Abstract: A hyperspectral imaging sensor and an adaptive spatial spectral processing filter capable of detecting, identifying, and/or classifying targets having a spatial extent of one pixel or less includes a sensor that may be oversampled such that a pixel is spatially smaller than the optical blur or point spread function of the sensor. Adaptive spatial spectral processing may be performed on hyperspectral image data to detect targets having spectral features that are known a priori, and/or that are anomalous compared to nearby pixels. Further, the adaptive spatial spectral processing may recover target energy spread over multiple pixels and reduce background clutter to increase the signal-to-noise ratio.

Abstract: A method for 3D imaging of cells in an optical tomography system includes moving a biological object relatively to a microscope objective to present varying angles of view. The biological object is illuminated with radiation having a spectral bandwidth limited to wavelengths between 150 nm and 390 nm. Radiation transmitted through the biological object and the microscope objective is sensed with a camera from a plurality of differing view angles. A plurality of pseudoprojections of the biological object from the sensed radiation is formed and the plurality of pseudoprojections is reconstructed to form a 3D image of the cell.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an array of sub-diffraction limit-sized light receptors formed in a substrate having a light receiving surface. Each light receptor may be configured to output a binary valued bit element and to change state between an off-state and an on-state by the absorption of at least one photon. The apparatus further includes an optical filter structure disposed over the light receiving surface, the optical filter structure having of an array of filter pixels each having an associated passband spectral characteristic. A data element obtained from the array of sub-diffraction limit-sized light receptors is composed of a plurality of the bit elements output from a plurality of light receptors that underlie filter pixels having at least two different passband spectral characteristics.

Abstract: An optical cavity mode apparatus comprising at least one microresonator; a light emitting diode for supplying light irradiation to the microresonator to stimulate the excitation level of the microresonator; and an optical detector to obtain spectra of the microresonator stimulated by the light emitting diode.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an array of sub-diffraction limit-sized light receptors formed in a substrate having a light receiving surface. Each receptor is configured to output an n-bit element and to change state based on the absorption of at least one photon (n is an integer >0). The apparatus includes an optical filter structure disposed over the light receiving surface, the structure having an array of filter pixels, each having an associated passband spectral characteristic. A data element obtained from the array of receptors is generated from a combination of a plurality of the n-bit elements output from a plurality of light receptors that underlie filter pixels having at least two different passband spectral characteristics. The filter pixels having at least two different passband spectral characteristics form a gradient filter wherein bandpass regions increase when moving from a central region of the gradient filter towards an edge region.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are set forth for monitoring lamp condition, comprising directing a beam of light at the lamp, detecting percent transmission of the beam through the lamp, wherein the percent transmission is indicative of lamp blackening, and repeating the directing and detecting of the beam of light periodically to provide an indication of lamp blackening over time, wherein the lamp blackening thereby provides an indication of lamp condition over time.

Abstract: Color filter arrays (CFA) and image sensors using same are provided. A color filter array includes a plurality of first color filter patterns respectively interlaced with a plurality of second color filter patterns, wherein the first and second color filter patterns comprise a plurality of color filters of at least three different colors of red (R), green (G) and blue (B) filters, and the first and second color filter patterns are not mirror symmetrical, and a blue (B) filter in one of the first color filter patterns is adjoined by a red (R) filter in one of the second color filter patterns adjacent thereto and/or a red (R) filter in one of the first color filter patterns is adjoined by a blue filter in one of the color filter patterns adjacent thereto.

Abstract: This invention relates to a color controlled light source comprising a plurality of colored light elements; a detector for detecting the light output of the light source and generating a detection signal; and a color control unit for generating driving signals to said light elements on the basis of said detection signal and a predetermined target color point of the light output of the light source. In order to enable detection of contributions from individual light elements to the light output of the light source, the light source further comprises a modulator for individual signature modulation of the driving signal to each one of said light elements; and a corresponding demodulator for demodulation of said detection signal and generation of actual, i.e. measured, values of the output of the individual light elements. The color control unit determines nominal values of the light output of each light element for obtaining said target color point, and compares the actual values with the nominal values.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a light-receiving element which is connected to a negative power supply and generates conductive carriers by receiving light, an amplifier transistor which is a depletion transistor and amplifies an electrical signal obtained by the conductive carriers, and a transfer gate transistor which is a depletion transistor and is controlled by a negative potential applied to a gate to electrically connect or disconnect the light-receiving element and the amplifier transistor.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for a device with minimized optical cross-talk are provided. In one example, the device includes a filtering material selected to maximize the attenuation of signals causing cross-talk while minimizing the attenuation of desired signals.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus for removing color noise including: a color interpolation unit performing color interpolation on a bayer pattern image output from an image sensor; a high-pass filter unit performing high-pass filtering on each of the pixels of the bayer pattern image to generate high-pass filtered values of each of the pixels; a high frequency region determining unit comparing pixel values of a target pixel, from which color noise is removed, and pixels adjacent to the target pixel with the high-pass filtered values to determine whether the target pixel is included in a high frequency region; and a color noise region determining unit using differences between color values of the target pixel interpolated by the color interpolation unit and determining whether the target pixel is included in a color noise region when it is determined that the target pixel is included in the high frequency region.

Abstract: An adjustable multimode lightfield imaging system. A non-homogeneous filter module is positioned at the aperture plane of the lightfield imaging system and provides the multimode capability. The filter module can be moved relative to the imaging system, thus allowing adjustment of the multimode capability.

Abstract: An image pickup device includes a pixel array including a plurality of photo sensitive devices and a color filter array including a plurality of color filters each disposed above a corresponding one of the plurality of photo sensitive devices. The color filters include a first type color filter formed on a glass substrate to filter light to pass a first spectrum and a second type color filter stacked on at least part of the first type color filter to filter light to pass a second spectrum. Accordingly, fabrication of a color filter array can be simplified and a color filter array having a small lay out can be fabricated.

Abstract: A video signal processing apparatus includes an image sensor and an infrared component remover. The image sensor receives light through a color filter, the color filter including long-pass filters only or a combination of a long-pass filter and an all-transmissive filter. The long-pass filters in the color filter a visible-light transmissive long-pass filter for permitting a visible-light component and an infrared-light component to pass therethrough and an infrared-light transmissive long-pass filter for permitting an infrared-light component to pass selectively therethrough. The infrared-light component remover removes an infrared-light component contained in a signal having passed through the visible-light transmissive long-pass filter, with transmittance data of an infrared-light region of the visible-light transmissive long-pass filter and the infrared-light transmissive long-pass filter applied.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an array of sub-diffraction limit-sized light receptors formed in a substrate having a light receiving surface. Each light receptor may be configured to output a scalar valued multi-bit element and to change state based on the absorption of at least one photon. The apparatus further includes an optical filter structure disposed over the light receiving surface, the optical filter structure having an array of filter pixels each having an associated passband spectral characteristic. A data element obtained from the array of sub-diffraction limit-sized light receptors is composed of a combination of a plurality of the multi-bit elements output from a plurality of light receptors that underlie filter pixels having at least two different passband spectral characteristics.

Abstract: An image sensing apparatus includes a pixel array, a first color filter, a second color filter, and a light shielding portion. The amount of electric charges generated in a first pixel after light of a first wavelength enters the first pixel is larger than that of electric charges generated in a second pixel after light of a second wavelength enters the second pixel. The light shielding portion defines the aperture regions of the first and second pixels so as to set the aperture area of the first pixel larger than that of the second pixel.

Abstract: Optics collection and detection systems are provided for measuring optical signals from an array of optical sources over time. Methods of using the optics collection and detection systems are also described.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system that provides a holographic layer as a micro-lens array and/or a color filter array in an imager. The method of writing the holographic layer results in overlapping areas in the hologram for corresponding adjacent pixels in the imager which increases collection of light at the pixels, thereby increasing quantum efficiency.

Abstract: A colour measuring unit (1) comprising a radiation device (2) which emits light onto a surface (9) to be examined, wherein the radiation device (2) comprises at least one semiconductor-based light source (6), and a radiation detector device (12) which receives at least a portion of the light scattered by the surface and outputs a signal characteristic of this light, wherein the radiation detector device (12) allows a spectral analysis of the light impinging thereon. According to the invention, the colour measuring unit comprises at least one sensor device (10) which determines at least one electrical parameter of the light source (6), and also a processor device (14) which outputs from this measured parameter at least one value characteristic of the light emitted by the radiation device (2).

Abstract: A multiple wavelength light detector module includes an optical fiber emitting an optical signal including light of multiple wavelengths, a prism on which the optical signal is incident, a total reflection mirror bonded to a first surface of the prism, a bandpass filter bonded to a second surface of the prism, opposite the first surface, and a photodetector for detecting optical beams exiting the bandpass filter. The first surface extends at an angle with respect to the second surface. When light is incident on the bandpass filter, the bandpass filter transmits only light of a particular wavelength determined by the angle of incidence of the light, and reflects light of remaining wavelengths in the light.

Abstract: A filter processing means removes periodic patterns caused by a scattered radiation removing means from radiation images, which are obtained by detecting radiation that has passed through the scattered radiation removing means with a radiation detector. The filter processing means removes only the spatial frequency components of the periodic pattern from the radiation images.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an optical sensing device with multiple photodiode elements and multi-cavity Fabry-Perot ambient light filter structure to detect and convert light signal with different wavelength spectrum into electrical signal. In embodiment, the optical sensing device capable of sensing color information of ambient light or sunlight and provides blocking of infrared (IR) light within the wavelength ranging from 700 nm to 1100 nm. Preferably, the optical sensing device senses not just the ambient light brightness but also the fundamental red, green and blue color components of the ambient light.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion apparatus having a pixel array region and a peripheral region includes a pixel array, a readout unit, an output unit, a plurality of output lines, and a color filter layer which is arranged in the pixel array region and the peripheral region and includes a color filter arranged above the plurality of pixels. The color filter layer extends to surround the output lines when viewed from a direction perpendicular to a surface of a semiconductor substrate, and has an opening arranged above the plurality of output lines. The opening of the color filter layer is filled with gas or an insulator lower in dielectric constant than the color filter.

Abstract: A nanowire array is described herein. The nanowire array comprises a substrate and a plurality of nanowires extending essentially vertically from the substrate; wherein: each of the nanowires has uniform chemical along its entire length; a refractive index of the nanowires is at least two times of a refractive index of a cladding of the nanowires. This nanowire array is useful as a photodetector, a submicron color filter, a static color display or a dynamic color display.

Abstract: Provided is an optical device, comprising a plurality of polarizers that are arranged along a propagation direction of incident light; a first phase element that is disposed between the plurality of polarizers and that has a phase lag axis forming a prescribed angle relative to transmission axes of the polarizers arranged along the propagation direction; and a second phase element that is disposed between the first phase element and one of the polarizers arranged along the propagation direction, and that provides the incident light with a prescribed phase difference. An angle of the phase lag axis of the second phase element is adjusted such that the optical device transmits light in a prescribed wavelength region in the incident light.

Abstract: One embodiment is an optical image preamplifier having an input through which a laser signal is received and amplified, said laser signal emanating from a target illuminated by a laser transmitter or generated by multiple lasercom transmitters in the field of view; the optical image preamplifier also having an output; and a focal plane array having an input operatively coupled to the output of the optical preamplifier. Embodiments of the present method and apparatus may be utilized to overcome photodetector and post-detection electronic noise to permit near quantum-limited receiver sensitivity with simple focal plane technologies. These embodiments enable ladar, wavefront sensor and multiple access lasercom systems that provide high sensitivity with the wide bandwidth and wavelength flexibility of semiconductor laser media.

Abstract: Two unshielded photosensors to determine the outside-light illuminance and two shielded photosensors are placed alternating both in the longitudinal direction and in the lateral direction. Then, the difference between the output of the unshielded photosensors and the output of the shielded photosensors is obtained. Accordingly, even when the thermoelectric currents differ from each other due to a variation in characteristics between the elements and a difference in the thermal distribution between the elements, the sensor currents can be corrected, so that a photodetector circuit which stably determines the outside-light illuminance can be provided.

Abstract: A system for detecting single-shot pulse contrast includes a correlator generating a correlation signal, a spectral filter filtering light signals having wavelengths different from the correlation signal, a fiber array comprising a plurality of fibers with different lengths for transmitting the correlation signal in parallel forming parallel correlation signals, and a fiber bundle bounding the fibers at the end thereof for converging the parallel correlation signals, wherein due to different lengths of the fibers, the parallel correlation signals are converted into serial correlation signals at end of the fibers, a plurality of fiber attenuators spliced into at least one of the fibers respectively for attenuating the parallel correlation signals, a detector for detecting the serial correlation signals to produce analog signals, an A/D convertor converting the analog signals to digital signals, and a computer for processing the digital signals for retrieving the single-shot pulse contrast.

Abstract: The present invention embraces a construction unit comprising a light detector and mountable to a carrier, such as a printed circuit card, and where said construction unit is adapted to be includable in a gas sensor-related arrangement. Said construction unit is assigned a plurality of first connection devices, which connection devices are adapted and distributed along a first surface portion of said construction unit for an electric connection facility to second connection devices related to said carrier. Said construction unit is adapted attachable to or placeable in the vicinity of a translucent recess formed in said carrier for the formation of an aperture. An optoelectric sensor is tightly placed against one side surface of said carrier while a first light-generating means is orientable, preferably as an individual unit, at an adapted distance from or along the other and opposite side surface of the carrier.

Abstract: An optical filter includes a light-shielding conductive layer provided with a plurality of apertures on a substrate surface that selectively transmits light of a first wavelength, and a dielectric layer in contact with the conductive layer. A size of the apertures is a size equal to or less than the first wavelength, and a ratio of a surface area of the conductive layer to a surface area of the substrate surface is within a range of equal to or greater than 36% and equal to or less than 74%. A transmissivity of the first wavelength is increased by surface plasmons induced in the apertures by light falling on the conductive layer.

Abstract: A color separation filter (100), for a solid state image sensor includes a micro lens array (108) adapted to collect a full color spectrum light source (104), a mask layer (120) is attached to the micro lens array (108), the mask layer (120) includes plurality of openings (124), each opening is positioned in front of a single micro lens from the micro lens array. Additionally it includes a first array of prisms (204), each prism is positioned in front of each of the openings, a second array of prisms (212) is attached to the first array of prisms with an optical glue layer (208). Each prism from the first array of prisms is positioned in front of a prism from the second array of prisms to create a symmetrical optical path for the color spectrum light source (304).

Abstract: Provided are a multi-frequency millimeter-wave very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) receiving system and a method of designing a quasi optical circuit for the multi-frequency millimeter-wave VLBI receiving system. The multi-frequency millimeter-wave VLBI receiving system includes a plurality of low pass filters, offset ellipsoidal mirrors, and flat mirrors for dividing a cosmic radio wave signal incident through the troposphere. A beam propagated from a celestial point is introduced into a receiver room via a 45-degree flat mirror and is divided into a plurality of beams by using a plurality of low pass filters having different bandwidths and mirrors, and the divided beams are transmitted to corresponding quasi-optical receivers having different bandwidths via a plurality of mirrors. Therefore, radio astronomic observations can be simultaneously performed in 22 GHz, 43 GHz, 86 GHz, and 129 GHz bands, and phase variations of electromagnetic waves in the bands can be compensated for.

Abstract: A device and method of operation for analyzing signal features over multiple optical wavelengths is presented. A plurality of rotating thin film filters is arranged with respect to a collimated beam of light so that each thin film filter transmits light of a particular wavelength to a detector unit responsive to an angle of incidence of light upon the thin film filter when the thin film filter optically interposes the collimated light beam. Each of the plurality of thin film filters is optically interposed periodically and rotated so that the angle of incidence of light from the first input unit upon the thin film filter varies when the thin film filter is optically interposed to scan the light by wavelength within a selected wavelength band into a detector unit for measurement.

Abstract: A color imaging device includes a semiconductor substrate including a plurality of photoelectric transducers, and a color filter including a plurality of coloring layers provided to associate with the photoelectric transducers of the semiconductor substrate. Each of the coloring layers of the color filter including a side surface that is erected with respect to a surface of the semiconductor substrate, and an inclined surface that is continuous from an end of the side surface located in the opposite side of the semiconductor substrate toward an end portion of the coloring layer located in the opposite side of the semiconductor substrate. The coloring layers are arranged with their side surfaces being in contact with each other without a gap therebetween, and the end portion of the coloring layer has a curved surface shape protruding toward the opposite side of the corresponding photoelectric transducer.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for detecting proximity and/or color of an object. In one aspect, an optical sensor includes a plurality of transmissive interferometric elements, a plurality of detectors positioned to detect the presence and/or intensity of light transmitted through the elements, and a processor to determine the proximity of an object based at least in part upon input from the detectors. An optical signal can be sensed by selectively actuating certain elements in a set of transmissive interferometric elements in an array to allow transmission of optical signals within a first spectrum through the array, and detecting optical signals transmitted through the array.

Abstract: A polishing end point detection method is to detect a polishing end point of a workpiece having a multilayer structure. The method is performed by emitting a first light and a second light to a surface of the workpiece at a first angle of incidence and a second angle of incidence, respectively, receiving the first light and the second light reflected from the surface through a polarizing filter, performing a first analyzing process of analyzing a brightness and a saturation of the surface from the first light received, performing a second analyzing process of analyzing a brightness and a saturation of the surface from the second light received, and determining removal of the upper layer based on changes in the brightness and the saturation of the surface.

Abstract: A distributed filtering and sensing structure includes a base board divided into a plurality of regions, and more than ten filtering and sensing modules distributed on the respective sections, wherein the total area occupied by the filtering and sensing modules is less than one half of the total area of the regions, wherein each filtering and sensing module is used to receive a first electromagnetic wave with a first wavelength range. Each filtering and sensing module includes a non-organic filtering element for filtering the first electromagnetic wave to obtain a second electromagnetic wave with a second wavelength range; an electromagnetic sensor disposed under the non-organic filtering device for receiving the second electromagnetic wave; and an electron/hole collecting module electrically connected to the electromagnetic sensor. The second wavelength range is part of the first wavelength range. Furthermore, the distributed filtering and sensing structure can be applied on an optical device.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element includes a plurality of light receiving portions. A color filter is provided on a light receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion element with filters for red, green, and blue arranged corresponding to the light receiving portions, such that R, G, and B pixels including the light receiving portions and the filters are arranged in a two-dimensional array. A transfer unit transfers a light in a wavelength range other than lights of green and blue incident on the G pixel and a light in a wavelength range other than lights of blue and green incident on the B pixel to a neighboring R pixel.

Abstract: A physical information acquisition method in which a corresponding wavelength region of visible light with at least one visible light detection unit coupled to an image signal processing unit is detected, each said visible light detection unit comprising a color filter adapted to transmit the corresponding wavelength region of visible light; a wavelength region of infrared light with at least one infrared light detection unit coupled to the image signal processing unit is detected; and, with the signal processing unit, a first signal received from the at least one visible light detection unit by subtracting a product from said first signal is corrected, said product resulting from multiplication of a second signal received from the at least one infrared light detection unit and a predetermined coefficient factor.

Abstract: An optical signal generator includes a single-mode laser; a reflecting mirror to define another cavity different from a cavity of the single-mode laser, and reflect a part of output light from the single-mode laser to return the part of the output light to the single-mode laser; an intensity modulator provided between the single-mode laser and the reflecting mirror; and a phase adjuster, provided between the single-mode laser and the reflecting mirror, to adjust a frequency difference between a signal on state and a signal off state generated in accordance with intensity modulation by the intensity modulator.

Abstract: An angle restriction filter that allows light incident thereon in a predetermined range of incident angles to pass, includes: an optical path wall section formed from a plurality of light shield members laminated in layers including a common material, thereby forming an optical path in a lamination direction of the light shield members; and a light transmission section formed in a region surrounded by the optical path wall section.

Abstract: A color light field sensor employing at least three inorganic LEDs, OLEDs, or related devices of differing emission colors to create respectively associated light amplitude measurement signals. The light amplitude measurement signals are used to produce a first output signal by subtracting a function of the light amplitude measurement signal associated with the mid-value wavelength LED from a function of the light amplitude measurement signal associated with lowest-value wavelength LED, produce a second output signal by subtracting a function of light amplitude measurement signal associated with highest-value wavelength LED from function of light amplitude measurement signal associated with mid-value wavelength LED, and produce a third output by taking function of light amplitude measurement signal associated with highest-value wavelength LED.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a physical information acquisition device including an electromagnetic wave output section, a first detection section, and a signal processing section. The electromagnetic wave output section is adapted to generate electromagnetic wave at a wavelength equivalent to a specific wavelength when, for a first wavelength range of electromagnetic wave, a wavelength where electromagnetic wave energy is lower than at other wavelengths is determined to be the specific wavelength. The first detection section is adapted to detect electromagnetic wave at the specific wavelength. The signal processing section is adapted to perform signal processing based on detection information acquired from the first detection section.

Abstract: An optical system configured to detect optical signals during imaging sessions. The optical system includes an objective lens that has a collecting end that is positioned proximate to a sample and configured to receive optical signals therefrom. The optical system also includes a removable path compensator that is configured to be located at an imaging position between the collecting end of the objective lens and the sample. The path compensator adjusts an optical path of the light emissions when in the imaging position. Also, the optical system includes a transfer device that is configured to move the path compensator. The transfer device locates the path compensator at the imaging position for a first imaging session and removes the path compensator from the imaging position for a second imaging session.

Abstract: An integrated circuit includes at least one photosensitive element capable of delivering an electrical signal when light of at least one wavelength of the visible spectrum reaches it, and an electrooptic system functioning as an electrochemical shutter. The electrooptic system is located in the path of at least one light ray capable of reaching the photosensitive element and possesses at least one optical property, dependent on electrochemical reaction, that can be modified by an electrical control signal. The optical property is preferably transmission.

Abstract: A light sensing device has a first filter to block visible light in a light path. The light sensing device also has a first color sensor and a clear sensor, to detect light in the light path after the first filter. A light intensity calculator computes a measure of the intensity of visible light in the light path, based on a difference between (a) an output signal of the first color sensor, and (b) an output signal of the clear sensor. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a device for detecting with higher sensitivity emission light in the form of fluorescence or phosphorescence emitted from a micro-object irradiated by an excitation light. The present invention provides means for suppressing reflected and scattered light arising from excitation light impinging on the semiconductor detection element of the device, comprising a pinhole formed in a fluorescence collecting microlens, through which the excitation light passes, irradiating the micro-object. The device may also be provided with another means for suppressing reflected and scattered excitation light comprising a non-horizontal surface that is not perpendicular to the excitation light, formed on a part of the light-transparent chip surface from which the excitation light exits.

Abstract: A near infrared imaging and detection system is configured to analyze shifts in photoluminescence of individual nanostructures such as single-walled carbon nanotubes or quantum dots upon binding an analyte. The system can be used to detect, localize, and quantify analytes down to the single-molecule level in a sample and within living cells and can be operated in a multiplex format. The system also can be configured to perform high-throughput chemical analysis of a large number of samples simultaneously. The invention has application in the highly sensitive diagnosis of disease, as well as the detection and quantitative analysis of drugs, molecular pathogens within a living organism, and environmental toxins.

Abstract: An imaging photodetection device (4) includes: a plurality of photodetectors (6) that are arrayed on a substrate (5) at least along a first direction; a transparent low refractive index layer (12) that is formed above the plurality of photodetectors; and a plurality of transparent high refractive index sections (13) that are embedded in the transparent low refractive index layer along the first direction. On a cross-section of the transparent high refractive index sections orthogonal to the substrate and along the first direction, central axes (14) of the transparent high refractive index sections are bent stepwise. Light that enters the transparent low refractive index layer and the transparent high refractive index section passes therethrough to be separated into 0th-order diffracted light, 1st-order diffracted light, and ?1st-order diffracted light. Thereby, improvement in the efficiency of light utilization and pixel densification can be realized.

Abstract: It is a main object of the present invention to suppress the differences of color ratios of B/G and R/G when the film thicknesses of antireflective films and insulation films vary at a processing process. The present invention is a photoelectric conversion apparatus including a plurality of light receiving portions arranged on a semiconductor substrate, antireflective films formed on the light receiving portions with insulation films put between them, and color filter layers of a plurality of colors formed on the antireflective films, wherein film thicknesses of the insulation films and/or the antireflective films are changed such that changing directions of spectral transmittances at peak wavelengths of color filters on sides of the shortest wavelengths and at peak wavelengths of color filters on sides of the longest wavelengths after transmission of infrared cutting filters may be the same before and after changes.