Wall With Straight Line Movements Patents (Class 222/307)
  • Patent number: 10946987
    Abstract: A machine to manufacture cartridges for electronic cigarettes comprising a casing made of plastic material inside which a quantity of powdered tobacco is contained; the machine is provided with a drum which receives an orderly mass of empty casings, and feeds them to a filling station in which a quantity of powdered tobacco is inserted into each empty casing and a filling unit which is arranged in correspondence to the filling station for feeding a quantity of powdered tobacco inside each empty casing from above; the filling unit is provided with a first hopper for the collection of powdered tobacco and a plurality of discs among which a first disc defining a bottom wall of the first hopper; wherein, between the first disc and a second disc a plurality of compartments is defined, each designed to contain the quantity of powdered tobacco to be inserted into a respective casing from above; and wherein the first disc and the second disc are mobile relative to one another, so as to vary the volume of the compartm
    Type: Grant
    Filed: September 22, 2016
    Date of Patent: March 16, 2021
    Assignee: G.D SOCIETA' PER AZIONI
    Inventors: Roberto Claudio Franco Ghiotti, Stefano Negrini
  • Patent number: 10234317
    Abstract: The dosing device consists, for example, of a closure, having a closure body (1) with sealing closing means (7), which can be placed in a sealing manner on the connector. The metering means of the closure consist of just two components. There is first, seated securely in the closure body (1), a hollow cup (4) having, on the bottom side of the cup (4), a window (12) arranged in its side wall. The second component is a cap-shaped metering piston (10) having, on the upper side of the cap, a projection (5) which extends in the axial direction. This metering piston (10) with projection (5) fits into the cup (4), wherein its projection (5) covers and closes the window (12). The metering piston (10) is able to move axially in the cup (4) and its projection (5) is able to pivot to a limited degree toward the outer side of the window (12). In the pivoted-out state, it forms, together with the cup (4), an open valve which is otherwise closed.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: March 27, 2015
    Date of Patent: March 19, 2019
    Assignee: CAPARTIS AG
    Inventor: Herbert Wohlgenannt
  • Patent number: 9848736
    Abstract: Coffee mill hopper assembly (1), comprising a hopper (10) with multiple compartments (18a, 18b) for storing coffee beans and at least one outlet (22) through which coffee beans may be released from the respective compartments, and a compartment selector (30) comprising a rotatable control knob for adjusting the position of a closure member (36) that cooperates with the at least one outlet (22) to provide for at least one outflow aperture that, depending on the rotational position of the closure member, selectively enables a release of coffee beans. The compartment selector (30) further comprises two toothed members that are rotationally locked to the control knob (34) and the hopper (10), respectively, wherein at least one of said toothed members (50a, 50b) is movably arranged and spring-biased to force the teeth (54a, 54b) of the toothed members towards each other in a meshing relationship.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: April 30, 2014
    Date of Patent: December 26, 2017
    Assignee: KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS N.V.
    Inventors: Jan Buffinga, Yde Johannes Venema
  • Patent number: 9574920
    Abstract: A storage and measurement container for retaining a quantity of particulate material and dispensing a measured serving thereof. The container comprises an interior volume that is dividable into an upper volume and a lower volume via a slide, a sliding member that selectively occupies the lower volume, and a bottom lid for dispensing the contents of the lower volume. Pulling the slide and the sliding member out from the container causes granular material, such as flour or spices, to fall from the upper volume to the lower volume that is vacated by the sliding member. Measurement indicia on the slide corresponds to the amount of volume vacated by the sliding member. Once the desired amount of material has been deposited into the lower volume, the slide can be closed to seal the upper volume from the lower volume, and the contents of the lower volume can then be dispensed therefrom.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: December 19, 2014
    Date of Patent: February 21, 2017
    Inventor: Linda Enns
  • Patent number: 9169082
    Abstract: A variable metering system for heterogeneous, sensitive and non-pumpable foodstuffs having a low liquid portion, in which a carrier plate system is set into a stroke motion by a drive cylinder which is in horizontal alignment. The foodstuff, which is brought into the metering chambers on the carrier plates using vacuum, is conveyed by said stroke motion to a discharge position where it is ejected under the effect of compressed air. By the type of connection of the two carrier plates, it is possible to change the distance of the carrier plates from each other by means of a rod system and an associated servomotor or by a hand wheel. This distance variation leads to a change in volume in the metering chambers, can be controlled by an external scale and can be readjusted by an automatic control of the rod system. The design of the metering system ensures that it can be easily dismantled and cleaned for cleaning or maintenance purposes.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: July 4, 2012
    Date of Patent: October 27, 2015
    Assignee: Maschinenfabrik Leonhardt GmbH
    Inventor: Eric Kerschbaumer
  • Publication number: 20100276442
    Abstract: An appliance with a rear wall section, a first side wall section, and a second side wall section, defining an interior. The appliance includes a refrigerator section within the appliance interior and the refrigerator section has the same or a smaller volume than the appliance interior. The appliance also includes a door with an exterior surface and an interior surface with a door liner. Further included is a module removably engaged with the appliance. Yet further included is a resealable comestible dry goods container having a defined interior volume, an exterior, and a bottom portion where the container is removably engaged within the module.
    Type: Application
    Filed: May 1, 2009
    Publication date: November 4, 2010
    Applicant: WHIRLPOOL CORPORATION
    Inventors: KAREN J. QUERFURTH, AMERESH B. VISWANATHAN, RONALD L. VOGLEWEDE, MICHELE E. WILCOX
  • Patent number: 7059496
    Abstract: The present invention relates to a shaker for sprinkling granules, preferably salt. The shaker (1) comprises a screen-like member (7) which is mounted movable in vertical direction relative to such lower parts (5) of the shaker (1) which define a lower space (8) in which granules (2) are collected or vice versa, for being able to set the screen-like member (7) such that downwardly directed portions (7a) thereof can be set at different distances (e.g. A or B) from the bottom (9) of the lower space (8). Thereby, it is achieved that the lower space (8) can be brought to contain different amounts of granules (2).
    Type: Grant
    Filed: August 15, 2002
    Date of Patent: June 13, 2006
    Inventor: Leif Einar Stern
  • Patent number: 6488182
    Abstract: This invention discloses a portion control vertical bin for controlling the amount of material dispensed having a portion control device where a single handle pulls a top-slide and a bottom-slide where the top-slide separates a portion of material from the bulk material in the bin, the bottom-slide when pulled further releases the portioned material through an opening in the bottom-slide to a spout assembly where the portioned material may be collected in a receptacle.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: March 13, 2001
    Date of Patent: December 3, 2002
    Assignee: Brach's Confections, Inc.
    Inventors: Sathish K. Mohanraju, George Mullinix
  • Patent number: 5794820
    Abstract: The invention provides a dispensing machine which delivers or dispenses a uniform volume of a fluid, in particular, viscous fluids such as a topping for ice cream, frozen yoghurt, etc. The dispensing machine includes a reservoir and a control and dispensing module in which a tilting disk acts as both a piston and an inlet valve to a measuring chamber for delivering a fixed volume of a fluid through a valve.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: October 17, 1995
    Date of Patent: August 18, 1998
    Inventors: Gordon Shabbits, Orville Olm
  • Patent number: 5685463
    Abstract: A combined drop and spray nozzle device for use with a pressurized container for dispensing a product contained therein as an aerosol. The device includes an axially movable delivery outlet protruding from a top portion of the pressurized container, and a removable nozzle mounted on the delivery outlet for moving the delivery outlet between a closed position wherein the product is contained in the pressurized container and an open position wherein the product is discharged through the nozzle as an aerosol. A valve mechanism is axially movable in the nozzle with respect to the delivery outlet to open and close a predetermined portion of the delivery outlet, and a push-button is provided on the nozzle and is coupled to the valve mechanism for moving the valve mechanism to close the predetermined portion of the delivery outlet when the push-button is depressed and open the predetermined portion of the delivery outlet when the push-button is not depressed.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: August 15, 1995
    Date of Patent: November 11, 1997
    Inventor: Lars-Erik Jonsson
  • Patent number: 5676282
    Abstract: A volumetrically variable measuring dispenser cap comprising three primary components; an adaptor section attachable to a container having an inlet port, a volume selection ring rotatably mounted on the adaptor and having a closure plate of a size sufficient to cover the inlet port on the adaptor when appropriately rotated, and having a movable wall extending upward from the closure plate and finally, a rotatable chamber captively mounted to the volume selection ring having an inner cavity and a cover cap to close off the inner cavity. The device operates by movement of the selection ring so as to rotate the movable wall to a position within the inner cavity. The container to which the dispenser is attached is then inverted such that the material within the container falls through the inlet port in the adaptor, through the selection ring, and into the defined volumetric inner cavity.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: October 4, 1996
    Date of Patent: October 14, 1997
    Inventor: Delbert Satterfield
  • Patent number: 4896798
    Abstract: A coin-operated particulate product vending machine, such as for candy, nuts and the like, has a horizontally disposed elongate cylindrical product dispensing chamber having a cylindrical tumbler rotatably disposed therein with an aperture for receiving and dispensing particulate product. A plurality of flexible elongate members are disposed about the interior surface of the product dispensing chamber which brush the exterior surface of the tumbler as it rotates from the product receiving mode to the product dispensing mode. The flexible members meter the product flowing into the tumbler and prevent product from escaping around the sides of the tumbler. They also prevent the product from passing through the tumbler from the dispensing chamber to a discharge chute as the tumbler is rotated. The tumbler also has a slideably mounted plunger for varying the size of the tumbler product containing chamber.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: October 15, 1986
    Date of Patent: January 30, 1990
    Assignee: Innovative Design and Marketing, Inc.
    Inventor: Edward L. Milton
  • Patent number: 4867351
    Abstract: A machine for transferring metered quantities of flowable materials, such as yoghurt, between a source and successive receptacles on a conveyor has a housing with an inlet in register with the source and an outlet in register with successive empty receptacles on the conveyor, and a metering device which is rotatably mounted in the housing and has an internal chamber as well as an opening which communicates with the chamber and registers with the inlet in a first angular position of the metering device and with the outlet in a second angular position of the metering device. The opening is provided in or close to one end portion of the metering device and the other end portion of the metering device extends from the housing and can be indexed between the first and second positions by a mechanism including a driving unit and a torque transmitting sleeve between the driving unit and the other end portion of the metering device.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: April 13, 1987
    Date of Patent: September 19, 1989
    Assignee: Lieder Machinenbau GmbH & Co. KG
    Inventors: Helmut Grune, Manfred Nordmeyer
  • Patent number: 4830225
    Abstract: A dispenser for flowable materials in which the flowable material is moved from a reservoir for such materials into a variable volume measuring chamber, the volume of which is adjustable only by an external key, and thereafter to a discharge opening remote from the measuring chamber, which opening has a closure to control dispersion of the granules.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: March 23, 1987
    Date of Patent: May 16, 1989
    Assignee: hiMEDICS, Inc.
    Inventor: Philip F. Heimlich
  • Patent number: 4804114
    Abstract: A syringe for the measured filling of a container, such as a bottle or the like, particularly for use on rotary-head filling machines, of the type including a valve means (11) having a cylinder body and arranged to selectively communicate an inlet conduit (5) and an outlet conduit (6) with a cylinder chamber (2) in which a double-acting piston (7) is slidably received, wherein during the cleaning and/or sterilizing of the syringe, both said valve means (11) and piston (7) are positioned within a widening (4) in the cylinder chamber (2) such that pressurized liquid or steam from the inlet conduit (5) will impinge upon and sweep all over the inner wall of cylinder chamber (2), the surface of the valve (11), the piston (7) and the associated portion of piston rod (8) extending inside the cylinder (2), with liquid or steam also flowing through a valve passage (12) in valve means (11).
    Type: Grant
    Filed: July 8, 1987
    Date of Patent: February 14, 1989
    Assignee: Capsulit, S. P. A.
    Inventors: Napoleone Rizzardi, Giuseppe Ripamonti
  • Patent number: 4779521
    Abstract: Apparatus for precision metering of selected amounts of fungible or granular material such as coffee consisting of a frame, a hopper supported by the frame having a large upper storage area and communicating with a small lower vertically oriented exiting trough, horizontal sliding plate extending below a forward lip of the exiting trough, the horizontal sliding plate having an edge contacting the extended rear lip and for moving the plate to traverse the rear lip during metering of the granular material, receptacle securably attached on an under side of the horizontal sliding plate, and the horizontal sliding plate cooperating with the rear lip during traverse of the horizontal sliding plate for filling the receptacle means by the rear lip causing the metering of the granular material on the sliding plate to dump into the receptacle. The forward lip is adjustable for controlling the magnitude of metering of the granular material.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: March 23, 1987
    Date of Patent: October 25, 1988
    Inventor: William L. Brumfield
  • Patent number: 4503995
    Abstract: A positive-displacement volumetric metering depositor particularly but not exclusively useful in food production equipment has a continuously-rotating cylinder with a diametrically-disposed metering piston or plunger having the general form of an elongated, relatively narrow rectangular geometric solid of a desired height which moves cyclically across the diametral cylinder passage during its rotation to receive a measured volume of media at the top of cylinder rotation and discharge such volume at the bottom of cylinder rotation. Cams and cam followers control such cyclic piston movement, and are adjustable to vary the volume of the measured charge by changing the relative positions of a pair of complementary component piston parts together defining the composite metering piston.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: March 29, 1982
    Date of Patent: March 12, 1985
    Assignee: Werner Lehara, Inc.
    Inventor: Joseph R. Anderson
  • Patent number: 4497256
    Abstract: A mobile track leveling machine comprises a pneumatic arrangement for introducing additional ballast into a gap between a track bed and a lifted track, which includes a storage container for the ballast, a vertically adjustable pipe arranged to receive ballast from the storage container and to be immersed in the track bed alongside a longitudinal edge of a respective track tie, the pipe having a tapered end for ready penetration into the track bed and a flattened side defining an outlet for the additional ballast facing the longitudinal tie edge. Compressed air is delivered into the pipe for moving the additional ballast therethrough and out of the outlet.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: February 8, 1983
    Date of Patent: February 5, 1985
    Assignee: Franz Plasser Bahnbaumaschinen Industriegesellschaft m.b.H.
    Inventors: Johann Hansmann, Frederick Fawcett
  • Patent number: 4394940
    Abstract: A hopper is supported above a supporting surface and includes a pair of spaced apart apertures in the base. A metering and dispensing plate is rotatable from one position to another below the base and includes a pair of spaced apart metering apertures each of which aligns alternatively with the apertures in the base of the hopper as the plate is moved from one position to the other. When one metering aperture is aligned with one aperture in the base, the other metering aperture is aligned with a dispensing aperture in a base plate below the metering and dispensing plate. The material from the hopper flows into the aligned metering aperture and the material already in the other metering aperture flows out through the dispensing aperture. The metering apertures are adjustable in volume by rotating the handle extending from the plate which is also used to partially rotate the plate from side to side.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: May 11, 1981
    Date of Patent: July 26, 1983
    Inventor: Oscar F. A. Peterson
  • Patent number: 4355669
    Abstract: The invention is an improved apparatus for canning food, such as oysters and other foods. The invention consists of a holding tank containing a reservoir of food to be canned, a plurality of combinations of funnel members and quantity measuring structures that cooperate as part of a rotating mechanism to receive measured quantities of food from the holding tank, and at a subsequent indexed point automatically discharge the food into a container. Devices are included for adjusting the mechanism to receive and measure a plurality of quantities of food for a range of sizes of containers.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: August 25, 1980
    Date of Patent: October 26, 1982
    Inventor: James H. Miller
  • Patent number: 4349125
    Abstract: A trigger-actuated sliding dental amalgam dispenser is provided with a material distribution shell within which a transport carriage is longitudinally reciprocated under the control of a trigger actuator. Liquid conduit channels in the shell carry mercury from a reservoir above the shell to a measuring chamber in the carriage. Upon actuation of the trigger, the measuring chamber, otherwise held in communication with the mercury reservoir by a spring bias on the trigger, is reciprocated relative to the shell to that the mercury in the measuring chamber is discharged into a dispensing well. Concurrently, a slide with a silver receptacle tray is repositioned to receive another tablet of silver from a tablet dispensing cartridge positioned above the material distribution shell. When the trigger is released, the tray carries the silver tablet into vertical registration with the dispensing well to drop the tablet into the well.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: December 31, 1980
    Date of Patent: September 14, 1982
    Inventor: Maurice M. Weikel
  • Patent number: 4228919
    Abstract: A dental amalgam dispenser is provided with a housing having an integrally formed funnel to prevent mercury leakage and with a rectangular plastic carriage framework reciprocal within the housing to carry the silver and mercury from separate inlet ports to the funnel for mixing. The carriage includes a pair of rails lying on either side of the inlet and outlet ports to prevent twisting of the carriage within the housing. A mercury reservoir is located atop the housing and is equipped with a micropore filter which prevents the formation of a vacuum in the reservoir chamber. The fineness of the openings in the filter at the same time prevents the passage of mercury therethrough.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: September 8, 1978
    Date of Patent: October 21, 1980
    Inventor: Maurice M. Weikel
  • Patent number: 4175679
    Abstract: A timer-controlled animal feed dispensing device is provided with a rotary cam having trip pins to periodically displace a rocker arm to reciprocate in conjunction with a bias spring, a shuttle assembly. At one end position of the shuttle assembly, a metering chamber defined in the shuttle assembly receives feed material through an opening in the base of a container. The metered feed portion is delivered through another opening below the shuttle assembly, upon its movement to its opposite end position. An agitator for agitating and stirring the feed material in the container are affixed to the shuttle assembly. Spaced primary and secondary engagement surfaces on the rocker arm interact with the trip pins to deliver mechanical shock loading into the feed mass during the filling of the metering chamber.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: July 31, 1978
    Date of Patent: November 27, 1979
    Assignee: Carolyn M. Smith
    Inventors: Phillip Ponce, John T. Kamon
  • Patent number: 4162751
    Abstract: A measuring-and-dispensing apparatus adapted to be removably secured to a jaw having powdered or granulated material disposed therein, whereby the material can be dispensed in a predetermined, measured quantity, the materials generally being, for example, instant coffee, tea, sugar, etc., the cap comprising a housing having a rotor arranged therein, including an adjustable measuring compartment to receive the materials therein, the rotor being rotatably mounted in the cap housing and said rotor having a selector device and an operating handle attached thereto, whereby the compartment can be moved from a filling position to a dispensing position.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: January 3, 1977
    Date of Patent: July 31, 1979
    Inventors: Lillian Hetland, Peter R. Schneeweiss
  • Patent number: 4139030
    Abstract: A device for dispensing ingredients, such as the ingredients for a dental amalgam, has a handle portion and a head portion formed of mating parts with the handle angulated to the head and formed for convenient gripping by the user's hand. A slide mounted in the head slides laterally when pushed by the user's thumb to transport measured ingredients to a common aperture for delivery into a container. The container, when put in place, releases a latch that holds the slide normally in measuring position and prevents transport of the ingredients unless the container is in position to catch them.Adjustment of a measuring chamber for liquid mercury, to accurately proportion it, is by a valve having an end projecting, more or less, into a chamber, so as to vary the volume of the chamber. The position of the valve is controlled by a rectilinearly movable cam whose position may be fixed by a lock nut which normally is inaccessible in a recess in the head portion.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: January 17, 1977
    Date of Patent: February 13, 1979
    Assignee: Engelhard Minerals & Chemicals Corporation
    Inventors: Manfred F. Schroeder, Joseph G. Biondo, Joseph Aliotta
  • Patent number: 4130149
    Abstract: A coffee dispenser includes a separate measuring cup member which may be inserted in a slide track positioned below a supply container. When inserted and moved in the slide track, the measuring cup member engages and actuates a spring-loaded slide closure. The slide closure is normally in a closed position but is moved to an open position by the measuring cup member to permit granular material from the supply container to pass through a dispensing opening and into the measuring cup member. Removal of the measuring cup member causes the spring-loaded slide closure again to close, and provides the user with a measuring cup full of granular material.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: July 25, 1977
    Date of Patent: December 19, 1978
    Inventor: Leonard P. Hausam
  • Patent number: 4108337
    Abstract: The quantitative supply apparatus of powder coloring agent can measure the powder coloring agent through a measuring groove provided on a rotary shaft and supply it directly to the raw material inlet opening of an injection moulding machine. The measuring groove on the rotary shaft can be adjustably changed properly in volume along a length direction. A container for the coloring agent is disposed on the top portion thereof and a hole in the bottom portion of the container is in contact, in a location covering the measuring groove, with the top portion of the rotary shaft. The coloring agent which has dropped from the measuring groove through the rotation of the rotary shaft is adapted to be introduced to the inlet opening of an ejector, and furthermore to the be supplied out of an exhaust side of the ejector to the inlet opening of the injection moulding machine through compressed air.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: October 12, 1976
    Date of Patent: August 22, 1978
    Inventor: Tadashi Iijima
  • Patent number: 4084729
    Abstract: A dispensing valve is provided for dispensing metered quantities of liquid and semi-solid food products from a hopper or reservoir.The valve has a piston and piston rod reciprocating in a rotatable sleeve to which it is keyed and the latter being journaled for rotation coaxially within a cylindrical valve housing. By rotating and reciprocating a handle attached to the piston rod a transfer port in the sleeve is selectively positioned in registry with intake and discharge ports in the housing to fill the sleeve with food on the intake stroke of the piston and discharge the food from the sleeve on the discharge stroke of the piston. Bosses are selectively placed on the piston rod between the handle and the housing to vary the stroke of the piston and thus, the measured quantities of food ingested and dispensed by the valve.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: August 28, 1975
    Date of Patent: April 18, 1978
    Assignee: Maryland Cup Corporation
    Inventor: Richard R. Epple
  • Patent number: 4023715
    Abstract: A body member has an internally screw-threaded socket or recess to receive the neck of a container, and a port adapted in one position to communicate with a transverse passage or measuring chamber in a slidable measuring and dispensing member which is movable into another position wherein the measuring chamber communicates with a discharge passage in the body. A spring biased valve member is slidable within an axial bore in the measuring and dispensing member and is under control of a slidable cam abutting the valve member, the cam being assembled in a slot in the measuring and dispensing member and held there by a stop member rotatably mounted on the end of the measuring and dispensing member.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: September 2, 1975
    Date of Patent: May 17, 1977
    Assignee: Engelhard Minerals & Chemicals Corporation
    Inventor: Joseph G. Biondo
  • Patent number: 3948491
    Abstract: Process for blending an additive such as colour pigment etc. with a plastic material, wherein the plastic material for instance in the shape of granules, pellets, grains or powder is introduced into a first hopper equipped with a stirrer. The first hopper is placed in a direct connection with a feed screw of a plastic moulding machine. The additive in the shape of granules, pellets, small tablets or big grains is charged into a second hopper which is joined to the first hopper by a dosing part including a dosing plate, which executes reciprocating motions and is equipped with at least one hole, and a dosing pipe, a dosing hose or the like. The amount of additive fed to the first hopper is intended to be regulated by varying the number of reciprocating motions of the dosing plate per unit of time and/or by varying the plate thickness and/or by varying the hole size of the dosing plate and/or by varying the number of holes in the dosing plate.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: March 28, 1974
    Date of Patent: April 6, 1976
    Assignee: Perstorp AB
    Inventor: Kjell G. I. Karlsson
  • Patent number: RE34382
    Abstract: A coffee grinder assembly including a housing, a coffee bean hopper, a motorized grinder and at least one bean carrier member containing a chamber having a predetermined volume slidably disposed in the housing between a retracted position wherein the chamber communicates with the hopper and is isolated from the grinder and an extended position wherein the chamber communicates with the grinder and is isolated from the hopper. The member contains an inlet aperture for communication between the chamber and the hopper when in the first position and an outlet aperture for communication between the chamber and the grinder when in the second position. The chamber contains a floor which slopes downwardly toward the outlet aperture at a negative angle which is greater than the angle of repose of coffee beans to promote the flow of coffee beans from the chamber to the grinder.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: June 4, 1992
    Date of Patent: September 21, 1993
    Assignee: Grindmaster Corporation
    Inventor: Brian D. Newnan