Abstract: A method for efficiently maintaining the temperature of fluid in a conditioned space at a predetermined set point temperature, the method comprising the steps of: (a) operating the temperature control system in a first operating mode; (b) sensing the temperature of the conditioned space fluid; (c) calculating the Integral Error of the temperature of the conditioned space fluid; and (d) if the Integral Error equals or exceeds a predetermined Integral Error threshold value for the first operating mode, switching the unit to a second operating mode.

Abstract: A method of controlling an HVAC system includes measuring environmental and/or physical parameters associated with the controlled space, and making operational decisions based on those parameters. Control apparatus is also provided comprising input circuitry receiving environmental information and output circuitry for controlling an HVAC system. Processing circuitry in the controller configures the output circuitry based at least in part on the signals received on the input circuitry.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of regulating cycles of a burner in a forced air heating system. A control unit uses a sensor at an output of a heat exchanger to make measurements of a temperature of air output from the heat exchanger. The control unit observes temperature measurements, after the burner has turned on. It initializes a confirmation interval when two consecutive temperature measurements are the same. If the temperature is the same at an end of the confirmation interval. The invention interrupts firing of the burner for an interrupt interval. The interrupt interval is insufficient to allow the heat exchanger to cool below a temperature useful for heating below which the circulation fan would shut off.

Abstract: A temperature control system for melting a solid cooking medium in a deep fat fryer comprising a chamber for containing a cooking medium; a heating surface within the chamber for heating the cooking medium; a heating device for heating the heating surface; a temperature sensor in the vicinity of the heating surface for sensing the temperature of the medium; and a temperature controller for controlling the heating device to control the amount of heat provided to the cooking medium, wherein the temperature controller includes: a system causing the heating device to generate uniform pulses of heat at a fixed duty cycle for a predetermined period of time, and a system for interrupting the operation of the heating device the predetermined period if the temperature of the cooking medium exceeds a first predetermined temperature.

Abstract: A method of operating a heat pump or air conditioner system is provided. The air conditioner comprises a compressor, a condenser, an expansion device, a cooling coil and an air mover (blower). According to the preferred embodiment, the air mover (blower) is activated at a time after the compressor has been activated to pre-cool the cooling coil and allow for more efficient and effective moisture removal. Also, deactivation of the air handler is delayed for some time after the compressor is deactivated to allow for utilization for the residual cooling ability of the cooling coil due to the presence of cold refrigerant in the cooling coil when the compressor is deactivated.

Abstract: A cooking device for cooking food comprising a cavity, a heating element disposed in the cavity, a temperature sensor for determining the temperature in the cooking device and a fan operable in at least three modes, an OFF mode, a HI mode and a LO mode to move air in the cooking device. A fan control device is provided to operate the fan in LO mode by pulsing the fan on for a first predetermined mount of time every second predetermined amount of time to ensure continuous movement of the fan.

Abstract: A poultry house controller (14) situated within a poultry house (12) regulates the relative humidity and temperature within the poultry house (12) via actuation of fans (22) and heaters (24) in response to temperature and humidity feedback signals from temperature sensors (16) and humidity sensors (18), respectively. The controller (14) can communicate with a host computer (16) and other controllers (14) situated at other houses (12). The controller (14) comprises an integrity check means (234) for checking temperature and humidity values detected by these sensors (16, 18). The integrity check means (234) ensures the accuracy of values by eliminating a value from consideration if it falls outside predefined range of the average of the other values received from other sensors. Additionally, the controller (14) utilizes watchdog timing signals (100) for ensuring continuous operation. The watchdog timing signals (100) are generated by a control program (108) and are sent to an alarm system (92).

Abstract: A poultry house controller (14) situated within a poultry house (12) regulates the relative humidity and temperature within the poultry house (12) via actuation of fans (22) and heaters (24) in response to temperature and humidity feedback signals from temperature sensors (16) and humidity sensors (18), respectively. The controller (14) can communicate with a host computer (16) and other controllers (14) situated at other houses (12). The controller (14) comprises an integrity check means (234) for checking temperature and humidity values detected by these sensors (16, 18). The integrity check means (234) ensures the accuracy of values by eliminating a value from consideration if it falls outside predefined range of the average of the other values received from other sensors. Additionally, the controller (14) utilizes watchdog timing signals (100) for ensuring continuous operation. The watchdog timing signals (100) are generated by a control program (108) and are sent to an alarm system (92).

Abstract: A temperature regulating system (preferably a cooling system) for a cyclic processor comprising a mould having at least one internal passageway for receiving temperature regulating fluid, preferably coolant water. Continuous fluid flow will overcool the mould, and so the system normally is set to provide flow only for a part of the cycle, the proportion depending on mould temperature (or of fluid exhaust temperature) from a previous cycle, preferably the immediately preceding cycle and with an averaged temperature over the cycle. Also disclosed is a processor fitted with the system, and a method of controlling the temperature of a fluid cooled processor.

Abstract: An air-conditioning device capable of obtaining a suitable blow-out temperature through one passage from the initial period of change even when the air-conditioning operation in which either a first passage or a second passage is closed is changed into an operation condition in which it is opened. A feet mode in which the hot air is blown to the feet of a passenger from a second passage 7, is changed to a bilevel mode in which a first passage 6 that communicates with the upper half body of the passenger is switched from the closed state to the open state. During a predetermined period of time in the initial period following the change, the temperature blown from the first passage 6 is determined based upon a blow-out temperature of the second passage 7 and a desired blow-out temperature TAOV of the first passage 6.

Abstract: A temperature control device with high accuracy and stability comprising a heating device and a cooling device which are controlled by separate control circuits for performing proportional control, integral control, derivative control and the like. A ratio of energy supply periods to predetermined control periods is thereby varied, on the basis of a controlled variable calculated from direction, size, change velocity and the like of deviation of actual temperature of a controlled medium from desired set temperature so as to control heating and cooling energy supplies for the heating and cooling devices. The heating energy and cooling energy supplies for the heating and cooling devices can be separately controlled by means of different proportional bands.

Abstract: Temperature controller apparatus for generating a control signal for supply to a control device which controls the temperature inside a chamber. The apparatus includes a plurality of input devices each receiving an indication of the temperature at a respective location in the chamber. Each of the received temperature indications is processed so as to form the control signal. In the event that any of the input devices fails to receive the respective temperature indication, output signals from such input devices are not utilized in forming the control signal. If all of the input devices fail to receive the respective temperature indications, the control signal is obtained from either previous control signals or previously stored control data.

Abstract: A thermostat is disclosed for controlling a heating system, particularly a forced hot-air furnace, so as to improve fuel efficiency and decrease peak fuel load. The thermostat controls the length of fuel-on cycles, so that the heat exchanger of the furnace is not saturated. A wide deadband (approximately 3.degree. F.) for the thermostat further aids in lessening fuel usage. Forced air operation continues for a secondary-delivery period immediately after the thermostat turns the furnace off, thereby extracting additional heat from the heat exchanger and ductwork, but the length of the secondary-delivery period is limited so that the heat exchanger does not cool off beyond a predetermined amount.

Abstract: A heater core 21 is connected to an engine cooling water line via an inlet passageway 43 and a return passageway 45. A first valve 25a is provided for controlling the amount of high temperature water introduced to the heater core 21, and a second valve 25b is provided for a re-circulation of low temperature water that has passed through the heater core, via a re-circulation passageway 46. The amount of high temperature engine cooling water supplied to the heater core 21 and the amount of low temperature cooling water from the heater core 21 passed through the return passageway 46 are controlled by an on-off manner control of the first and second valves 25a and 25b, respectively, and thus a ratio of a mixture of the high temperature water and the low temperature water, which corresponds to a time average value of the temperature of the cooling water introduced into the heater core, is controlled in accordance with a duty ratio of the on-off signals operating the valves 25 a and 25b.

Abstract: A thermostat is described for controlling a furnace for a hot air, hot water, or steam heating system which delivers heat to a heated space via a delivery system. The thermostat causes the system to conserve energy by limiting the "burn" or on-time cycle to a system-specific interval during which the heat exchanger of the furnace operates in its linear region. At the end of this interval (designated a "MAX.sub.-- ON" interval), the burn cycle is terminated, but delivery of heat to the heated space continues for a secondary-delivery interval during which the furnace's blower (or other delivery means) continues operation. The secondary-delivery interval ends when the residual heat has been extracted from the furnace and delivery system. The system then remains off until the next burn cycle begins. The duration of the off-time interval is such that heat input to the heated space and heat outflow to the ambient from the heated space are kept in equilibrium.

Abstract: Humidity control system for regulating the relative humidity of air which is forced through a spray painting booth. The humidity control system employs a water spray nozzle which atomizes water to quickly change the relative humidity and temperature of the ventilation air moving through the paint spray booth. A flow control valve which opens at a predetermined rate to control the water flow to the water spray nozzle in a manner which provides for an overdamped response to changes in the relative humidity level. The humidity control system further includes a motor for operating the flow valve, a controller for energizing the motor, and suitable sensors for providing feedback to the controller. The low predetermined rate at which the flow valve opens allows the water flow through the flow valve to be modulated by the length of time which the motor is energizes.

Abstract: Car air conditioning equipment comprising: an air feeding device for feeding a constant amount of air; air-blow outlets for blowing air with an adjusted temperature into a car interior; an interior temperature detector for detecting a temperature in the car interior; a blown-air temperature detector for detecting a temperature of air blown out from the air outlet; a temperature controlling device for outputting a heating-cooling control signal to control the flow of heating-air and the flow of cooling-air which temporally varies, based on the detected interior temperature and the detected blown-air temperature; and a temperature adjusting device which includes a heating-cooling device for heating and cooling the air from the air feeding device and temporally varying the temperature of the heating-air and the cooling-air, and first mixing device for mixing the heating-air and the cooling-air from the heating-cooling device and supplying the mixed air with the adjusted temperature to the air outlet device.

Abstract: Apparatus for controlling a heat generating device having automatic adjustment of water temperature to heating requirements, and also for protecting such devices from being switched "on" and "off" too frequently, includes a control relay or a main relay having a "pause" imprint contact for switching "off" and an "on" contact, as well as a chronometric device for measuring how long the heat generating device is switched "on" and for setting an "off" pause imprint interval which is inversely variable according to the measured length of time the heat generating device is switched "on".

Abstract: An air conditioner having an indoor unit placed in a room to be heated or cooled, and a draft directing apparatus, such as a vertically tilting louver, which can assume a first position directing an outlet draft toward the location where a user is normally positioned, e.g., downward, and a wecond position directing the output draft away from said location, e.g., upward. The draft directing apparatus is controlled to assume the first position and the second position alternately, in such a manner that the proportion of the time for which the draft directing apparatus is in the first position is adjusted in accordance with the detected temperature of the draft. This adjusts the proportion of the time the draft is directed toward the user, and it is therefore possible to adjust the stimulation affecting the user.

Abstract: Disclosed is an air conditioner for use in an automotive vehicle. The air conditioner includes a timer circuit for deciding whether or not a given period of time has elapsed after an engine of the automotive vehicle has been started, an air quantity controller for limiting the amount of air to be introduced into a passenger compartment for a given period of time after an air cooling operation has been started, a compressor controller for prohibiting the operation of a compressor of the air conditioner for the given period of time to be decided by the timer circuit, a temperature sensor for detecting the temperature of the passenger compartment, and a switch portion for starting the compressor. The timer circuit, the air quantity controller, the compressor controller, and the switch portion are all provided in an air conditioner control unit.

Abstract: The burners of a fuel-fired system are controlled by means of a feedback control system for temperature control. The control system comprises temperature measuring means, a controller for temperature control, final burner controlling means translating the output from the controller into an appropriate burner input rate, and a digital central processing unit determining pulse spacing (t.sub.ps), pulse duration (tON) and pulse separation (tOFF). A minimum pulse spacing (.sup.t ps.sub.min), being the sum of the minimum pulse duration (tON.sub.min) and the minimum pulse separation (tOFF.sub.min), is present and used as an input rate reference value. Using the input rate reference value for the minimum pulse spacing, the burner input rate is controlled in accordance with process requirements by varying pulse spacing (t.sub.ps) through varying pulse separation or pulse duration.

Abstract: A refrigeration system for temperature conditioning several comfort zones includes several VAV (variable air volume) valves each having a hot water coil conveying water whose flow rate is regulated by a PWM (pulse-width modulated) solenoid valve. Each VAV valve is connected to a supply air duct conveying cool supply air. When a zone's temperature is above a set point temperature, the opening of the VAV valve is modulated to meet the cooling demand, and the water coil is shut off. When a zone's temperature is below the set point, the VAV valve is opened to provide a predetermined constant airflow rate and the hot water coil's solenoid valve is cycled open and closed in a pulse-width modulated manner to meet the heating demand.

Abstract: This invention relates to an electric drying apparatus automatic controller which automatically controls an electric drying apparatus in order to dry the articles put therein within a shortest period of time and with minimized power consumption. The control includes a timer, a humidity controller, and an exhaust control valve, wherein the timer is connected between the switch and the heater of an electric drying apparatus with the humidity controller and the exhaust control valve connected thereto. This controller is characterized in that the timer is preset for a certain period of heating time, to turn on the heater for heating, and starts counting time when the drying apparatus is turned on. While the timer is counting, the humidity controller can stop the timer's counting or reset the timer according to the relative humidity detected within the drying apparatus.Also, the humidity controller opens or closes the exhaust control valve based upon the humidity within the frying apparatus.

Abstract: A control apparatus for water temperature and water flow rate includes a mixing valve adapted to be supplied with hot water and cold water from a hot water source and a cold water source, respectively, and delivers mixed water. In addition, the control apparatus includes a flow rate controller disposed to a system for delivering the mixed water from the mixing valve to a place where it is required and a controller for operating the mixing valve and the flow rate controller.

Abstract: A kiln firing cycle controller is disclosed which automatically cycles a hobbyist kiln through its low, medium, and high power level phases. The exemplary embodiment includes a control panel having a firing cycle initiating control knob. Manipulation of the control knob appropriately supplies power to the kiln's heating elements and energizes a motor. The control knob is mounted on a shaft which is rotated by the energized motor. Also disposed on this shaft are a plurality of cams which rotates and act in concert to interconnect a set of contacts which appropriately connect the heating elements to a power supply to thereby control the kiln's power level settings. The rotation of the cams also controls the timely energization of control panel low, medium, and high power level indicators.

Abstract: An automobile air-conditioning apparatus with air blower control air-conditions the passenger compartment of an automobile by cooling and/or heating air delivered from an air blower into the compartment. During a period in which the compartment starts being cooled, the rate of air flow form the air blower is progressively increased up to an air flow rate in an automatic temperature adjusting mode. The gradient at which the air flow rate is increased is selected dependent on the amount of sunlight applied to the automobile, the temperature of air in the compartment, and the temperature of air at the outlet of an evaporator.

Abstract: To reduce the number of boiler sequences over time executed for a given heating load without adversely affecting boiler efficiency, the call signal applied to the boiler to initiate a sequence in response to a demand for heating is delayed as a function of outside temperature and time elapsed since the end of the previous sequence. Accumulated burn time and sequence count are displayed to monitor boiler performance.

Abstract: A thermostat controlled circuit for a bias heater located adjacent the thermostat connected to a source of alternating electrical power. The control circuit has a manually operated switch for providing a temperature level signal. A triac having a gate terminal and first and second terminals connected in series with the AC power source and the bias heater is provided. A transistor circuit controls the operation of the triac and is connected to the gate of the triac to provide a signal for turning on the triac periodically. The microprocessor supplies an enable signal to the transistor circuit at predetermined time intervals to cause the transistor circuit to activate the triac. The triac turns off at the next zero crossing of the AC line current after the microprocessor has removed the enable signal from the transistor circuit. The point in time of turning on the triac may be synchronous or asynchronous with the AC line current.

Abstract: A device for controlling an opening angle of an air mixing damper used in an automotive air conditioning system is disclosed. The device has an actuator for operating the air mixing damper and a blower for blowing the air. The device comprises an ambient air temperature sensor which is disposed on a front grill of an automobile for detecting the ambient air temperature at the exterior of the automobile and for providing a control signal, and a measuring circuit which computes the ambient air temperature data necessary for controlling the actuator and blower based on the detected ambient air temperature. The device controls the opening angle of the air mixing damper in accordance with the measured results.

Abstract: A driver circuit having a predetermined on time and a predetermined off time provides a drive signal to a heating element of an aroma generating apparatus. The drive signal is applied during each positive half cycle of the input AC voltage while maintaining the gate of a silicon controlled rectifier saturated over the entire positive and negative cycles of the input AC voltage.

Abstract: A microprocessor-based perimeter thermal energy control system regulates heating and cooling in the perimeter area of a building in accordance with instantaneous and integrated heat flow measurements and instantaneous temperature deviation measurements. Control of heat pumps and air conditioning units is provided as is automatic switching between heating and cooling. The inherent thermal parameters of the space are inductively determined and used by the system to continually self-adapt to the heat flow properties of the space. The gain of the heat flow based control system is varied automatically as a function of the deviation between the actual space temperature and the desired set point temperature. Morning recovery is initiated and regulated in response to instantaneous and integrated heat flow measurements and inductively determined thermal space parameters and produces a near linear stepwise change in the temperature of the space from night setback to occupancy temperature.

Abstract: A blower control circuit for a furnace includes a blower relay having normally-open contacts connected in the power circuit to the blower. Energization of the relay via a drive circuit serves to close the contacts and thereby operate the blower. Control of the drive circuit resulting in relay energization is effected by either a time-delay circuit which responds to a space thermostat or a safety sense circuit which responds to a high temperature limit thermostat.

Abstract: This invention relates to a cold/hot water discharging apparatus which is used for cold/hot water massage shower, and the like. In order to alternately switch and supply hot water of a predetermined temperature supplied from a hot water source to a discharge portion, a valve of a cold/hot water mixing tap is driven by a motor and is reciprocated in a pre-set period between a position where high temperature hot water is discharged and low temperature hot water is discharged. In each of the periods for discharging low/high temperature hot water, an optimum gain of this period is determined from the previous period and previous gain so as to shorten the discharge period of cold/hot water and to obtain a stable curve of the discharge hot water.

Abstract: A method for randomly delaying a restart of electrical equipment following an availability of power for energizing the equipment includes the steps of measuring an environmental temperature, e.g., the room where the electrical equipment is located, converting a predetermined fractional portion of the value of the sensed temperature to a number and using the number following an availability of power for energizing the equipment after a time period having a duration restarting the equipment. An apparatus employing this method includes a restart control, a temperature sensor and an equipment start programmer responsive to the temperature sensor and connected to the restart control for producing a restart control energizing signal dependent on a predetermined fractional portion of the value of the sensed temperature.

Abstract: A temperature control apparatus for a heating or cooling apparatus with a temperature sensor, a computer producing a control signal in response to temperature during an operation period and thereafter entering a halt period, a transmitter for sending the control signal to the heating or cooling apparatus and a timer for controlling the computer. The timer is activated by commencement of the operation period to reactivate the computer after a predetermined time.

Abstract: A control system for heating and cooling devices is disclosed which increase the total running time for the heating and cooling devices as the ambient temperature sensed deviates from the set-point temperature. Five states of ON-time modulation of 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes are preferred in response to this deviation. Constant periods of OFF-time of 2 or 5 minutes occur after each period of ON-time. Within a small deviation of the ambient temperature around the set-point temperature no conditioning equipment is operated. Beyond a large deviation, the respective heating or cooling equipment is operated continuously. A manual override is disclosed, and the system is manually switched from a heating to a cooling mode. A fan control line switches on whenever a heating or cooling device is actuated and the control system can be used with a heat pump.

Abstract: A process for controlling heat output of a heating device, such as an auxiliary heating device for a vehicle, and a switching arrangement for performing such process. The governing value in controlling the heat output is the temperature gradient with respect to time during heating of a heat exchange medium between two temperature threshold values. The threshold values are empirically determined and prespecified. The operating condition of the heating device is regulated in dependence upon the slope of the temperature gradient which is determined, preferably, based upon the time for heat-up of the heat exchange medium. The heat-up time is measured with the aid of a timer, and the heating time thus measured is compared with predetermined, prespecified values therefor.

Abstract: A circuit for controllably positioning an air baffle to control flow of air from a freezer compartment to a fresh food compartment of a refrigeration apparatus. The circuit energizes a first solenoid coil to close the baffle when the temperature sensed in the fresh food compartment is lower than a desired temperature and energizes a second solenoid to open the baffle when the temperature sensed is greater than the set point temperature. A capacitor, acting as a timer, carries a charge providing a voltage which eventually exceeds a voltage generated according to either the set point or the sensed temperature. If the capacitor voltage exceeds the sensed temperature voltage the open solenoid coil is energized. If the capacitor voltage exceeds the set point voltage the close solenoid coil is energized. Each solenoid is selectively energized when a charge on the capacitor is transferred through the solenoid, thereby discharging the capacitor and resetting the timer.

Abstract: A vaporizing humidifier includes a portion for providing stepwise increases and decreases in vapor output capacity in response to the duration of a vapor demand signal, for matching the vapor output to the demand therefore.

Abstract: A control system having combined closed loop and duty cycle functions uses a differential amplifier for amplifying the difference between a setpoint or reference temperature for a system to be controlled and a detected system temperature, a thermostat having a differential circuit for providing a predetermined hysteresis lag for an output of the amplifier and a duty cycle generating circuit for changing the operating potential of the differential circuit in accordance with a predetermined duty cycle to shift the operating point of the differential circuit.

Abstract: An improved temperature control device which is arranged to generate comparative output ratio signals linearly varying successively from a small value to a large value in a manner as in time series in correspondence to sampling period, at each proportional period including several periods of the sampling period, and also to successively compare the output ratio and the comparative output ratio at each of the sampling period, thereby to turn on an output control section at a subsequent sampling period when the sampling output ratio is larger than the comparative output ratio.

Abstract: An energy management apparatus is disclosed for providing temperature responsive ventilation in an animal enclosure (A). An outside temperature sensor 15 cooperates with a cycle timer 21 to operate an output device such as a ventilation fan (10) for a variable percentage of time during consecutive given time intervals. A controller (12) cooperates with the temperature sensor (15) and the cycle timer (21) to automatically vary the percentage of fan (10) operation time during each given time interval in response to temperature changes in the outside air whereby constant minimum ventilation efficiency is maintained within enclosure (A). An indoor temperature sensor (16) can be optionally provided to override the outdoor sensor (15) to ensure that the temperature within the enclosure (A) remains within desired limits.

Abstract: The invention relates to a hot water heating system which includes individually operated radiators arranged in parallel. A heat exchanger and a pump supply hot water to the radiators. Control apparatus is included for reducing the on and off switching frequences. The control apparatus includes an integrator which outputs a value which is proportional to the difference between a reference temperature and the temperature at the output of the heat exchanger. The integrator value is fed to a hysteresis switch which switches the heat exchanger on and off when the integrator value reaches the opposite limits of the hysteresis switch.

Abstract: An apparatus for applying a cooling water spray to the heat exchanger of an air conditioning condenser unit is disclosed. The apparatus includes a solenoid valve for controlling the flow of water, a spray nozzle positioned so as to direct the cooling water spray onto the air intake side of the heat exchanger, and a control unit for controlling the solenoid valve. The control unit is essentially a very low frequency oscillator or timer, the "OFF" and "ON" durations of which are independently selectable.

Abstract: The invention provides a variable cycle moisturizing control circuit for a gas-liquid contact pad (8, 18) in humidifiers (1), precoolers (17) and the like, supplied with fluid from a solenoid valve (34). Temperature sensitive electric circuit means (FIG. 4) cyclically actuates the valve between ON and OFF states for intermittently moisturizing the pad with an intermittent flow of liquid, and includes means (26, 30) for variably changing the intermittent flow in response to temperature by changing the relative timing of the ON and OFF timed intervals such that the duration of one increases relative to the other. User accessible preadjustment means (38, 40) manually changes the length of one of the timing intervals, to preset the initial relative timing of the intervals according to pad size to afford a relatively longer ON time for larger pads, whereafter the other interval is automatically varied in response to increasing temperature.

Abstract: An electrically-operated gas valve in a gas furnace is pulsated between the fully-open and fully-closed position in response to a series of electrical pulses of selectable frequency and duty cycle. The pulses are generated by an electronic timer, which is user-adjustable to select a frequency and duty cycle from a range of frequencies and duty cycles. A switch in series with the gas valve alternately energizes and deenergizes the valve in response to the pulses, whereby the valve is fully-open when energized and fully-closed when deenergized.

Abstract: Apparatus for controlling temperature in accordance with a source temperature that includes a clock pulse generating circuit that triggers each of first and second mono-stable multivibrators which provide opposite phase pulse outputs having durations controlled by the R-C time of thermistor sensing components. A retriggerable monostable multivibrator is then controlled in response to pulse duration difference to provide toggle energization of heating and cooling sources.

Abstract: A water heating system comprises a low temperature stage with a stratified tank, connected by a line system to a high temperature stage and a distribution stage. Between the high temperature stage and the distribution stage there can be an oppositely flowing line system. Lines carry circulating or mixed water from the distribution stage to a consumption stage. A programmable switching unit is provided for monitoring and controlling the hydraulic network.

Abstract: A conventional hot water heating system generally of the type for heating water in multiple units of hotels, motels and the like and using any heating medium has a processor and control assembly operationally connected to at least a heating control means, a water temperature sensing means and a water flow sensing means thereof. The processor and control assembly divides the time into exact time periods, say one-half hour, and the time periods are grouped into a group of consecutive time periods, say a week. Taking any individual time period, a directly preceding time period is checked with the same time period in the preceding group of time periods and if the two match within a given degree, the assembly adopts all of its settings from its particular time period a week ago. In addition, the assembly exactly records the various settings throughout that particular time period and when that time period comes up again one week from now, those are the new settings by the processor and control assembly to be used.

Abstract: In a digital control circuit, a clock pulse is counted so that when a predetermined timing is reached the driving of a load is controlled. The digital control circuit may preferably be an integrated circuit for controlling the combustion of a burner for a combustion apparatus such as a water heater or an air heater. The combustion control circuit performs the igniting operation for a predetermined period of time and the supply of fuel is stopped if the ignition can not be attained within the predetermined period.