Abstract: A water treatment system which comprises a reverse osmosis device having a fluid inlet, a permeate outlet and a concentrate outlet with a pump to pump a fluid through the reverse osmosis device, and a magnetic treatment device situated upstream of the fluid inlet, and filter means arranged to filter fluid from the concentrate outlet prior to recycling the fluid upstream of the magnetic treatment device. When a plurality of passes, the system reduces membrane fouling as the crystal structure of the precipitate is changed to reduce the amount of calcite to a deposit which precipitates mostly as aragonite.

Abstract: A separation apparatus (A) for separating solids from a slurry of liquid and solids includes a separation tank (10). An intake assembly (12) communicates with the separation tank (10) for conveying the slurry through an entrance end (14) into an inlet (16) formed in the tank (10). An outlet assembly (18) communicates with the separation tank (10) for conveying decanted liquid (20) through an outlet (22) formed in the tank (10) to an exit end (24) of the outlet assembly (18) positioned in a desired location. A pump (26) is adapted to convey the decanted liquid (20) from the separation tank (10) through the outlet assembly (18). The tank (10), intake assembly (12), and outlet assembly (18) form an airtight, compartmented system when the entrance end (14) of the intake assembly (12) and the exit end (24) of the outlet assembly (18) are sealed.

Abstract: A water circulation and filtration system for maintaining a high level of water quality in aquariums is provided. In one embodiment, the inventive system comprises a vertical water flushing tube connected to a water supply or a reverse power-head pump and having an opening positioned in proximity to the base of the aquarium. A water circulation tube and water draining tube, each of which has openings located immediately above the base of the aquarium, are provided at the opposing end of the aquarium. The water circulation tube is connected at its other end to a standard filter, while the water draining tube is connected at its other end to a hose leading to a sink, drain or external container. In a second embodiment, water from the aquarium passes through a water draining tube to a filtration chamber which is connected in series to at least one additional filtration chamber. A pump is connected to the final filtration chamber and positioned, in the direction of water flow, after the final filtration chamber.

Abstract: A method of removing salt from seawater to produce potable freshwater. Apparatus that may be used with the method includes a large metal cylinder, with open top and bottom ends, anchored to the sea floor offshore. Several pressure hulls may be attached to the side of the cylinder. Within each pressure hull there are several reverse osmosis devices (“RODs”), each containing a membrane that will allow water molecules, but not sodium and chlorine ions, to pass through. Due to the pressure differential, freshwater passes through the membranes by reverse osmosis, and is pumped out of the pressure hulls to a storage facility onshore. After equilibrium is reached, the pumps for the brine can be turned off, as gravity will cause brine to flow down from the pressure hulls through an opening in the bottom of the cylinder. Alternatively, a reverse osmosis system may be supported on an elevated undersea platform.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for recycling a wash solution used in powder coating which uses filters. The invention also relates to methods and apparatuses for recycling wash solutions used in spray washing, steam cleaning or car washes using filters.

Abstract: A method of treating produced water from heavy oil production to provide feedwater for the production of high quality steam. A produced water from heavy oil recovery operations is initially treated by first removing oil and grease to a desired level, preferably to about twenty parts per million, or less. The pH is then adjusted, normally downward and by acid addition, to release at least some carbonate alkalinity as free carbon dioxide. Preferably, all non-hydroxide alkalinity is removed, or substantially so, by introducing the feedwater into a decarbonator. In some cases, the pH may be raised (without, or subsequent to decarbonation, depending upon water chemistry) preferably by caustic addition, to maintain silica solubility in the feedwater.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for treating oily wastewater, such as bilge water or ballast water, generated on a ship. The process uses a combination of a centrifugal separation step and a membrane separation step, such as an ultrafiltration step. The membrane separation step uses a dense, non-porous filtration membrane. The process is able to remove both emulsified oil and dissolved oil from the wastewater to low levels.

Abstract: A method in which a fluid is driven into a process unit through utilization of a propulsion unit operating in a process mode. A process is performed which utilizes the fluid in the process unit. The propulsion unit is set to operate in a recycle mode and fluid contaminated by the process is driven into a recycling unit through utilization of the propulsion unit. A system comprises a process unit that utilizes a liquid to perform a process. A recycling unit recycles fluid contaminated by the process. A propulsion unit coupled to the process unit and the recycling unit is adjustable between a process mode and a recycle mode.

Abstract: Method for treating non-gelatin colloidal encapsulation waste materials in which the waste is combined, optionally, with a solvent capable of dissolving the non-gelatin colloidal encapsulation material, and any softening agent contained therein, and then treating the solvent layer to remove contaminants such as residual oils and/or particulates which may be present, to provide a purified and usable encapsulating material containing stream.

Abstract: A sterilized fluid management kit for use in renal replacement therapy isolates a replacement fluid container from touch contamination and provides for sterilization of replacement fluid by filtering using an installed filter that is hermetically connected to the replacement fluid container. A method is described where replacement fluid is automatically generated before treatment.

Abstract: The present invention provides a hemodialysis or hemodiafiltration system and method using two dialyzer stages (122, 138), wherein the temperature of a dialysate fluid stream of the first cartridge (122) is increased such that the blood in the first cartridge (122) is dialyzed or diafiltered at an elevated temperature, while blood in the second cartridge (138) is dialyzed or diafiltered against a dialysate stream at normal blood temperature. This results in an increased solute diffusivity and a corresponding increase in removal of blood substances by diffusion. When diafiltration is performed, an additional removal of substances occurs by convection as a larger portion of plasma water from a blood compartment (142) can be filtered across a semi-permeable membrance (140) at the same transmembrane pressure due to the reduced viscosity of the heated blood and plasma water.

Abstract: A method for treating metal-working fluid comprises the steps of: a) transferring the metal-working fluid into a heating vessel; b) heating the metal-working fluid in the heating vessel to maintain the fluid at an elevated temperature during a heating period; c) agitating and aerating the fluid during the heating period; d) transferring the fluid out of the heating vessel into a holding vessel after the heating period; and e) transferring the fluid out of the holding vessel. The fluid may pass through a particle filter before entering the heating vessel, where it may be heated to between about 145° F. and about 210° F. for at least about 30 minutes. During heating, heated ambient air may be drawn through air inlets and through the fluid to agitate and aerate the fluid, thereby ensuring uniform heating and extracting gaseous contaminants. Mist and gaseous contaminants are removed from the airflow prior to its release into the environment.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for processing waste streams wherein a slipstream is formed on the upstream side of an ultrafiltration membrane (120) to carry collected and concentrated filter reject to a microfilter (170) via a slipstream through a conduit (155) at a very low flux through the microfilter. The low flux gives the particles in this stream a chance to interact and thus form an irregular matrix that itself helps to trap particles. The effluent from this matrix and microfilter is returned upstream of the ultrafiltration membrane via a conduit (165) to be repeatedly collected and concentrated. The suspended solids removed from the reject stream and microfilter may then be disposed of directly without further processing. For metal ions, the removal efficiency of ultrafiltration membrane can be improved by injecting sulfide compounds or other compounds upstream of ultrafiltration membrane.

Abstract: A process for fractionating water-soluble or water-dispersible amino-containing synthetic polymers having a broad molar mass distribution by ultrafiltration, wherein the polymer solution or dispersion to be fractionated is fed continuously into an ultrafiltration circulation with at least one ultrafiltration unit, and retentate having a narrower molar mass distribution and permeate are discharged continuously, in such a way that the ultrafiltration circulation is essentially in a steady state, the polymers obtainable by this process and their use.

Abstract: A method of treatment of water in an aquatic environment. Water is first pumped from a reservoir to a first mixing station. An inert gas is introduced into the pumped water at the first mixing station to provide inert gas saturated water, which inert gas saturated water will displace undesired gasses in the water in the reservoir. The inert gas saturated water is then pumped to a sparging column such that the inert gas and undesired gasses will be released from the inert gas saturated water to provide depleted water. The depleted water is then pumped to a second mixing station, wherein oxygen is introduced into the depleted water to provide oxygen enriched water. The oxygen enriched water is then returned to reservoir.

Abstract: A process for reclaiming the components of left-over concrete including the steps of adding water to the concrete to produce a first mixture, effecting a first screening of the first mixture to separate any stones and gravel present in the first mixture and produce a second mixture of sand, cement and water, cycloning the second mixture into a first portion containing water and cement and into a second portion containing sand and cement and water, effecting a second screening of the second portion to separate sand from the cement and water, and in a filter press separating the cement from the water from the second portion of the second mixture and separating the cement from the water from the first portion of the second mixture.

Abstract: For the purpose of providing a particulate support capable of adsorbing a target substance highly specifically at a high density and at greatly elevated recovery efficiency, and a process of separation/purification or extraction. The particulate support is made of a carbonaceous material and/or a carbide and is for use in the separation/purification or extraction of substances related to biological organisms, while the process of separation/purification or extraction of substances related to biological organisms is conducted using the particulate support.

Abstract: Actuated bypass valves for use in swimming pool systems are disclosed. The valves automatically bypasses a swimming pool heating unit except when the heating unit is placed into service. The disclosed valves reduce the energy requirements of the circulation pump when the heating unit is bypassed. The valves comprise a tee-shaped valve body. Flow within the valve body is controlled by a sliding plate which slides relative to a stationary plate, where the sliding plate and the stationary plate each has a plurality of openings. Means for actuating the valves may comprise a 24 VAC solenoid. Minimal travel of the sliding plate is necessary for the valve to open from a minimum flow area to a maximum flow area. Methods for utilizing the disclosed valves are also disclosed.

Abstract: A water reservoir treatment system for a swimming pool, water tank, spa, or fountain water, which is simple to operate, low in maintenance, and highly reliable. The system preferably comprises, in sequence, a water circulation system, a vortex separator for initial separation of particulates, and an absorption or adsorption filter which may be a conventional pool filter using sand, diatomaceous earth, or paper cartridge as filtering medium.

Abstract: In a method of filtration, a liquid to be filtered is brought into contact with the surface of a filter medium and is passed through the filter medium. A supernatant liquid layer is created on the surface of the filter medium, and the upper level of the liquid layer is suitably controlled. A hydraulic path is organized in the liquid layer, and a stream of the liquid to be treated is brought to the inlet of the hydraulic path. Liquid that has passed through the filter medium is recovered for n cycles by reinjecting the liquid into the supernatant layer at the outlet of the hydraulic path, producing in a section of the path a meeting of two opposed streams. The treated liquid is then drawn off after n cycles.

Abstract: An internal spa filter for a spa, having a filter body with an inlet opening at its one end and a discharge orifice at its opposite end, the sides of such body are formed with auxiliary spa water inlet openings. The filter also includes a filter bag having a sheath encompassing the exterior of the filter body and a pocket extending inwardly from the front end of the sheath into the filter body from the main spa water inlet opening. Operation of the spa water circulation system draws spa water into the main spa water inlet opening through the filter bag pocket into the filter body while concurrently spa water is drawn transversely through the filter bag sheath and auxiliary spa water openings into the filter body, all of such spa water flows rearwardly out of the filter body through the filter body discharge orifice.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for treating waste water in a reactor in order to remove contaminants, including: mixing the waste water with a biomass, the biomass for consuming a quantity of the contaminants or adsorbing the contaminants; dosing the waste water with a micronized zeolitic material; mixing the zeolitic material with the biomass; allowing solids to settle from the waste water; and discharging resultant effluent, wherein a significant portion of the micronized zeolite material has a grain size less than or equal to 100 &mgr;m.

Abstract: An apparatus (10′) for extracting biomass includes an extractor (11), evaporator (12), compressor (13) and condenser (14) connected in series by pipework (17) to define a closed loop extraction circuit. A transfer line (18) selectively supplies hot solvent vapor from the outlet side of the compressor (13) to the interior of the extractor (11), where the solvent vapor heats the biomass. This causes stripping of solvent from the biomass. The transfer line (18) includes control elements (19,20) for controlling the flow of solvent vapor.

Abstract: A filtration system for processing effluent from septic-based sanitation systems includes at least one treatment tank for receiving effluent from a septic tank. The tank includes filtering media therein, the filtering media adapted for filtering the effluent to produce filtered effluent. The system includes structure for recirculating the filtered effluent, wherein a first portion of the filtered effluent is directed back onto the filtering media and a second portion of the filtered effluent is directed out of said tank. The system can obviate the need for a drain field in septic-based sanitation systems.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of recycling wash-water resulting from the treatment of a film provided with a carbon particles based backing layer, and especially from a washing treatment to remove the said carbon particles based backing layer. The method comprises the step of passing the wash-water through an microfiltration unit equipped with a microfiltration membrane made from a polytetrafluorethylene-based membrane. The method enables the regeneration of the wash-water and its recycling with a high efficiency and considerable lowering of the water consumption used in this step of the processing.

Abstract: A water reclamation system for a closed environment includes a mixer that receives brine. A processor is downstream of the mixer, with the processor distilling substantially salt-free water from the brine in the substantial absence of salt crystallization. A crystallizer subsystem is downstream of the processor, with the crystallizer subsystem crystallizing salt from the brine and recycling the brine to the mixer.

Abstract: A process for post-passivation of a phosphated metal surface, characterized in that the phosphated metal surface is treated with an aqueous post-passivation solution which contains from 50 to 500 mg/l of nickel ions and from 200 to 1500 mg/l of phosphate ions. Rinsing water arising which contains constituents of the post-passivation solution may be processed by nanofiltration or reverse osmosis, the retentate being transferred into the phosphating bath, thereby closing the Ni circuit. The post-passivation solution preferably additionally contains a phosphating accelerator.

Abstract: A method and a system for regenerating a metal bath contaminated by mixed crystals, particularly a tin bath (17) in a hot-dip coating process. A partial stream of the tin bath (17) is removed from the coating tank (15) and is first of all heated above its liquidus temperature in a heating unit (24). Subsequently, the tin bath is conducted over a cooling unit (27) and, while flowing through a filter (29), is cleaned of mixed crystals coming down as a result of the cooling. The filter 29 is a ceramic foam filter made of silicon carbide. Subsequently, the regenerated tin bath (17a) is heated in a melting tank to process temperature, and returned from there to the coating tank (15).

Abstract: A process for removing soluble and insoluble inorganic, organic, and microbiological contaminants from a fluid stream employing a pretreatment module, a post-treatment module, a recycle stream module or any combination thereof, and a membrane module, is provided. The process provided reduces the problems associated with membrane fouling and increases contaminant removal capacity.

Abstract: A truck houses a closed recirculation system having a series of hoses, filters and pumps interconnecting a first point and second point, preferably hydrants, of a water supply system. A flow of water pumped outside of the water supply system through the filters causes an increased water flow within the section of the water supply system between the second and the first point to clean the section of deposits, sediment, particulates and other undesirable matter. All of the filtered water is returned to the water supply system. The water may be inspected and chlorinated.

Abstract: A truck houses a closed recirculation system having a series of hoses, filters and pumps interconnecting a first point and second point, preferably hydrants, of a water supply system. A flow of water pumped outside of the water supply system through the filters causes an increased water flow within the section of the water supply system between the second and the first point to clean the section of deposits, sediment, particulates and other undesirable matter. All of the filtered water is returned to the water supply system. The water may be inspected and chlorinated.

Abstract: Processes and apparatus are disclosed for producing clear reverse osmosis retentates having silica concentrations which are substantially supersaturated in silica from feedwaters having silica concentrations, without substantial formation of alkali-soluble scale having substantial silica content in the associated reverse osmosis apparatus, by adjusting the pH of such feedwaters to an acidic pH range prior to reverse osmosis in accordance with this invention. Also disclosed are related processes and apparatus for periodically removing minor amounts of alkali-soluble scale having substantial silica content from the apparatus.

Abstract: A method in which a fluid is driven into a process unit through utilization of a propulsion unit operating in a process mode. A process is performed which utilizes the fluid in the process unit. The propulsion unit is set to operate in a recycle mode and fluid contaminated by the process is driven into a recycling unit through utilization of the propulsion unit. A system comprises a process unit that utilizes a liquid to perform a process. A recycling unit recycles fluid contaminated by the process. A propulsion unit coupled to the process unit and the recycling unit is adjustable between a process mode and a recycle mode.

Abstract: There is provided an electrodeposition coating apparatus for dipping a body into an electrodeposition coating liquid filled in an electrodeposition tank, which includes a first circulation system for causing a flow direction of the coating liquid in a surface area and an intermediate area through which the body passes in the electrodeposition tank to be opposite to a moving direction of the body, and a second circulation system for causing a flow direction of the coating liquid in a bottom area in the electrodeposition tank to be equal to the moving direction of the body.

Abstract: A liquid chlorine supply canister is connected by a chlorine supply tube and venturi chamber to a recirculating pipe that discharges into a storage-mixing tank into which sewage effluent is received from a source. The chlorine solution supply tube within the canister is provided with a filter/orifice assembly having an orifice dimension that is designed for the size of the wastewater treatment system. A pump within the storage-mixing tank causes circulation of sewage effluent through the venturi chamber and develops a suction in the chlorine solution supply tube which draws chlorine through the filter and orifice assembly, through the supply tubing and into the flowing sewage effluent stream to the storage-mixing tank as well as to a spray field.

Abstract: A process and system for recovering fine coal having a size at or below 400 mesh. The process and system includes a series of cyclone separators, a vibrating screen, a centrifuge and a flow path to clean, recover and dewater fine coal having a nominal size of 3 mm down to 400 mesh or below. The process and system includes the use of commercially available components arranged in a novel manner to efficiently recover fine coal for use in various energy supplying systems.

Abstract: A fuel recirculation and cleaning assembly comprising a planar surfaced support base, an upright support secured to the support base and a flange extending from support base to form an enclosed area around the planar surface. A filter assembly for separating water from fuel and trapping particulate matter is mounted to the upright support and a discharge pump is fluidly connected to the filter assembly discharge water separated from the fuel by the filter assembly to a water storage tank. A magnetic microbial decontamination device is secured to the upright support and fluidly connected to the filter assembly by a conduit to receive filtered fuel from an outlet of the filter assembly and pass the fuel through a magnetic field which destroys microbial residues in the fuel. A circulation pump is mounted on the support base and is fluidly connected to an outlet of said microbial decontamination device by conduit means to discharge treated fuel to a fuel storage tank.

Abstract: Disclosed are waste processing systems capable of being used on-board a transport such as a train, bus, airplane, boat, or other similar vehicles. The liquid waste is evaporated and condensed primarily as water vapor. The resulting liquid may be safely discharged in most places without adverse environmental and health effects. If desired, the liquid can be stored and reused for non-potable applications such as toilet flushing. The solid waste is converted to inert ash or carbon and may be either stored in a filter or discharged as carbon or ash into the water, air, or onto the railroad tracks. The system may also be used in stationary or semi-stationary applications where on-site treatment of waste may be desired.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for filtering particulate matter from internal combustion engine coolant where a replaceable filter is connected between the heater core supply and return lines. A portion of the normal engine coolant flow is directed from a heater hose through a paper or media filter in order to remove particulate matter such as rust and scale. A filter assembly comprised of a housing with inlet and outlet ports may installed in a new engine or may be retrofitted to an existing engine by cutting the heater hoses, installing tees, and connecting the filter housing to the tees with short sections of hose. An alternate embodiment includes a housing that clamps directly to the heater hoses so that a portion of the flow is directed through the filter.

Abstract: A dialysis system which does not need to use a physiological saline in replenishing a solution or cleaning and priming the dialysis system, does not need a troublesome setting operation and can easily and accurately set a flow rate of a replenisher solution. The dialysis system includes a closed-type water-removal control apparatus 1, a dialyzer 2, a fresh dialysate line 3 as well as a used dialysate line 4, an RO water pressurizing line 5, an RO water pressurizing pump 51 provided in the RO water pressurizing line 5, an artery side blood line 6, a blood pump 61 provided at the artery side blood line 6 and a vein side blood line 7. According to the dialysis system, by pressurizing RO water into a communication line of the used dialysate, dialysate is made to flow from a dialysate flow path 21 into a blood flow path 22 through a dialysis membrane 23 of the dialyzer 2 and the inside of a blood circulation path can be cleaned and primed.

Abstract: A method of making an oxygen-rich and stabilized oxidizing agent in a liquid, preferably water, involves exposure of aerated liquid to repeated bursts of ringing magnetic flux having a primary frequency of 10 kHz to 80 kHz, with the bursts repeated at a frequency of 1 Hz to 100 Hz, and with the water being kept basic at a pH level between pH 7 to pH 10. The oxidizing agent is believed to be a relatively stable complex of hydrogen peroxide, and has a significant anti-microbial effect on microorganisms, including biofilms, in the water achieved by oxidation of the oxidizing agent with chemical components of the microorganisms.

Abstract: The measurement of blood flow in a dialysis shunt is obtained by injection of an indicator material into a venous line leading from dialysis equipment to the shunt. The blood flow in an arterial line leading from the shunt at a location downstream of the venous line to the dialysis equipment is monitored by an arterial line sensor for the presence of the indicator material. A detector connected to the sensor provides a dilution curve in response to the presence of the indicator material and the blood flow in the shunt is calculated from the area under the dilution curve. The locations of the arterial and venous lines in the shunt can be reversed to obtain a measurement of blood recirculation from the venous line into the arterial line.

Abstract: A method of separating particulate material from a fluid stream comprises rotating in the fluid stream (10) a perforated barrier (1) which permits the fluid to pass through it, the axis of rotation of the barrier projecting into the fluid stream, and the front surface of the perforated barrier being substantially normal to the streamlines in a major part of the incoming flow at the points where the flow meets the barrier, particles (2) colliding with the barrier being in consequence imparted with kinetic energy in a tangential direction so that they travel towards the periphery of the perforated barrier entrained in a diverted portion of the fluid stream

Abstract: Method and apparatus for treating a mixture of mineral substrate particles and hydrocarbon compounds, especially tar sands and contaminated soils, to recover a hydrocarbon portion and a cleaned substrate portion. In a preferably continuous process, hydrocarbonaceous rock, sand, ore, or soil containing bitumen, petroleum, and/or kerogen is crushed or otherwise comminuted as needed to the particle size of sand or smaller. The comminuted ore is mixed with water to form a slurry, is heated to between 60° C. and 100° C., and is blended with an oxidant in aqueous solution, preferably hydrogen peroxide. Both free interstitial hydrocarbons and those hydrocarbons bound electrostatically to the surfaces of clay-like particles in the ore are released from the mineral substrate.

Abstract: A system for dispensing, collecting, and processing wash fluid includes a first movable support frame including a first tank that stores clean wash fluid, a first pump that pressurizes the clean wash fluid and delivers the pressurized wash fluid to a dispenser, a second tank that stores used wash fluid, and at least one of a separator unit and a reverse osmosis unit that process used wash fluid delivered from the second tank. A second movable support frame includes a used washed fluid collection area and a second pump at one end that transfers the collected wash fluid back to the second tank of the first movable support frame through a conduit. The second movable support frame also includes an inclination adjustment mechanism that adjusts the inclination of the second movable support frame so that the collected fluid is supplied to the second pump.

Abstract: A process and system for enhanced phosphorus removal in a wetlands wastewater treatment facility is disclosed. A portion of the effluent is recycled back through a media which is capable of removing phosphorus from water through sorptive processes.

Abstract: A dialysis system which does not need to use a physiological saline in replenishing a solution or cleaning and priming the dialysis system, does not need a troublesome setting operation and can easily and accurately set a flow rate of a replenisher solution. The dialysis system includes a closed type water-removal control apparatus 1, a dialyzer 2, a fresh dialysate line 3 as well as a used dialysate line 4, a dialysate pressurizing line 5, a dialysate pressurizing pump 51 provided in the dialysate pressurizing line 5, an artery side blood line 6, a blood pump 61 provided in the artery side blood line 6 and a vein side blood line 7. According to the dialysis system, by pressurizing a dialysate into a communication line of the dialysate, the dialysate is made to flow from a dialysate flow path 21 into a blood flow path 22 through a dialysis membrane 23 of the dialyzer 2 and the inside of a blood circulation path can be cleaned and primed.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating water through a magnetic field is provided. The apparatus comprises an ampul capable of holding water, the ampul having an upper wide body and a lower narrow neck. The ampul has the surface structure and configuration to promote the water flow in a vortex. A water inlet located inside the ampul at its upper wide body portion is used to introduce water into the ampul. The water inlet is capable of dispensing water delivered to the ampul along the sides of the vortexing ampul thereby facilitating the flow of water in a vortex pattern. One or more valves are optionally connected to the lower neck portion of the ampul to control the flow of water. A plurality of pairs of axially placed magnets are transversely aligned around the neck of the ampul. A recirculating ampul for collecting the “living water” from the ampul is included for dispensing drinking water or for other uses.

Abstract: The invention relates to a low-water-consumption method for processing an exposed color reversal photographic film.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for substance-specific treatment of fluids using groups of first and second treatment elements, adjacently positioned in a housing and made from membranes, the treatment elements having cavities open on one side, whereby the cavities of the first treatment elements are open in the direction of the inlet arrangement of the housing and the cavities of the second treatment elements are open in the direction of its outlet arrangement. A stream of the fluid to be treated is introduced via the inlet arrangement into a distribution space, which is delimited only by the housing, the inlet arrangement, and the ends, pointing to the inlet arrangement of the treatment element group adjacent to the inlet arrangement, and entering the cavities of the first treatment elements. The stream then flows successively through the walls of the first and second treatment elements, whereby the substance-specific treatment of the fluid takes place.