Abstract: The force from a pneumatic load cell is supplied via a push rod to a carriage, the push rod directly acting on an axle bearing outrigger wheels riding on an adjustable plane. The output force is supplied from the axle through another push rod acting on the axle, the two push rods defining a plane at substantially right angles thereto. The first push rod fits in a sleeve in the carriage which allows the carriage to rotate about the axis of the first push rod. The second push rod is guided against lateral motion in the plane defined by the first push rod and the axle. The end thereof acting on the axle is surrounded by a cone shaped guide in the carriage. The latter guide allows the carriage to rotate in three dimensions but prevents lateral displacement with respect to the end of the second push rod.The pneumatic load cell may be supplied with a positive or negative spring providing a biasing force. The output push rod is provided with a positive spring, the zero point of which is adjustable.

Abstract: A fluidic square root extractor is disclosed having an amplifier for generating an output in response to an input signal the square root of which is to be extracted, and a squaring means for squaring the output signal and applying it as said feedback signal to the amplifier.