Abstract: A colour measuring unit (1) comprising a radiation device (2) which emits light onto a surface (9) to be examined, wherein the radiation device (2) comprises at least one semiconductor-based light source (6), and a radiation detector device (12) which receives at least a portion of the light scattered by the surface and outputs a signal characteristic of this light, wherein the radiation detector device (12) allows a spectral analysis of the light impinging thereon. According to the invention, the colour measuring unit comprises at least one sensor device (10) which determines at least one electrical parameter of the light source (6), and also a processor device (14) which outputs from this measured parameter at least one value characteristic of the light emitted by the radiation device (2).

Abstract: A multiple wavelength light detector module includes an optical fiber emitting an optical signal including light of multiple wavelengths, a prism on which the optical signal is incident, a total reflection mirror bonded to a first surface of the prism, a bandpass filter bonded to a second surface of the prism, opposite the first surface, and a photodetector for detecting optical beams exiting the bandpass filter. The first surface extends at an angle with respect to the second surface. When light is incident on the bandpass filter, the bandpass filter transmits only light of a particular wavelength determined by the angle of incidence of the light, and reflects light of remaining wavelengths in the light.

Abstract: A filter processing means removes periodic patterns caused by a scattered radiation removing means from radiation images, which are obtained by detecting radiation that has passed through the scattered radiation removing means with a radiation detector. The filter processing means removes only the spatial frequency components of the periodic pattern from the radiation images.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an optical sensing device with multiple photodiode elements and multi-cavity Fabry-Perot ambient light filter structure to detect and convert light signal with different wavelength spectrum into electrical signal. In embodiment, the optical sensing device capable of sensing color information of ambient light or sunlight and provides blocking of infrared (IR) light within the wavelength ranging from 700 nm to 1100 nm. Preferably, the optical sensing device senses not just the ambient light brightness but also the fundamental red, green and blue color components of the ambient light.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion apparatus having a pixel array region and a peripheral region includes a pixel array, a readout unit, an output unit, a plurality of output lines, and a color filter layer which is arranged in the pixel array region and the peripheral region and includes a color filter arranged above the plurality of pixels. The color filter layer extends to surround the output lines when viewed from a direction perpendicular to a surface of a semiconductor substrate, and has an opening arranged above the plurality of output lines. The opening of the color filter layer is filled with gas or an insulator lower in dielectric constant than the color filter.

Abstract: A nanowire array is described herein. The nanowire array comprises a substrate and a plurality of nanowires extending essentially vertically from the substrate; wherein: each of the nanowires has uniform chemical along its entire length; a refractive index of the nanowires is at least two times of a refractive index of a cladding of the nanowires. This nanowire array is useful as a photodetector, a submicron color filter, a static color display or a dynamic color display.

Abstract: Provided is an optical device, comprising a plurality of polarizers that are arranged along a propagation direction of incident light; a first phase element that is disposed between the plurality of polarizers and that has a phase lag axis forming a prescribed angle relative to transmission axes of the polarizers arranged along the propagation direction; and a second phase element that is disposed between the first phase element and one of the polarizers arranged along the propagation direction, and that provides the incident light with a prescribed phase difference. An angle of the phase lag axis of the second phase element is adjusted such that the optical device transmits light in a prescribed wavelength region in the incident light.

Abstract: Two unshielded photosensors to determine the outside-light illuminance and two shielded photosensors are placed alternating both in the longitudinal direction and in the lateral direction. Then, the difference between the output of the unshielded photosensors and the output of the shielded photosensors is obtained. Accordingly, even when the thermoelectric currents differ from each other due to a variation in characteristics between the elements and a difference in the thermal distribution between the elements, the sensor currents can be corrected, so that a photodetector circuit which stably determines the outside-light illuminance can be provided.

Abstract: One embodiment is an optical image preamplifier having an input through which a laser signal is received and amplified, said laser signal emanating from a target illuminated by a laser transmitter or generated by multiple lasercom transmitters in the field of view; the optical image preamplifier also having an output; and a focal plane array having an input operatively coupled to the output of the optical preamplifier. Embodiments of the present method and apparatus may be utilized to overcome photodetector and post-detection electronic noise to permit near quantum-limited receiver sensitivity with simple focal plane technologies. These embodiments enable ladar, wavefront sensor and multiple access lasercom systems that provide high sensitivity with the wide bandwidth and wavelength flexibility of semiconductor laser media.

Abstract: A system for detecting single-shot pulse contrast includes a correlator generating a correlation signal, a spectral filter filtering light signals having wavelengths different from the correlation signal, a fiber array comprising a plurality of fibers with different lengths for transmitting the correlation signal in parallel forming parallel correlation signals, and a fiber bundle bounding the fibers at the end thereof for converging the parallel correlation signals, wherein due to different lengths of the fibers, the parallel correlation signals are converted into serial correlation signals at end of the fibers, a plurality of fiber attenuators spliced into at least one of the fibers respectively for attenuating the parallel correlation signals, a detector for detecting the serial correlation signals to produce analog signals, an A/D convertor converting the analog signals to digital signals, and a computer for processing the digital signals for retrieving the single-shot pulse contrast.

Abstract: The present invention embraces a construction unit comprising a light detector and mountable to a carrier, such as a printed circuit card, and where said construction unit is adapted to be includable in a gas sensor-related arrangement. Said construction unit is assigned a plurality of first connection devices, which connection devices are adapted and distributed along a first surface portion of said construction unit for an electric connection facility to second connection devices related to said carrier. Said construction unit is adapted attachable to or placeable in the vicinity of a translucent recess formed in said carrier for the formation of an aperture. An optoelectric sensor is tightly placed against one side surface of said carrier while a first light-generating means is orientable, preferably as an individual unit, at an adapted distance from or along the other and opposite side surface of the carrier.

Abstract: An optical filter includes a light-shielding conductive layer provided with a plurality of apertures on a substrate surface that selectively transmits light of a first wavelength, and a dielectric layer in contact with the conductive layer. A size of the apertures is a size equal to or less than the first wavelength, and a ratio of a surface area of the conductive layer to a surface area of the substrate surface is within a range of equal to or greater than 36% and equal to or less than 74%. A transmissivity of the first wavelength is increased by surface plasmons induced in the apertures by light falling on the conductive layer.

Abstract: A color separation filter (100), for a solid state image sensor includes a micro lens array (108) adapted to collect a full color spectrum light source (104), a mask layer (120) is attached to the micro lens array (108), the mask layer (120) includes plurality of openings (124), each opening is positioned in front of a single micro lens from the micro lens array. Additionally it includes a first array of prisms (204), each prism is positioned in front of each of the openings, a second array of prisms (212) is attached to the first array of prisms with an optical glue layer (208). Each prism from the first array of prisms is positioned in front of a prism from the second array of prisms to create a symmetrical optical path for the color spectrum light source (304).

Abstract: Provided are a multi-frequency millimeter-wave very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) receiving system and a method of designing a quasi optical circuit for the multi-frequency millimeter-wave VLBI receiving system. The multi-frequency millimeter-wave VLBI receiving system includes a plurality of low pass filters, offset ellipsoidal mirrors, and flat mirrors for dividing a cosmic radio wave signal incident through the troposphere. A beam propagated from a celestial point is introduced into a receiver room via a 45-degree flat mirror and is divided into a plurality of beams by using a plurality of low pass filters having different bandwidths and mirrors, and the divided beams are transmitted to corresponding quasi-optical receivers having different bandwidths via a plurality of mirrors. Therefore, radio astronomic observations can be simultaneously performed in 22 GHz, 43 GHz, 86 GHz, and 129 GHz bands, and phase variations of electromagnetic waves in the bands can be compensated for.

Abstract: A device and method of operation for analyzing signal features over multiple optical wavelengths is presented. A plurality of rotating thin film filters is arranged with respect to a collimated beam of light so that each thin film filter transmits light of a particular wavelength to a detector unit responsive to an angle of incidence of light upon the thin film filter when the thin film filter optically interposes the collimated light beam. Each of the plurality of thin film filters is optically interposed periodically and rotated so that the angle of incidence of light from the first input unit upon the thin film filter varies when the thin film filter is optically interposed to scan the light by wavelength within a selected wavelength band into a detector unit for measurement.

Abstract: A color imaging device includes a semiconductor substrate including a plurality of photoelectric transducers, and a color filter including a plurality of coloring layers provided to associate with the photoelectric transducers of the semiconductor substrate. Each of the coloring layers of the color filter including a side surface that is erected with respect to a surface of the semiconductor substrate, and an inclined surface that is continuous from an end of the side surface located in the opposite side of the semiconductor substrate toward an end portion of the coloring layer located in the opposite side of the semiconductor substrate. The coloring layers are arranged with their side surfaces being in contact with each other without a gap therebetween, and the end portion of the coloring layer has a curved surface shape protruding toward the opposite side of the corresponding photoelectric transducer.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for detecting proximity and/or color of an object. In one aspect, an optical sensor includes a plurality of transmissive interferometric elements, a plurality of detectors positioned to detect the presence and/or intensity of light transmitted through the elements, and a processor to determine the proximity of an object based at least in part upon input from the detectors. An optical signal can be sensed by selectively actuating certain elements in a set of transmissive interferometric elements in an array to allow transmission of optical signals within a first spectrum through the array, and detecting optical signals transmitted through the array.

Abstract: A polishing end point detection method is to detect a polishing end point of a workpiece having a multilayer structure. The method is performed by emitting a first light and a second light to a surface of the workpiece at a first angle of incidence and a second angle of incidence, respectively, receiving the first light and the second light reflected from the surface through a polarizing filter, performing a first analyzing process of analyzing a brightness and a saturation of the surface from the first light received, performing a second analyzing process of analyzing a brightness and a saturation of the surface from the second light received, and determining removal of the upper layer based on changes in the brightness and the saturation of the surface.

Abstract: A distributed filtering and sensing structure includes a base board divided into a plurality of regions, and more than ten filtering and sensing modules distributed on the respective sections, wherein the total area occupied by the filtering and sensing modules is less than one half of the total area of the regions, wherein each filtering and sensing module is used to receive a first electromagnetic wave with a first wavelength range. Each filtering and sensing module includes a non-organic filtering element for filtering the first electromagnetic wave to obtain a second electromagnetic wave with a second wavelength range; an electromagnetic sensor disposed under the non-organic filtering device for receiving the second electromagnetic wave; and an electron/hole collecting module electrically connected to the electromagnetic sensor. The second wavelength range is part of the first wavelength range. Furthermore, the distributed filtering and sensing structure can be applied on an optical device.

Abstract: A physical information acquisition method in which a corresponding wavelength region of visible light with at least one visible light detection unit coupled to an image signal processing unit is detected, each said visible light detection unit comprising a color filter adapted to transmit the corresponding wavelength region of visible light; a wavelength region of infrared light with at least one infrared light detection unit coupled to the image signal processing unit is detected; and, with the signal processing unit, a first signal received from the at least one visible light detection unit by subtracting a product from said first signal is corrected, said product resulting from multiplication of a second signal received from the at least one infrared light detection unit and a predetermined coefficient factor.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element includes a plurality of light receiving portions. A color filter is provided on a light receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion element with filters for red, green, and blue arranged corresponding to the light receiving portions, such that R, G, and B pixels including the light receiving portions and the filters are arranged in a two-dimensional array. A transfer unit transfers a light in a wavelength range other than lights of green and blue incident on the G pixel and a light in a wavelength range other than lights of blue and green incident on the B pixel to a neighboring R pixel.

Abstract: An optical signal generator includes a single-mode laser; a reflecting mirror to define another cavity different from a cavity of the single-mode laser, and reflect a part of output light from the single-mode laser to return the part of the output light to the single-mode laser; an intensity modulator provided between the single-mode laser and the reflecting mirror; and a phase adjuster, provided between the single-mode laser and the reflecting mirror, to adjust a frequency difference between a signal on state and a signal off state generated in accordance with intensity modulation by the intensity modulator.

Abstract: A color light field sensor employing at least three inorganic LEDs, OLEDs, or related devices of differing emission colors to create respectively associated light amplitude measurement signals. The light amplitude measurement signals are used to produce a first output signal by subtracting a function of the light amplitude measurement signal associated with the mid-value wavelength LED from a function of the light amplitude measurement signal associated with lowest-value wavelength LED, produce a second output signal by subtracting a function of light amplitude measurement signal associated with highest-value wavelength LED from function of light amplitude measurement signal associated with mid-value wavelength LED, and produce a third output by taking function of light amplitude measurement signal associated with highest-value wavelength LED.

Abstract: An angle restriction filter that allows light incident thereon in a predetermined range of incident angles to pass, includes: an optical path wall section formed from a plurality of light shield members laminated in layers including a common material, thereby forming an optical path in a lamination direction of the light shield members; and a light transmission section formed in a region surrounded by the optical path wall section.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a physical information acquisition device including an electromagnetic wave output section, a first detection section, and a signal processing section. The electromagnetic wave output section is adapted to generate electromagnetic wave at a wavelength equivalent to a specific wavelength when, for a first wavelength range of electromagnetic wave, a wavelength where electromagnetic wave energy is lower than at other wavelengths is determined to be the specific wavelength. The first detection section is adapted to detect electromagnetic wave at the specific wavelength. The signal processing section is adapted to perform signal processing based on detection information acquired from the first detection section.

Abstract: An optical system configured to detect optical signals during imaging sessions. The optical system includes an objective lens that has a collecting end that is positioned proximate to a sample and configured to receive optical signals therefrom. The optical system also includes a removable path compensator that is configured to be located at an imaging position between the collecting end of the objective lens and the sample. The path compensator adjusts an optical path of the light emissions when in the imaging position. Also, the optical system includes a transfer device that is configured to move the path compensator. The transfer device locates the path compensator at the imaging position for a first imaging session and removes the path compensator from the imaging position for a second imaging session.

Abstract: An integrated circuit includes at least one photosensitive element capable of delivering an electrical signal when light of at least one wavelength of the visible spectrum reaches it, and an electrooptic system functioning as an electrochemical shutter. The electrooptic system is located in the path of at least one light ray capable of reaching the photosensitive element and possesses at least one optical property, dependent on electrochemical reaction, that can be modified by an electrical control signal. The optical property is preferably transmission.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a device for detecting with higher sensitivity emission light in the form of fluorescence or phosphorescence emitted from a micro-object irradiated by an excitation light. The present invention provides means for suppressing reflected and scattered light arising from excitation light impinging on the semiconductor detection element of the device, comprising a pinhole formed in a fluorescence collecting microlens, through which the excitation light passes, irradiating the micro-object. The device may also be provided with another means for suppressing reflected and scattered excitation light comprising a non-horizontal surface that is not perpendicular to the excitation light, formed on a part of the light-transparent chip surface from which the excitation light exits.

Abstract: A light sensing device has a first filter to block visible light in a light path. The light sensing device also has a first color sensor and a clear sensor, to detect light in the light path after the first filter. A light intensity calculator computes a measure of the intensity of visible light in the light path, based on a difference between (a) an output signal of the first color sensor, and (b) an output signal of the clear sensor. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

Abstract: A near infrared imaging and detection system is configured to analyze shifts in photoluminescence of individual nanostructures such as single-walled carbon nanotubes or quantum dots upon binding an analyte. The system can be used to detect, localize, and quantify analytes down to the single-molecule level in a sample and within living cells and can be operated in a multiplex format. The system also can be configured to perform high-throughput chemical analysis of a large number of samples simultaneously. The invention has application in the highly sensitive diagnosis of disease, as well as the detection and quantitative analysis of drugs, molecular pathogens within a living organism, and environmental toxins.

Abstract: An imaging photodetection device (4) includes: a plurality of photodetectors (6) that are arrayed on a substrate (5) at least along a first direction; a transparent low refractive index layer (12) that is formed above the plurality of photodetectors; and a plurality of transparent high refractive index sections (13) that are embedded in the transparent low refractive index layer along the first direction. On a cross-section of the transparent high refractive index sections orthogonal to the substrate and along the first direction, central axes (14) of the transparent high refractive index sections are bent stepwise. Light that enters the transparent low refractive index layer and the transparent high refractive index section passes therethrough to be separated into 0th-order diffracted light, 1st-order diffracted light, and ?1st-order diffracted light. Thereby, improvement in the efficiency of light utilization and pixel densification can be realized.

Abstract: It is a main object of the present invention to suppress the differences of color ratios of B/G and R/G when the film thicknesses of antireflective films and insulation films vary at a processing process. The present invention is a photoelectric conversion apparatus including a plurality of light receiving portions arranged on a semiconductor substrate, antireflective films formed on the light receiving portions with insulation films put between them, and color filter layers of a plurality of colors formed on the antireflective films, wherein film thicknesses of the insulation films and/or the antireflective films are changed such that changing directions of spectral transmittances at peak wavelengths of color filters on sides of the shortest wavelengths and at peak wavelengths of color filters on sides of the longest wavelengths after transmission of infrared cutting filters may be the same before and after changes.

Abstract: An imaging device including: a pixel array part in which a plurality of pixels with different characteristics of spectral sensitivity are arranged in an array and which converts light transmitted through the pixel into an electric signal. The pixel array part has a plurality of color pixels and at least one clear pixel, the plurality of color pixels including (i) a first color filter pixel having a peak of spectral sensitivity characteristics in red, (ii) a second color filter pixel having a peak in blue, and (iii) a third color filter pixel having a peak in green.

Abstract: A thermochromic optical filter incorporating quantum confinement devices is formed as multilayered composite film of semiconducting materials. A quantum well adjacent a barrier layer ensures proper confinement of charge carriers within the well. A transition wavelength (i.e., the energy/wavelength at which the filter becomes transparent) is established by selecting a quantum well material with a bandgap near the desired energy and a barrier layer material with a higher bandgap. For a given reference temperature (e.g., room temperature), the exact transition wavelength is fixed by the thickness of the quantum well. The quantum confinement energy is added to the bandgap energy to yield the transition energy. A thermal control system varies the temperature of the thermochromic filter to adjust the transition wavelength. Temperature changes affect both the bandgap and the quantum confinement energy, and thus the optical properties of the thermochromic filter.

Abstract: An optical filter containing at least one naphtholactam derivative represented by general formula (I), wherein X is oxygen or sulfur; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and Y are each hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, aldehyde, carboxyl, hydroxyl, —NRR?, organosilyl, optionally substituted C1-C30 alkyl, optionally substituted C6-C30 aryl, or optionally substituted C7-C30 arylalkyl; and R and R? are each hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C30 alkyl, or optionally substituted C6-C30 aryl.

Abstract: Digital camera systems and methods are described that provide a color digital camera with direct luminance detection. The luminance signals are obtained directly from a broadband image sensor channel without interpolation of RGB data. The chrominance signals are obtained from one or more additional image sensor channels comprising red and/or blue color band detection capability. The red and blue signals are directly combined with the luminance image sensor channel signals. The digital camera generates and outputs an image in YCrCb color space by directly combining outputs of the broadband, red and blue sensors.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion device includes an organic photoelectric conversion film intervening between at least two electrodes, the organic photoelectric conversion film including a positive hole transporting photoelectric conversion film and an electron transporting photoelectric conversion film, wherein each of the positive hole transporting photoelectric conversion film and the electron transporting photoelectric conversion film has absorption in a visible range, and a difference in wavelength between longer wavelength ends of absorption of the positive hole transporting photoelectric conversion film and the electron transporting photoelectric conversion film is 50 nm or less.

Abstract: An observation apparatus includes a light radiating unit that radiates a plurality of element lights, each of which has a limited wavelength band, to an observation target; a light detecting unit that detects the plurality of element lights reflected by the observation target in a plurality of patterns by changing a weight for each of the element lights; and a processing unit that performs a procedure of separating a component of each of the element lights from a plurality of detection results of the light detecting unit based on the weight for each of the element lights of the light detecting unit.

Abstract: A CMOS light detector configured to detect specific wavelengths of light includes a first sensor and a second sensor. The first sensor includes CMOS photocells that are covered by a colored filter layer of a first color that has a first transmittance that allows both light of the specific wavelengths and light of other wavelengths to pass. The second sensor including further CMOS photocells, at least some of which are covered by both a colored filter layer of the first color and a colored filter layer of a second color, stacked one above the other in either order, where the colored filter layer of the second color has a second transmittance that allows light of the other wavelengths to pass. The first sensor produces a first photocurrent, and the second sensor produces a second photocurrent, when light including both the specific and other wavelengths is incident upon the detector.

Abstract: A data compression technique is disclosed for Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry (FTMS). A statistical analysis is applied to the data in the frequency domain since most of this data is a result of randomly distributed electronic noise. A fit of the whole frequency dataset to the distribution is made to determine preliminary moments of the distribution. The data in the tail of that distribution (which is mainly the peak data) is then removed and the remaining data points are re-fitted to the distribution, to identify the moments of distribution of that remaining noise data. A noise threshold for the mass spectrum is then applied using the calculated moments. The data above the threshold is kept. The whole spectrum can be reconstituted by storing the moments of distribution along with the peak data and then regenerating the noise from those moments and adding it to the peak data.

Abstract: A holographic occlusion detection system has a white-light holographic label placed onto a sensing portion or surface of a pressure sensor connected to infusion tubing. The pressure sensor at the sensing portion can have a relatively thin wall section and may be wider and flatter than a normal cross section of the infusion tubing. The label is then illuminated by a polychromatic light source, and the light reflected off the holographic label is then received by a photodetector. Pressure changes within the tubing cause a change in orientation of the white-light holographic label, thereby resulting in a shift in the peak wavelength of the reflective light sensed by the photodetector. This shift in wavelength can then be calibrated to the swelling of the sensing portion so that pressure within the infusion line can be calculated. In another variation, monochromatic light is reflected off a holographic label, and pressure changes are detected by measuring the amplitude of the reflected light.

Abstract: Quantitative comparison or calculation of a plurality of images in different transmission bands is facilitated even if the transmission bandwidth of the spectroscopic element is different at different wavelengths.

Abstract: The present invention provides an image sensor. The image sensor comprises: a substrate, a plurality of optical elements, a first insulation layer, an anti-reflective coating (ARC) layer, a second insulation layer, and a color filter array. The optical elements are disposed in the substrate. The first insulation layer is disposed on the substrate and the optical elements. The ARC layer is disposed on the first insulation layer. The second insulation layer is disposed on the ARC layer. The color filter array is disposed on the second insulation layer, and the color filter array comprises a plurality of color filters corresponding to a plurality of different colors of light, respectively. The ARC layer comprises a plurality of sections directly below the color filters in a vertical direction, respectively, and the sections have different inherent reflection characteristics. The image sensor of the present invention can increase sensitivity and reduce crosstalk.

Abstract: A solid-state image sensing device comprising, light-receiving regions and a color filter which transmits red light, a color filter which transmits blue light, and a color filter which transmits green light is provided. The color filters are arranged on a one-to-one basis above the light-receiving regions. Above the light-receiving region where the color filter which transmits red or blue light is arranged, a light-transmitting film, an antireflection film, a light-transmitting film, an antireflection film, and a light-transmitting film are arranged, in this order from the light-receiving region, between the light-receiving region and the color filter. Above the light-receiving region where the color filter which transmits green light is arranged, a light-transmitting film, an antireflection film, and a light-transmitting film are arranged, in this order from the light-receiving region, between the light-receiving region and the color filter.

Abstract: A fluorescence detecting apparatus includes a light detecting device disposed in a light path of fluorescence generated in an illuminated area of a specimen and a barrier filter disposed in the light path toward the light detecting device to exhibit transparency for each of a plurality of fluorescences having separated wavelength bands.

Abstract: A wavelength splitting element for splitting a multiplexed light beam into separate wavelength bands and emitting the beams from separate emission ports including a first filter for splitting the multiplexed light beam into light beams in wavelength band ?1, which passes in a first direction, and wavelength bands ?2 and ?3, which reflects; a second filter, for splitting the reflected light into light beams in wavelength band ?3, which passes in a second direction, and wavelength band ?2, which reflects in a third direction; and a third filter, for passing the light beam in the wavelength band ?2. The first filter passes the light beam in the wavelength band ?2 reflected by the second filter and incident to the first filter again based on an incident angle, and the third filter passes only the light beam in the wavelength band ?2 that the first filter passes in the third direction.

Abstract: A spectrometric measurement apparatus includes a light radiation unit for radiating light onto a medium; a hole array including openings arranged one-dimensionally for transmitting diffusion light from the medium; an imaging optical system configured to focus an image from the hole array; a diffraction element configured to diffract the light for focusing the image; and a light receiving unit including pixels arranged one-dimensionally configured to receive the light that has been dispersed by the diffraction element and spectrometric sensors each corresponding to a predetermined number of the pixels. The light transmitted through each of the openings of the hole array is dispersed by the diffraction element, and then the light enters the pixels so that spectral properties of the diffusion light are acquired. The structure of the diffraction element includes variations that are formed in accordance with the height of the image that is focused by the imaging optical system.

Abstract: A wavelength-specific optical switch combines one or more tunable filters and bandblock reflectors such that the absorption or reflection of selected wavelength bands in the optical spectrum (visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet) can be switched on and off. The wavelength switch is programmable, multifunctional, general-purpose, solid-state optical filter. The wavelength switch may serve as a tunable notch or bandblock filter, a tunable bandpass filter, a tunable highpass or lowpass filter, or a tunable band reflector. The wavelength switch has particular, but not exclusive, application in optics as a filter, band reflector, and as a means of isolating particular wavelengths or wavelength bands from a collimated light stream for transmission to, or rejection from, a sensor.

Abstract: A photosensitive apparatus including a full width array of photosensors and a first photosensor chip. The first photosensor chip including a linear array of photosensors having a plurality of pixels arranged in a long direction and a linear variable filter adapted to transmit at least ten unique bandwidths of wavelengths of light along a length of the linear variable filter where the linear variable filter is fixedly secured to the linear array. Each respective pixel receives a unique bandwidth of wavelengths of light as a light passes through the linear variable filter and the length is aligned with the long direction. The full width array of photosensors is arranged perpendicular to a process direction of a printing device.

Abstract: Method and systems related to obstructing a first predefined portion of at least one defined wavelength of light incident upon a first photo-detector array; and detecting the at least one defined wavelength of light with a photo-detector in a second photo-detector array.