Abstract: The present invention concerns a granular material conditioner for optimising grain sizes of granular materials comprising two discs which are rotatable relative to each other and which are arranged in substantially mutually parallel relationship, a granular material inlet through which granular material can be passed into the conditioner into an annular gap between the two discs, and a catch container for receiving the granular material which issues from the gap between the two discs by virtue of centrifugal force. According to the invention it is proposed that the catch container has an elastic curtain, wherein the curtain is spaced at least portion-wise from the catch container wall and limits the trajectory of the granular material issuing from the gap.

Abstract: A cellulose nanofibrils production method comprising the steps of: identifying a desired level of cellulose nanofibrils pulp purity, partially refining pulp to produce a cellulose nanofibrils pulp purity between 5% and 15% less than the desired desired purity, and then separating out the cellulose nanofibrils from the longer fibers to produce the desired level of cellulose nanofibrils pulp purity.

Abstract: The invention relates to a twin-shaft shredder for shredding solids or liquid-borne solids, comprising a casing, a first and a second shaft rotatably mounted in the casing, a plurality of first cutting disks on the first shaft, a plurality of second cutting disks on the second shaft, wherein the first and second cutting disks are axially offset relative to each other, at least some of the first cutting disks respectively engage in an interspace between two adjacent second cutting disks and some of the second cutting disks respectively engage in an interspace between two adjacent first cutting disks.

Abstract: A refining surface (1, 2) of a refiner for defibrating lignocellulose-containing material has a first blade bar (14?) and a second blade bar (14?) with a blade groove (15) therebetween. A third blade bar has a rising guide surface (21) for guiding the lignocellulose-containing material to an upper surface (14c) of the third blade bar. The third bar guide surface is arranged, in the direction of travel of the first and the second blade bar (14?), at least partly between the first and the second blade bar, between the first blade bar and an imaginary extension of the second blade bar, between an imaginary extension of the first blade bar and the second blade bar, or between the imaginary extensions of both the first and the second blade bar.

Abstract: An impeller for use in association with an extraction plate adapted for defibering liquid slurry stock and causing defibered material to pass through the extraction plate. The impeller includes a cylindrical central body portion and a plurality of vanes extending outwardly in a generally tangential direction from the central body portion. The vane leading face height from an extraction side to an air foil surface is substantially constant from the vane outer end to where the vane is attached to the central body portion at the radially outward edge of the central body portion, and then thereafter gradually decreasing in height from the radially outward edge of the body central portion to the airfoil surface at the vane inner end.

Abstract: A powder based granules disintegrating and sizing device, includes: a drive shaft that is inserted horizontally in the casing main body; a plurality of circular plates that are fixedly supported at intervals by the drive shaft; and a stator, the plate surface of the circular plate and the inclined surface of the stator configuring a gap portion A where a powder based granules accumulates, and a narrowest gap portion between the circumferential edge of the circular plate and the stator configuring a disintegrating and sizing portion B. The stator stretches over the entire circumference of the circular plate, a raw material feeding port is provided on a side wall in the vicinity of the drive shaft of the casing main body, and a cutout portion through which a raw material passes is formed on the plate surface of the circular plate.

Abstract: Thin shredder blade having blade points without steps, including blade body and cutting part located on periphery of blade body and includes a blade point. The cutting part includes a primary protrusion protruding from the cutting part. The primary protrusion includes a top, an inclined plane extending between the top and blade point, and an acute angle formed by inclined plane and blade body. The plane is an inverted triangle. The cutting part further includes first and second hemlines extending from the blade body and intersecting to the blade point. A first plane extends between the top and first hemline and intersects with the inclined plane. The blade body includes a large protrusion which protrudes in the same direction as the primary protrusion. The blade sets formed by the thin blades and the manufacturing method of the thin blades are provided.

Abstract: A refiner plate for a mechanical refining system, the plate including: a refining surface including bars and grooves, wherein the bars have a leading edge defined by an interior angle of between 150 degrees to 175 degrees.

Abstract: A powder based granules disintegrating and sizing device having a drive shaft in a horizontal direction inside a casing, a rotor fixed to the drive shaft, a sizing stator having an inclined surface, a gap section A where the powder based granules settles being formed by the plate surface of the rotor and the inclined surface of the sizing stator, and a disintegrating and sizing section B being formed by the narrowest gap section between the circumferential edge of the rotor and the sizing stator. The drive shaft is supported in a cantilever fashion, the rotor is fixed to an open side end portion thereof, the sizing stator is installed over the whole circumference of the rotor, a raw material supply port is opened in the vicinity of the central portion of the rotor, and a product output port is opened in the vicinity of position directly below the rotor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for comminuting dry ice granules, comprising a housing having a flow channel for dry ice granules which can be applied, by means of compressed gas, to a surface to be cleaned, and also comprising a first comminution member for comminuting the dry ice granules which are to be dispensed. In order to provide a device of this kind with which different degrees of comminution of dry ice granules can be achieved in a simple manner, it is proposed according to the invention that the device has at least one second comminution member which can be disposed in the housing in a position in which a total degree of comminution, which is greater than the individual degree of comminution which can be achieved solely by the first comminution member, can be achieved in combination with the first comminution member. A dry ice dispensing arrangement for dispensing a mixture of compressed gas and dry ice granules is also proposed, having a device of the above kind.

Abstract: Plate elements, a plate configuration, and associated system for thermomechanical refining of wood chips wherein destructured and partially defibrated chips are fed to a rotating disc primary refiner, where opposed discs each have an inner band pattern of bars and grooves and outer band pattern of bars and grooves, such that substantially complete fiberization (defibration) of the chips is achieved in the inner band and the resulting fibers are fibrillated in the outer band. One embodiment is directed to a pair of opposed co-operating refining plate elements for a flat disc refiner wherein the bars and grooves on each of the inner bands form an inner feed region followed by an outer working region, the bars and groove on each of the outer bands form an inner feed region followed by an outer working region, and the gap and/or material flow area formed when the plates are placed in front of each other increases between the inner working region and the outer feed region.

Abstract: A fibrous slurry refiner includes a casing, a rotor secured to a rotor shaft, and first and second pluralities of grinding surfaces. The rotor is disposed within the casing and is rotatable via the rotor shaft. The first plurality of grinding surfaces is secured to the rotor, and the second plurality of grinding surfaces is disposed facing the first plurality of grinding surfaces and fixed in the casing. An inlet plate for each of the plurality of grinding surfaces directs the fibrous slurry toward a set of facing first and second grinding surfaces and imparts a rotary flow to the fibrous slurry.

Abstract: A special shape of bars on refining discs or plate segments of a rotating disc refiner is disclosed including a plurality of bars generally extending outwards towards the outer end of the disk across its surface, arranged in a single, two or more radial zones, the plurality of the bars within a zone being curved with the shape of a logarithmic spiral. Disc refiners including such refining discs are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing shredder blades which improves efficiency and a new structure for a shredder blade or blade pair.

Abstract: A refiner (1) comprising a stator (2) and a rotor (6) that comprise a planar portion and a conical portion after the planar portion, which in turn comprise refining surfaces (4, 8) provided with blade bars (15, 18, 24) and blade grooves (16, 19, 25) therebetween, and the planar portions (4?, 81) of the refining surfaces (4, 8) of the stator (2) and the rotor (6) comprising at least two refining zones (14, 17, 23) in the direction of the radius (R) of the planar portion.

Abstract: The invention relates to a ground element for mills, mixers and worms used preferably for the grinding/processing of paper stock and plastics materials comprising ceramic fillings, other fibrous substances such as crude brown coal, beet chip and the like. The ground elements have at least two fastening elements, which can have undercuts (44), beads and/or corners, on the fastening side (36) opposing the working surface (38) for fastening the ground element (41) in corresponding holes in a support body. Ground elements of this type can be arranged on the rotors of high-speed refiners. Rotors of this type have annular sectors which can be composed of a large number of individual ground elements. Differing tasks can, in this case, be assigned to the individual annular sectors. A central sector is formed from securely embedded metal carbides which have high thermal stability and which have emergency running properties if the ground discs are scraped.

Abstract: Apparatus and method of recycling finished textile products into reusable fibers. The arrangement includes a confined chamber of diminishing width through which the textile product is moved. The chamber comprises a stationary side with rows of circumferentially arranged teeth separated by circumferentially arranged channels and a rotating side with radially arranged teeth separated by radially extending channels. The product is delivered to the channel where the teeth and the rotating action urge the product into and through the channel while progressively grinding and rendering it into fiber form.

Abstract: A double disk refiner and inducer for the same that mixes fiber in low consistency (6% or less by weight) stock and urges it towards both pairs of refiner disks of the double disk refiner. In a preferred embodiment, the inducer comprises an impeller that has at least one flight extending radially outward from an inner hub. Each flight is angled and also can be curved so as to substantially continuously mix and urge stock toward the disks. In one preferred embodiment, the inducer is an impeller that has two helical flights that are axially spaced from one another but that overlap in an axial direction. In a preferred method, the low consistency stock is urged by the inducer toward the disks preventing clumping of fibers in the stock and breaking up any clumps already present in the stock. As a result, the gap between the disks can be increased from between one thousand and three thousandths of an inch to increase the output of the refiner.

Abstract: A material crushing device including rotating rotors having first and second crushing surfaces which converge to a nip. One or both of the crushing surfaces may include projections and one or more of the crushing surfaces includes channels disposed at the nip for ejection of crushed material. The channels may be angled into the direction of rotation of the rotors to direct crushed material therethrough.

Abstract: Process and device for dispersing a fibrous paper web which comprises a substantially consistent fibrous paper material. The device includes an inlet for fibrous paper material, a stationary stator, and at least one rotatable rotor. The stator and the at least one rotor form a pulverizing zone including a pulverizing element located near the inlet for the fibrous paper material, the pulverizing element including least one of scrapers and knives for pulverizing the fibrous material into a fine, friable material; a vapor chamber forming a ring about the pulverizing zone, the vapor chamber being for calefying the fine, friable material formed by the pulverizing element; and a dispersing zone including at least one row of teeth on the stator and at least one row of teeth on the at least one rotor which can be moved relative to the at least one row of teeth of the stator.

Abstract: A sensor, sensor disk, sensor measurement correction system, and method used in measuring a parameter in the refining zone. The sensor includes a spacer that spaces its sensing element from the disk. In one preferred embodiment, the spacer is made of an insulating material that insulates the sensing element from the thermal mass of the disk to prevent the thermal mass from affecting sensor measurement. The sensor includes a housing carried by the spacer that, in turn, carries the sensing element. Where the sensing element is a temperature sensing element, the housing is thermally conductive and the housing and spacer enclose the sensing element. Each sensor is disposed in the refining surface, preferably in its own separate bore in the disk and flush with or below axial refiner bar height. Signals from one or more sensors are processed by a processing device linked to a module containing calibration data that is applied to make sensor measurements more accurate.

Abstract: A mated hammer and hammer tip combination for releasable engagement are provided. The hammer includes a lower body portion for engagement with a rotor of a size reducing machine, and an upper body portion. The upper body portion of the hammer includes at least one bolt hole and a front face having a raised center section. The hammer also includes an upper and lower ledge, and recessed side grooves. The hammer tip includes a front face with a distally located working edge for debris impact, at least one bolt hole for receipt of a bolt to releasably engage the hammer and hammer tip, and a back having a plurality of protruding opposable members, comprised of opposable shoulders or feet that define a recessed section therebetween forming a saddle-back. The saddle-back in the back of the hammer tip releasable engages with the raised center section of the hammer.

Abstract: A refiner for refining a fiber suspension includes a first disk which is rotatable or stationary, and a second disk which is rotatable. A first tackle is coupled with a first disk or the second disk. A second tackle is coupled with the other of the first disk or second disk. The second tackle includes a plurality of generally annular rows of teeth with a radially inner row and a radially outer row. Adjacent teeth within a same row are separated by a groove therebetween. Adjacent rows are concentrically spaced by a generally annular gap therebetween. The concentrically spaced rows are divided into a plurality of adjacent sectors, with each sector having opposing side edges extending through and between the radially inner row and the radially outer row to define a substantially unimpeded flow-through channel for the fiber suspension.

Abstract: Integrated first stage and second stage reduction mechanisms reduce coal, minerals, biomass, and other materials. A portion of the reductive work is done in the first stage by passing centrally fed feed material centrifugally from rotating rings to counter-rotating rings with destructive effects. The resulting material, significantly reduced in size, subsequently is stripped of oversize in the second stage by passing through a closely spaced and specially contoured final pair of annular rings or crushing elements between which particles larger than the limited space are crushed.

Abstract: The present invention is in the field of grinders and pulverizers. More specifically, the present invention provides grinders that reduce the size of plastic and other polymeric particles through circular shaped grinding rings. The present invention further provides an apparatus that reduces the time required replacing worn blade segments and, increases grinding or pulverizing efficiency. With the present invention, when the blade segments wear, an adapter ring is unbolted from a drive ring, and once removed, individual blade segments fitted onto the adapter ring slide out of the adapter ring for replacement or sharpening, without the need to unbolt individual blade segments. In the preferred embodiment, the present invention comprises a dovetail type fitting wherein, the male section of the dovetail fitting is connected to the blade segment and the female section of the dovetail fitting is connected to the adapter ring.

Abstract: A refiner plate for the face of a refiner disc comprising a plurality of refiner segments arranged side-by-side on the face of the disc to form a substantially annular refining region. Each refiner segment has an inlet zone for receiving the material to be refined, an outer zone for refining and discharging refined material and an intermediate refining zone disposed intermediate the inlet zone and the outer zone. The outer zone has a pattern including a plurality of radially disposed bars defining an upper surface, a plurality of radially disposed grooves disposed intermediate the bars defining a lower surface, and dams traversing each of the grooves for restricting radial flow through the respective grooves. The dams include full height dams extending from the lower surface to the upper surface and partial height dams extending from the lower surface to a height intermediate the lower and upper surfaces. At least one full height dam is disposed in each of the grooves, as the radially outermost dam.

Abstract: A refiner for refining material has a refiner disc arrangement whereby the outermost opposed refiner disc annuli have a particular corresponding refiner surface arrangement. A carrier element has a mounting surface, a central axis, and defines a plane generally perpendicular to its axis of rotation. An annular first disc is carried on the mounting surface concentrically relative to the central axis and has a first refiner surface facing outward relative to the mounting surface. A plurality of refiner bars protrudes axially from and extends generally radially along the refiner surface. A second carrier element is spaced from and confronts the first carrier element and has a second mounting surface thereon. An annular second disc is carried on the second mounting surface concentrically relative to the central axis and has a second refiner surface confronting the first refiner surface. A plurality of second refiner bars protrudes axially from and extends generally radially along the second refiner surface.

Abstract: An apparatus for deagglomerating powder in a mixture of liquid and powder, which contains a mixing tank, a rotatable shaft, at least two agitator disks connected to such shaft, and a vortex suppressor disposed above the topmost of such disks at a distance which is from about 30 to about 60 percent of the inside diameter of the mixing tank. The mixing tank has a height which is from about 9 inches to about 20 feet, and an inside diameter of from about 3 inches to about 3 feet; and the ratio of such height to such inside diameter is at least about 3/1. The distance between the agitator disks is from about 50 to about 200 percent of the diameter of the first agitator disk; each of such disks contains from about 4 to about 12 teeth attached around its periphery; the frontal area of each of said teeth is from about 0.02 to about 1.5 square inches; and each of such teeth is so attached that it forms an angle between the front face of the tooth and the radius of said disk of from about 5 to about 45 degrees.

Abstract: A rotary paper pulp refiner system and method includes a rotor having one or more refining elements mounted on a rotating shaft and complimentary non-rotating or stator elements defining with the rotating element a refining gap or gaps through which the paper stock material passes, and which the rotor is mounted for rotation on magnetic bearings that support the rotor shaft for rotation and define the axial and radial running position thereof. Optionally, a movable stator housing wall may also be controlled by a magnetic bearing.

Abstract: A channeled pulp rotor for use in a generally cylindrical or tub shaped pulper apparatus to make a slurry out of a mixture of solid and liquid materials for such things as paper making includes a rotor hub having at least one vane extending radially from a central axis of rotation of the rotor hub. The vane defines an impact surface between opposed top and bottom surfaces for impacting the solid materials upon rotation of the rotor and the impact surface defines a feed channel. The bottom surface defines a defibrating channel continuous with the feed channel so that materials flowing along or positioned in front of the rotating impact surface flow into the feed channel and continue from the feed channel to flow into the defibrating channel. In alternative embodiments, the feed channel and defibrating channels are eccentric to the axis of rotation of the rotor so that entries of the feed channel and defibrating channel are closer to the axis of rotation than exits of the channels.

Abstract: Treatment tools for the mechanical treatment of high-consistency fibrous material, and preferably for dispersing waste paper. The treatment tools are provided with teeth and are moved past one another with tight spacing so that the fibrous material disposed between treatment tool may be subjected to high shearing forces. Because of the intense loading of the teeth, the teeth may be arranged together in groups. The groups utilize at least one intermediary piece positioned between adjacent teeth to form at least a corresponding closed gap between the adjacent teeth of the treatment tools. As a result, a higher mechanical strength of the teeth is achieved and a large through flow area is offered for the material to be treated.

Abstract: A paper pulp defibering or refining plate in accordance with the invention comprises a comminuting surface having a large number of ridges separated by grooves. The plate body is made from a first material such as stainless steel or cast iron providing the overall mechanical strength of the plate in use. The upper part of the ridges is a layer of an abrasion resistant material based on grains of tungsten carbide bound in a metal alloy whose melting and brazing characteristics are appropriate to laser resurfacing on the plate body. The ridges are resurfaced successively by scanning a laser beam and a powder spray nozzle in one or more passes.

Abstract: A disc refiner for thermo-mechanical pulping of wood chips or other fiber source for papermaking has annular refiner discs with a plurality of axially protruding radially extending curved refiner bars. Curved bars in the refiner zone should resist erosion and corrosion. Each disc has a region of bars which curve in the direction of rotation, and a region which curves away from the direction of rotation. Two identical refiner discs are mounted to rotate with respect to one another. Because of the bar curvature, processed stock experiences different angles of bar intersection as the pulp progresses from the inside of the refiner plate to the outside of the refiner plate, yielding a reduced hit on the pulp where opposed refiner bars curve in opposite directions. Where refiner bars on opposed plates curve in a like direction as they pass over one another there is a hold back action on the stock in that region.

Abstract: A double-disc refiner of the invention is formed of a driving shaft having one free end, a rotating disc fixed on the driving shaft and having a first rotating blade provided on one surface and a second rotating blade provided on the other surface thereof, and a crushing chamber surrounding the rotating disc, and first and second a material supply passages. On an inner wall of the crushing chamber, a first stationary blade is disposed to face the first rotating blade, and a second stationary blade is disposed to face the second rotating blade. An end surface of the one free end of the driving shaft is located in the first paper material supply passage, and includes projections to closely face a portion of the first paper material passage to prevent the material flowing through the first material supply passage from entering between the portion and the projections.

Abstract: Treatment tools for the mechanical treatment of high-consistency fibrous material, and preferably for dispersing waste paper. The treatment tools are provided with teeth and are moved past one another with tight spacing so that the fibrous material disposed between treatment tool may be subjected to high shearing forces. Because of the intense loading of the teeth, the teeth may be arranged together in groups. The groups established according to at least two different, predetermined axial length gaps between each of the teeth of the treatment tools. As a result, a higher mechanical strength of the teeth is achieved and a large through flow area is offered for the material to be treated.

Abstract: A refiner is formed of a plurality of first disc members provided on a casing and divided along a circumferential direction thereof; a plurality of first connecting members for fixing the first disc members to the casing; a plurality of second disc members provided on a runner with a rotating shaft, the second disc members facing the first disc members and divided along a circumferential direction thereof; and a plurality of second connecting members for fixing the second disc members to the runner. The refiner also includes engaging members provided on outer peripheral surfaces except for blade faces of the first disc members or the second disc members; and engaged members provided on at least one of the casing or the runner. When the rotating shaft is rotated, loads applied to the first connecting members or the second connecting members can be reduced greatly.

Abstract: A pair of co-operating refining elements (10, 11) intended for a disc refiner with two opposed refining discs, one of which is stationary (stator) and the other one is rotary (rotor), for the working of lignocellulosic fiber material in a refining gap (12) between the co-operating refining elements (10, 11). The refining elements are provided with a pattern of bars (13-16) and intermediate grooves. Each bar is formed with a plurality of high bar portions (13, 15) and intermediate low bar portions (14, 16), counted in radial direction. High bar portions (13, 15) are located directly in front of low bar portions (14, 16) on opposed co-operating refining elements (10, 11). The length of the high bar portions (15) on refining elements (11) of the rotor exceeds the length of the high bar portions (13) on refining elements (10) of the stator.

Abstract: A refiner for crushing materials is formed of a main portion, a cover openably provided to the main portion, a partition of the main portion, a rotating shaft provided in the main portion, a circular plate provided to the rotating shaft, annular rotating discs provided to both sides of the circular plate, and fixed discs provided to the cover and the partition, respectively. The refiner also includes a cylinder for holding the rotating shaft, and a feed screw shaft for moving the rotating shaft along an axis thereof. When the cover is opened and the circular plate is moved, the fixed discs and the rotating discs can be easily and quickly attached or detached.

Abstract: Apparatus for refining lignocellulose-containing material is disclosed including a pair of opposed refining disks defining a refining gap for the lignocellulose-containing material, at least one of the refining disks including an outer refining zone section which includes three refining zones including radially extending bars and corresponding radially extending grooves in which the first and third refining zones have a different bar density than the intermediate or second refining zone. Apparatus is also disclosed which includes a pair of opposed refining surfaces in which each disk refiner includes a pair of refining zones with one of each pair on each disk having a different bar density, and with the two zones being radially offset so that the like refining zones in each disk do not overlap with each other.

Abstract: Refining elements for use in a disk refiner for disintegrating and refining lignocellulose-containing material is disclosed including a pair of opposed refining elements on opposed refining disks which are relatively rotatable with respect to each other, the first and second refining elements including inner, intermediate and outer refining zones including pluralities of alternating bars and grooves extending substantially radially therealong, in which the bars on the inner refining zones on both refining elements extend outwardly at an angle with respect to the radius of the refining elements in different directions, the bars in the intermediate refining zones on both refining elements extend radially outward at an angle of less than about 15.degree. with respect to the radius of the refining elements, and the bars in the outer refining zones on both refining elements extend radially outward at an angle with respect to the radius of the refining element in the same direction with respect thereto.

Abstract: This invention relates to means for pulverizing coal or other minerals by causing them to impact against rotating elements which are specially contoured to maximize two objectives: 1) improved efficiency in pulverization of the material particles at high production rates; and 2) protection of the rotating elements themselves from wear by contact with the process material. The device is formed with counter-rotating rotors which are inverted with respect to each other. The rotors have specially contoured elements attached to their inner faces in concentric rings. The elements could be any one of four different embodiments or a combination of two or more different elements forming successive rings.

Abstract: An improved chipper knife system includes reversible chipper knives having formed integrally thereon nose structures comprising a leading component of a chip breaking system. A clamp plate surface follows the nose structure and, by virtue of the nose structure taking wear, has extended life and, therefore, extended value. A simple clamp arrangement includes knife registration relative to a clamp plate and a calibration keeper bar establishes a fixed position between the clamp plate the knife holder. Knives are thereby dismounted and remounted relative to the clamp without an intermediate calibration step.

Abstract: Shredding machines and a process for recycling used vehicular tires comprising a primary shredder and process, a secondary shredder and process, a granulator and a first process, a material separating means and process, and a granulator and a second process. The primary shredder having parallel counter rotating shafts to which a plurality of cylindrical spur gear-shaped cutters with teeth are attached at proportional distances. The shafts are positioned relative to one another such that a cutter attached to the first shaft fits in the proportional space between two identical cutters on the second shaft. The edges of the top lands and bottom lands of each cutter tooth perform the cutting operation. Thus the power requirement of the primary shredder can be reduced by nearly 90%. The secondary shredder having a reel-type cutter known in the art. The granulator comprising an improved grinding machine with mating grinding discs with working surfaces separated by a controlled gap.

Abstract: Apparatus for reducing particulate materials such as paper-making pulp, including a housing defining a working chamber having an inlet and an outlet for flow of particulate material therethrough. There is a rotary shaft supported in said housing, and rotors and stators are mounted on the shaft within said working chamber. Radially extending annular rigid refining surfaces are mounted on the outer portions of the rotor plates and stator plates and the rotor plates and stator plates provide complementary rigid refining surfaces mounted in the chamber and cooperating in confronting relation with the refining surfaces so that in the relative rotation of the refining surfaces particulate material flowing through the working chamber and between the refining surfaces is refined. The refining surfaces are capable of having a wobbling motion with respect to the portions of the plates mounted on the shaft.

Abstract: The disclosure concerns a peripherally-toothed cutting wheel for parallel series of intermeshed cutting wheels, such as employed for the shredding of tires. Each cutting wheel comprises three congruent disks axially bolted together in which the two outer disks have hardened rectangular teeth radially bolted thereon. The inner sides of these teeth abut the opposite surfaces of the intermediate or third spacer disk peripherally congruent with the two outer teeth-mounting disks. Each rectangular tooth comprises a block of hardened material, such as steel, and may be backed up by a second congruent rectangular block providing an outer wearing surface in addition to the outer side surface of the tooth itself.

Abstract: A disk reclaimer, having spring mounted harrow and carrier teeth, is described. The spring loaded teeth are less subject to binding or breakage when reclaiming highly cohesive bulk materials such as phosphate shales.

Abstract: A pressurized disc refiner and associated method, in which three distinct refining zones (42, 44, 46) are provided within one refiner unit (10). The refining intensity is independently controllable in each zone, in part as a result of the selective separation and redirection of steam and partially refined fibers that are discharged from the first refining zone (42) into a first separation region (68). Centrifugal force in the first separation region preferentially directs all or most of the fibers into the second refining zone (44) and an axially directed pneumatic force directs steam into a second separation region (74) on the back side of the disc. Additional separation of steam and partially refined fiber in the second separation region directs the fiber to the third refining zone (46) and draws steam directly out of the housing. A specially adapted first disc plate (14) facilitates the separation in the first separation zone (68).

Abstract: Grinding burrs for use in a coffee bean grinder comprises a stationary disk and a rotary disk. Each of the disks has a multiplicity of teeth arranged in stages about the center of the disk. One of the disks has its multiplicity of teeth adapted to nest among and be spaced predetermined distances from the multiplicity of teeth of the other disk. Each disk includes a first stage of teeth comprising at least four teeth equally spaced apart in a circular row about the center of the disk a distance at least greater than the average diameter of coffee beans to be ground. The burr disks also include a second stage of teeth aligned in at least one circular row and spaced outwardly from the first stage of teeth and a third stage of teeth aligned in at least one circular row about the center and spaced outwardly from the second stage.

Abstract: A homogenizing apparatus has a number of grinding units made up of rotatable grinding members mounted in sequence on a drive shaft and corresponding fixed grinding members connected in sequence and supported only by the support frame which rotatably supports the drive shaft. The grinding surface of each rotatable grinding member opposes the grinding surface of a corresponding fixed grinding member, thereby forming a number of grinding zones. The raw material to be ground passes through all of the grinding zones in sequence. Complex pairs of grinding members can be added or removed to achieve the desired degree of grinding.

Abstract: The refiner for processing a fiber stock suspension for paper fabrication comprises at least one substantially planar grinding disc equipped with a conventional set of grinding tools. This substantially planar grinding disc coacts with a perforated plate. The perforations or holes of the perforated plate are provided at a side of the perforations or holes which confronts the grinding disc with grinding edges suitable for achieving a desired refinement processing or treatment of the fiber stock suspension. These perforations or holes experience a force flow of the fiber stock suspension through such perforations or holes.