Abstract: A method of improving aerodynamic performance of foils by the application of conformal, elastomeric vortex generators. The novel use of elastomers allows the application of various forms of vortex generators to sections that have been problematic from engineering and cost considerations. A novel and efficient vortex generator profile is identified, which develops an additional co rotating vortex at low energy expenditure. The mechanisms allow for the application of transverse vortex generators, or Gurney Flaps/Lift Enhancement Tabs/Divergent Trailing Edges, to propellers, rotorblades, and to wings/flaps/control trailing edges. Cove Tabs are additionally described using an elastomeric transverse vortex generator to achieve performance improvements of a high lift device.

Abstract: A flexible tip for integration in a wing trailing edge employs a wing structure rear spar. A flexible upper skin is attached at a forward boundary to the spar and a rigid lower skin is interconnected to the flexible upper skin at a rigid tail piece. At least one actuation link is attached to the rigid tail piece and has a hinge at a forward edge of the rigid lower skin. At least one positioning slider is attached to the hinge which is movable from a neutral position to a first extended position urging the hinge aft for rotation of the rigid lower skin upward and flexing of the flexible upper skin in an upward camber and to a second retracted position urging the hinge forward for rotation of the rigid lower skin downward and flexing of the flexible upper skin in a downward camber.

Abstract: An aircraft tail surface, such as a horizontal tail plane or a vertical tail plane, including a leading edge having, in at least a section along the tail span, an undulated shape formed by a continuous series of smooth protrusions and recesses so that, in icing conditions, the ice accretion is produced only on the peaks of the protrusions and on the bottoms of the recesses, thereby creating a channeled airflow and an arrangement of air vortices which impart energy to the airflow in the aerofoil boundary layer which delay the airflow separation that causes the stall, thus reducing the detrimental effects of ice accretion in its aerodynamic performance.

Abstract: Unique aeroplane wing profiles substantially increasing the aerodynamic qualities of the wing are proposed. The advantage of the proposed profiles and novel method for forming lifting force for a wing on the basis of said profiles is the complete shifting of the interaction of the windstream onto the lower contour, the complete liberation of the upper contour from interaction with the windstream, leading to the elimination of wave drag—an insurmountable defect in wings with a classic profile, and a substantial increase in lifting force for the wing. Novel solutions are given which were the basis for a basically novel interpretation of the process of flow around a wing by the windstream and of the formation of excess pressure along the lower surface.

Abstract: A multilayer construction for aerodynamic riblets includes a first layer composed of a material with protuberances, the first layer material exhibiting a first characteristic having long-term durability and a second layer composed of a material, exhibiting a second characteristic with capability for adherence to a surface.

Abstract: An active winglet includes a body portion substantially parallel to a wing of an aircraft, as if it were an extension of the wing. The body portion is attachable to an aircraft wing and includes a controllable airflow modification device coupled thereto. By virtue of having a controllable airflow modification device, the winglet is capable of adjusting a control surface of the controllable airflow modification device in response to in-flight conditions, to reduce wing loads, increase range, and/or increase efficiency.

Abstract: An array of aerodynamic riblets is created by a plurality of high stiffness tips with a layer supporting the tips in predetermined spaced relation and adhering the tips to a vehicle surface.

Abstract: A multilayer construction for an array of aerodynamic riblets incorporates a first layer composed of a material with protuberances, the first layer material having shape memory and a second layer composed of a material exhibiting a second characteristic with capability for adherence to a surface.

Abstract: A configuration and system for rendering an aircraft spin resistant is disclosed. Resistance of the aircraft to spinning is accomplished by constraining a stall cell to a wing region adjacent to the fuselage and distant from the wing tip. Wing features that facilitate this constraint include but are not limited to one or more cuffs, stall strips, vortex generators, wing twists, wing sweeps and horizontal stabilizers. Alone or in combination, aircraft configuration features embodied by the present invention render the aircraft spin resistant by constraining the stall cell, which allows control surfaces of the aircraft to remain operational to control the aircraft.

Abstract: A wing of an aircraft has a pressure-side flow surface and a suction-side flow surface relative to an assumed main direction of attack and comprises a flow fence disposed on a flow surface, wherein the flow fence extends in the main wing chordwise direction and between a location of the pressure-side flow surface and a location of the suction side flow surface.

Abstract: A system for setting a span load distribution of a wing of an aircraft with a base flap system comprises at least one inboard flap element and one outboard flap element, which elements in the direction of the span are arranged on the trailing edge of the wing, and can be positioned relative to the span direction of the wing. The flap elements are not mechanically coupled with each other and are controlled independently of each other for the purpose of setting the span load distribution.

Abstract: This invention uses a novel shape of airfoil to achieve an improved lift to drag ratio and to improve performance at higher angles of attack. The airfoil has a three dimensional wave pattern that modifies the shape of a traditional airfoil to coordinate the airflow through channels on both the top and bottom sides. The uniquely shaped airfoil of this invention could have many uses including a wind turbine blade. This invention not only provides for a more efficient device by improving the effective angle of attack and lift/drag ratio, but also provides for a quiet airflow thus greatly reducing nuisance noise over conventional devices.

Abstract: A location signaling device comprising a wing balloon for signaling a location. The wing balloon is fixed to a tether line that itself is fixed to the location to be signaled. The wing balloon has an inflatable aerodynamically shaped hollow body to be at least partly be filled with a lighter-than-air gas and having a wing attack surface for air flowing relative to said wing balloon. The floating aloft of said wing balloon is supported by said air flow. When the wing balloon is inflated, a flexible wing portion is passively variable. The stronger the wind, the less attack is given. Thus, the dragging force on the tether line is generally static.

Abstract: Metal sheets and plates having friction-reducing textured surfaces and methods of manufacturing these metal sheets and plates are disclosed herein. In an embodiment, there is provided a transportation vessel that includes at least one metal product having at least one surface that is substantially grooved, wherein the substantially grooved surface forms a riblet topography, the riblet topography including a multiplicity of adjacent permanently rolled longitudinal riblets running along at least a part of the surface, and wherein the riblet topography is coated with at least one coating sufficiently designed and applied to preserve the riblet topography. In an embodiment, the multiplicity of adjacent permanently rolled longitudinal riblets results in a friction-reducing textured surface. In an embodiment, metal product is used in fabricating at least a portion of an aircraft. In an embodiment, metal product is used in fabricating at least a portion of a rotor blade.

Abstract: An asymmetric tetrahedral vortex generator that provides for control of three-dimensional flow separation over an underlying surface by bringing high momentum outer region flow to the wall of the structure using the generated vortex. The energized near-wall flow remains attached to the structure surface significantly further downstream. The device produces a swirling flow with one stream-wise rotation direction which migrates span-wise. When optimized, the device produces very low base drag on structures by keeping flow attached on the leeside surface thereof. This device can: on hydraulic structures, prevent local scour, deflect debris, and reduce drag; improve heat transfer between a flow and an adjacent surface, i.e., heat exchanger or an air conditioner; reduce drag, flow separation, and associated acoustic noise on airfoils, hydrofoils, cars, boats, submarines, rotors, etc.

Abstract: An array of aerodynamic riblets is formed with a surface layer for adhering to an aerodynamic surface and a plurality of riblet tips having a parabolic cross section extending from the surface layer.

Abstract: A tapered micro-plow, or a series of tapered micro-plows, are submerged in a boundary layer just upstream of a reflection point of an oblique shock. Each micro-plow develops a beneficial pair of vortices which redistribute high energy flow within the boundary layer such that flow separation is prevented or delayed. The beneficial vortex pairs rotate about an axis that is parallel to the flow of fluid, and together rotate such that they induce a velocity on one another which tends to hold them near the surface and delay vortex lift-off.

Abstract: A rakelet comprises a raked portion and a winglet portion that selectively integrate features of raked wingtips and winglets into a wingtip device that improves aircraft endurance and range over standard wings and over other wingtip devices such as raked wings, winglets, and the like. The features of the rakelet can be configured to improve and maximize the range and endurance for any particular aircraft.

Abstract: A wing assembly has a wing and one or more no-bias laminar flow oval diskettes that are fixed on a support structure along the C/L (center of lift) of an airfoil, of an aircraft wing. The benefit of an oval diskette with laminar flow is that it has no speed limitations and it allows an aircraft to clime at a speed that matches its Ground Effect Lift speed which is a 25% performance increase and a 40% reduction in vortex drag with a increase stability that eliminates inertia coupling of high-speed airfoils.

Abstract: An aircraft comprising a fuselage, a sail wing appended to the fuselage, the sail wing having a sail wing root chord length, and wherein the sail wing includes a sail wing leading edge spar, a sail wing membrane attached to the sail wing leading edge spar, and a sail wing trailing edge wire located at a trailing edge of the sail wing membrane, the aircraft further comprising a wing surface extension, located aft and at an inboard area of the sail wing trailing edge wire, the wing surface extension having a wing surface extension root chord length, and wherein the wing surface extension includes a wing surface extension membrane attached to the sail wing trailing edge wire, and a wing surface extension trailing edge, and wherein the wing surface extension trailing edge is reflexed such that the wing surface extension trailing edge is positioned upwards at a first angle with respect to a plane formed along a centerline of the aircraft and along the lower surfaces of the sail wing.

Abstract: An airship is disclosed in the form of a spherical hull having a venting duct extending diagonally therethrough from an entrance end at the forward facing surface of the hull to an exit end at the rearward facing surface of the hull. A propeller is disposed in the duct to direct an air flow through the duct for expulsion at the exit end and the exiting flow is vectored by a set of controllable louvers at the exit end. The expulsed airflow reduces drag normally associated with a spherical airship by disturbing the wake at the trailing surface of the airship. A mooring method and apparatus also is disclosed for minimizing wind induced loads on the airship, or indeed on any body such as a gas storage tank, by supporting the airship or other body a predetermined distance above the ground.

Abstract: The disclosure provides in one embodiment a wing tip device for a wing of an air vehicle. The device comprises a tip tail element, a boom element attaching the tip tail element to a wing tip, a hinge element connecting the tip tail element to the boom element, and an actuator element connected to the hinge element. One or more wing load sensors sense wing loads, and a flight control system controls the actuator element. A load alleviation method and system for an air vehicle are also provided.

Abstract: A shock bump (10) comprising a diverging nose (20) and a converging tail. The tail has at least one plan-form contour line with a pair of concave opposite sides (22, 23). The shock bump provides an improved shape with relatively low drag. Furthermore, the concave shape of the tail tends to promote the development of longitudinal vortices which can reduce shock induced buffet at certain operating conditions.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing dynamic control to a surface immersed in a dynamic fluid. The systems and methods of the invention relate to one or more morphable surfaces that can be control in an active manner to provide asperities that interact with a fluid moving across the morphable surfaces. By controlling the size, shape and location of the asperities, one can exert control authority over the motion of the surface relative to the fluid. Examples of materials that provide suitable morphable surfaces include ionic polymer metal composites and shape memory polymers, both of which types of material are commercially available. Useful morphable surface systems have been examined and are described.

Abstract: A method of installing an aerodynamic control element on an aircraft structure. The method comprising: attaching a fitting to the aircraft structure, the fitting comprising a pair of hinge ribs extending away from the aircraft structure and a spacer extending between the pair of hinge ribs; maintaining a desired distance between the pair of hinge ribs with the spacer as the fitting is attached; and pivotally mounting the aerodynamic control element to each hinge rib via a respective hinge.

Abstract: A vehicle control method (and concomitant control structure) comprising deploying an electrolaminate affixed to a substrate and using the combination to control motion of the vehicle.

Abstract: A method and device of dynamically reducing the buffeting of an airplane. The method is carried out by detecting a risk of buffeting of the airplane in flight by a monitor. At least one control surface is turned by an actuator arranged at a trailing edge of each wing of the airplane. The control surface is turned, at a predetermined respective rate of turn, into a predetermined respective position to modify lift profile of the wing along a wingspan length to reduce lift in at least one buffeting-generating region of each wing.

Abstract: A wing of an aircraft or spacecraft, the wing including at least a movable flow body, the wing including a movable support member, which is connected to the flow body, for rotating the flow body on the wing, the wing including a flow body control element, the flow body control element being fixed to the wing in a first point and the support member in a second point, the two points of the flow body control element and of the support member forming an axis, the flow body control element being formed at a predetermined angle to the axis and the flow body control element guiding the flow body in a predetermined plane about this axis.

Abstract: An aircraft including a longitudinal fuselage, at least two lateral wings connected symmetrically one on each side of the fuselage and at least one engine pod fixed to each lateral wing via an engine support pylon. At least one profiled bearing rod is positioned on each of the engine support pylons so as to generate a propulsive resultant force under action of an oblique air flow.

Abstract: Disclosed is a mast for the suspension of a bypass turbine engine beneath a wing of an aircraft in which the wing has at least one flap. The mast includes a rear fairing that protrudes rearward of a trailing edge of the wing and is mounted so as to tilt in a deployed downward position as the flap is deployed in a downward position. The rear fairing is positioned to enter a cold flow of the turbine engine, when deployed in the downward position. The rear fairing further supports at least one aerodynamic element that generates vortices that reduce, if not eliminates, vibrations to which the rear fairing is subjected.

Abstract: This invention uses a novel shape of airfoil to achieve an improved lift to drag ratio and to improve performance at higher angles of attack. The airfoil has a three dimensional wave pattern that modifies the shape of a traditional airfoil to coordinate the airflow through channels on both the top and bottom sides. The uniquely shaped airfoil of this invention could have many uses including a wind turbine blade. This invention not only provides for a more efficient device by improving the effective angle of attack and lift/drag ratio, but also provides for a quiet airflow thus greatly reducing nuisance noise over conventional devices.

Abstract: A transferable modified leading edge for a wing is detachably mountable to a parent wing. The parent wing may use a NACA 23000-series airfoil. A modified wing tip may be used in conjunction with the modified leading edge. The modified leading edge can be mounted to a parent wing in a way that does not damage the parent wing. The modified leading edge and wing tip can provide increased lift.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a micro-array surface that provides for either drag reduction or enhancement. In one aspect, an aerodynamic or hydrodynamic wall surface that is configured to modify a fluid boundary layer on the surface comprises at least one array of roughness elements disposed on and extending therefrom the surface. In one example, the interaction of the roughness elements with a turbulent boundary layer of the fluid reduces the skin friction drag coefficient of the surface over an identical smooth surface without the roughness elements.

Abstract: A retractable chine assembly includes at least one chine which is hingebly mountable to a surface such as of an aircraft having a wing. The chine is preferably configured to be movable between stowed and deployed positions. The aircraft may include an engine nacelle which may be mounted on an underside of the wing. The nacelle may generate a nacelle wake that passes over the wing upper surface at high angles of attack and induces flow separation. The chine is preferably configured such that a vortex generated thereby interacts which the nacelle wake to delay flow separation and stall.

Abstract: A propulsion system for an aircraft includes an airfoil, an engine having an engine cowling carried by the airfoil and configured to produce exhaust gases that are predominantly directed toward an aft end of the airfoil by the engine cowling as engine exhaust, a propulsion flap carried by the airfoil and disposed aft of the engine cowling and a plurality of exhaust ejection orifices provided in the propulsion flap and adapted to receive at least a portion of the exhaust gases from the engine cowling.

Abstract: An airfoil member and an airfoil member altering system are provided for significantly modifying the shape and size of the airfoil member while simultaneously providing an airfoil member with increased adaptability to various flight conditions throughout a flight envelope. The airfoil member comprises at least one motor or actuator, a system controller, a plurality of vehicle performance sensors, at least one temperature controller and airfoil member comprising at least one geometric morphing device that is adjustable in both size and shape and one or more rigid members.

Abstract: An air discharge device includes a grid that is connected to an aerodynamic surface of an aircraft. The grid includes a number of openings delimited by intermediate zones that are arranged in the extension of the aerodynamic surface of the aircraft and at least one longitudinal reinforcement separating the openings into at least two stages. The dimensions and/or the surface ratio of the perforated zones that correspond to openings and non-perforated zones that correspond to intermediate zones or to the longitudinal reinforcement are such that they create a depression close to the air discharge.

Abstract: A control device (16) for a wing (10) comprises an airbox assembly (16) connected to an aerofoil wing tip (17). The airbox assembly (16) includes passages (23) that receive air from the lower surface of the aerofoil (10) and accelerate and exhaust the air upwardly, outwardly and rearwardly of the aerofoil (10). This reduces or prevents the formation of wing tip vortices and so reduces induced drag. In addition, the airbox assembly (16) also includes a wing tip (17) of increased camber relative to the wing (10) that changes the flow of air over the lower pressure surface (11) of the wing (10) to mirror that over the higher pressure wing surface (12) so reducing on eliminating bound trailing edge vortices. Such devices can be used on other foils that operate in fluid streams to provide a force.

Abstract: A wing assembly has a wing and one or more no-bias laminar flow oval diskettes that are fixed on a support structure along the C/L (center of lift) of an airfoil, of an aircraft wing. The benefit of an oval diskette with laminar flow is that it has no speed limitations and it allows an aircraft to clime at a speed that matches its Ground Effect Lift speed which is a 25% performance increase and a 40% reduction in vortex drag with a increase stability that eliminates inertia coupling of high-speed airfoils.

Abstract: A system for reducing aerodynamic noise of a supplementary wing of an aircraft is provided. The supplementary wing is hinged to a main wing and is extendable when a gap region between the main wing and the supplementary wing is opened. The system includes a separating surface which can be moved into the gap region when the supplementary wing is extended and which extends at least partially along a separation flow line between a vortex flow region and a gap flow for the air flowing in the gap region. The separating surface is an n-stable surface which through an actuator device can be moved between at least one of the stable states and at least one additional state.

Abstract: A transferable modified leading edge for a wing is detachably mountable to a parent wing. The parent wing may use a NACA 23000-series airfoil. A modified wing tip may be used in conjunction with the modified leading edge. The modified leading edge can be mounted to a parent wing in a way that does not damage the parent wing. The modified leading edge and wing tip can provide increased lift.

Abstract: An active winglet includes a body portion substantially parallel to a wing of an aircraft, as if it were an extension of the wing, and an angled portion that projects at an upward angle from the body portion. The body portion is attachable to an aircraft wing and includes a controllable airflow modification device coupled thereto. By virtue of having a controllable airflow modification device, the winglet is capable of adjusting a control surface of the controllable airflow modification device in response to in-flight conditions, to reduce wing loads, increase range, and increase efficiency.

Abstract: An arrangement of devices as well as a method for improving the aerodynamics of an aircraft wing are disclosed. In embodiments, a plurality of vortex generators are attached in span-wise alignment on an deice boot along the wing's leading edge. The vortex generators are, in embodiments, constructed of a flexible material such that they are able to be expanded along with the boot during inflation and deflation thus mechanically involving the aerodynamic devices in the ice-shedding process.

Abstract: A device for controlling a vortex trail generated by an oblong element of an aircraft bearing surface includes a control component arranged on a fixing element of the oblong element and on a bearing surface such that a base of the control component contacts the leading edge of the bearing surface. The control component has a triangular shape, on a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis thereof, whose two adjacent sides form flanks interconnected by a rounded edge.

Abstract: Apparatus and method of using a generated vortex atop a disc-shaped wing to achieve vertical take-off and sustained flight of an aircraft. Included are apparatus and means of controlling said flight.

Abstract: A method and system to optimize the process a spreading the weight of supersonic aircraft downstream over a large area to reduce the pressure and intensity on the ground as function of air flow velocity, temperature, and/or pressure is provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a panel pivoting about an axis parallel to a side of the panel, which comprises a first continuous coating (1),a main structural frame of a composite stiffener (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) connected to the coating (1) and including a stiffening mesh (2, 3) with at least one pair of cross-shaped stiffeners each oriented in one of two directions, respectively, not parallel or perpendicular to the rotation axis. The two parts (3a, 3b) of each stiffener (3, 2) extending on either side of the centre of the cross are in structural continuity, and the two stiffeners (2, 3) each have an end located at one point (A, B, C) on the side of the panel parallel to the rotation axis, wherein the end is connected to a rigid member for connection to the rotation axis, the opposite end of at least one stiffener being blocked in rotation on a bearing point on the opposite side of the panel.

Abstract: In an exemplary variable area nozzle, a fixed duct section has an inlet and an outlet oriented approximately perpendicular to the inlet. A controllable nozzle member is disposed adjacent the outlet of the fixed duct section. The controllable nozzle member has an area that is adjustable to maintain a substantially constant nozzle pressure ratio. The controllable nozzle member may include first and second flap doors hinged and pivotable in opposite directions between an open position and a closed position and that also may be hinged and pivotable in a same direction so thrust from gas exiting the nozzle is vectorable. When disposed in rotor tips of an aircraft capable of rotary wing flight and fixed wing flight, the variable area nozzle may maintain a substantially constant nozzle pressure ratio near an optimized nozzle pressure ratio as the aircraft transitions from rotary wing flight to fixed wing flight.

Abstract: An aircraft has a wing 10 supporting at its underside a gas turbine engine 13. A jet pipe 14 of the engine has an exhaust nozzle 15 of rectangular flow area defined by upper and lower panels 16,17 and end walls 18. The upper panel, which is a part common to the nozzle and to a trailing edge portion of the wing, comprises a pair of flaps 20,21 which are pivotal between a position of alignment with the wing 10 and a position in which they are inclined to the wing. A part of the gas flowing through the jet pipe is diverted through a passage 25 into a passage 26 defined between the flaps 20,21 so as to entrain and accelerate air 26A flowing over the wing 10. This increases the lift of the wing at the rear thereof and also increases the thrust developed at the nozzle 15. This in turn helps to compensate for a nose-up moment on the aircraft arising from the thrust 13D2 of the engine passing forward of the centre of gravity 9A of the aircraft.

Abstract: Coanda Effect and lift produced along a surface of an airfoil are increased by ducting compressed fluid from the engine to the surface of the airfoil. An engine produces exhaust gases that are predominantly directed toward an aft end of the aircraft by a cowling or other structure as an exhaust plume. One or more internal ducts extend from the engine to the surface of the airfoil to thereby transmit a compressed fluid from the engine to the surface in order to suppress flow separation along the surface, thereby causing the engine exhaust flow to remain attached to the surface over a wider span. Such structures and techniques may find particular use in aircraft designed to exploit upper surface blowing (USB) techniques and structures for short takeoff and landing (STOL) performance.