymer-based components of the material are depolymerized and decomposed producing condensable hydrocarbon vapor. The non-condensable synthesis gas produced can be used as heating source for the process.

Abstract: A process for extracting oil substances such as bitumen from materials such as tar sands and shales. The process may include placing the material and water in an enclosed conduit and applying heat to the water and material. The pressure inside the conduit may be increased such that temperatures above the boiling point of water may be achieved. The water and material may then be transported to a second portion of the conduit for cooling such that emissions of volatile substances into the atmosphere may be reduced. The oil substances in the material may be washed out of the material with the water and float to the top of the water where they may be separated from the water and removed from the process for further refinement. The water and remaining material may be withdrawn from the conduit for treatment or recycling.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for carrying out a method for thermophoretically removing particles from a particulate containing liquid the method including providing a heated turbulent flowing particulate contain liquid through a first conduit; redirecting a portion of the particulate containing liquid through a second conduit to provide laminar flow having a flow direction substantially parallel to the first conduit; forming a thermal gradient in said second conduit substantially perpendicular to the flow direction; concentrating particles in the particulate containing liquid in a portion of the second conduit aided at least in part by thermophoretic forces; and, separating the particulate containing liquid into at least a relatively concentrated particle containing portion and a relatively unconcentrated particle containing portion.

Abstract: The method and apparatus of the invention create a dynamic Soret effect for propelling a target chemical constituent along a pathway. A moving temperature profile impressed upon the pathway produces consecutive alternating warmer and cooler zones along the path which transport components of a mixture down the path according to their respective diffusivities. In one embodiment, the invention provides a dynamic thermophoretic concentrator for separating a target chemical constituent from a mixture of components on the basis of diffusion coefficient by using alternate forward and backward motion of a temperature profile along the pathway, thereby accumulating an ultimate concentration of the target constituent greater than its initial concentration in the mixture.

Abstract: The filter cake in a filter press is heated by direct contact with a heating plate opposite the pressing membrane so that a vapor phase is generated which moves uniformly in a planar pressure front through the filter cake to dry residual liquid therefrom. The filter cake is maintained under vacuum during the drying step.

Abstract: Continuous recovery of raw materials from coated films and apparatus for this purpose and film material recovered therewith. Large amounts of coated films can be fed to a continuous recycling process in which any pigments present in the coating and the substrate material are recovered. The treatment is carried out at room temperature in an alkaline medium consisting of soft soap, organic solvent and/or water, with or without the use of a catalyst. The solvent is recycled. After the first treatment stage, the film shreds can be treated in a second stage with a solvent/water mixture similarly to the first stage, and thorough final washing in a water or solvent circulation is effected in a third stage. The recovered film shreds are dried, pressed, milled and brought to the desired shape in a plastics agglomerator, and the recovered pigments are dried under reduced pressure (FIG. 1).

Abstract: The method for removing a thermophilic group of cells from a source of mixed cells, such as blood, comprises the steps of obtaining a sample, testing the sample to determine the temperature gradient required to cause migration of the thermophilic cells from the sample. In a preferred embodiment, the method includes the step of bringing the sample back to its ambient temperature quickly if it is desired to do so.

Abstract: Abrasive components and water are recovered from an aqueous chemical mechanical slurry used for planarization of semiconductor materials. The slurry effluent is preferably brought to a neutral pH, and cooled to a temperature between about 0.degree. C. and about 15.degree. C. An electrical potential can be applied to the slurry effluent to facilitate agglomeration and separation of particles of abrasive material in the slurry effluent. In one embodiment, the slurry effluent is introduced into a process chamber at ambient temperature and pressure, and supernatant liquid separated from the process chamber is then subjected to a reduction of pressure in a vacuum chamber to cause gas entrapped in the supernatant liquid to bubble to the surface of the supernatant liquid for further separation and collection of water and abrasive particles from the slurry effluent. In another embodiment, slurry effluent is filtered through one or more self-cleaning reversible gross particle filter assemblies.

Abstract: Abrasive components and water are recovered from an aqueous chemical mechanical slurry used for planarization of semiconductor materials. The slurry effluent is preferably brought to a neutral pH, and cooled to a temperature between about 0.degree. C. and about 15.degree. C. An electrical potential can be applied to the slurry effluent to facilitate agglomeration and separation of particles of abrasive material in the slurry effluent. In one embodiment, the slurry effluent is introduced into a process chamber at ambient temperature and pressure, and supernatant liquid separated from the process chamber is then subjected to a reduction of pressure in a vacuum chamber to cause gas entrapped in the supernatant liquid to bubble to the surface of the supernatant liquid for further separation and collection of water and abrasive particles from the slurry effluent. In another embodiment, slurry effluent is filtered through one or more self-cleaning reversible gross particle filter assemblies.

Abstract: A thermophoretic filter cell for the filtering of particles from a liquid is constructed in a particular manner so that the liquid introduced into the filter acts as the heat sink. The cell is designed so that the thermophoretic velocity of the particles in the liquid equals or exceeds the velocity (flow rate per unit area) at which the liquid is passing through the filter.

Abstract: A process for high speed separation of ultra-high molecular weight polymers using a hyperlayer field-flow fractionation technique comprising forcing a carrier fluid containing a small sample of the high molecular weight polymer through a thin flow channel possessing an accumulation wall, applying a primary externally controlled driving force transversely across the thin dimension of the channel, adjusting the flowrate of the fluid and the field strength of the primary externally controlled force in relationship to the channel thickness such that at least over part of the molecular weight range the entropic force F.sub.e and the primary driving force F.sub.1 are related by the inequality .vertline.F.sub.e .vertline.>.vertline.F.sub.1 .vertline. at the accumulation wall of the channel.

Abstract: Systems and methods of capturing and sequestering carbon dioxide, comprising mixing a substantially non-aqueous solvent and an alkali such that the solvent and alkali form a solvent suspension, mixing water and a flue gas containing carbon dioxide with the solvent suspension such that a reaction occurs, the reaction resulting in the formation of a carbonate, water and heat.