Abstract: Apparatus for detecting the concentration of a gas by measuring the amount of mercury vapor generated when the gas is passed through a mercuric oxide bed. The apparatus includes a body having a central bore therein with a quartz rod at one end for directing ultraviolet light from a source through the central bore. A second quartz rod at the opposite end of the central bore directs the ultraviolet light to a detector coupled to an electronics circuit for analysis purposes. A fitting coupled to the body has a gas inlet port and a passage from the port to the central bore of the body. The mercuric oxide bed is across the passage so that the gas, in passing through the bed, causes mercury vapor to be generated and to pass into the central bore of the body. The amount of mercury vapor is measured by its spectral absorption in the ultraviolet range when the mercury vapor is in the central bore of the body.

Abstract: A dissociation chamber and measuring cell combination which is useful for making atomic fluorescence measurements includes a heated dissociation chamber and a measuring cell separate therefrom. The combination is particularly useful for use with elements which form hydrides of the sought element.

Abstract: A clarified slurry oil coker feedstock is subjected to absorption chromatography and ultraviolet light adsorptivity and the results are correlated to determine the suitability of the feedstock for electrode grade coke.

Abstract: On-column detection by an optical detector is accomplished with a flexible silica column. The flexible fused silica column has an inner diameter less than 500 .mu.m, an external protective coating with a stripped portion near the end of the column. The stripped portion is placed in the working path of an optical detector in order to detect and resolve the sample.

Abstract: A fluorescent sulfur dioxide analyzer that includes a generator for producing a standard gas of known sulfur dioxide content. A source of ultraviolet radiation illuminates the interior of a reaction chamber in which an oxygen containing gas is passed over a deposit of sulfur. During passage, a part of the oxygen reacts with the sulfur to produce sulfur dioxide. Because the quantity of sulfur dioxide is predictable and reproducible, the resulting sulfur dioxide containing gas is suitable for use as a standard or span gas in the analyzer with which it is used, thereby eliminating the need for the storage tanks or permeation tubes.

Abstract: In an optical absorption gas sensor there is a practical problem of obtaining a sufficiently long optical path necessary to provide the required sensitivity within a compact space. In the present invention the path length can be multiplied to about 2 meters in a hemispheric like chamber having a radius about 8 cm. A novel, compact and inexpensive cell structure for increasing the optical path length by multiple reflections is provided.

Abstract: A combined instrument for the determination of the quantity of organic material present in a water sample is disclosed which features a first photosensor adapted to regulate the output of a source of ultraviolet regulation at a constant level and a second substantially identical photosensor positioned so as to view the same portion of the source of ultraviolet radiation as the first photosensor. The second photosensor produces a signal proportional to the transmittance of the ultraviolet radiation through the water sample and hence inversely proportional to the amount of organic material contained within the water. Such an instrument is also disclosed in combination with a water sterilizer in which the same source of ultraviolet radiation used as to monitor the amount of organic material present in the water is also arranged to provide ultraviolet radiation to the water or provide a bactericidal and sterilizing effect to the water.

Abstract: Novel photometric apparatus advantageously having a conical shaped flow-cell comprising a light source proximate the narrow end and a photosensitive detector at the wider end of the cell. The flow-cell adequately compensates for a lens effect that has been discovered to be a substantial factor in electro-magnetic energy absorption studies on liquid streams.

Abstract: An improvement in analytic instruments which measure liquid properties by optical techniques, the improvement providing an optical path through the liquid under test as low as about 0.1 mm by presence of a flat transparent surface across the optical beam and by flowing a film of the liquid under test down the surface, the depth of the film being the optical path through the liquid.Desirably the surface is normal to the beam, but at an acute angle to horizontal. A matted surface is desirable for spreading high viscosity solvents across the surface.

Abstract: In a sulfur dioxide analyzer which measures the content of sulfur dioxide by fluorescence of sulfur dioxide molecules when illuminated by an ultraviolet light source, there is disclosed a converter containing vanadium pentoxide for removal of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons which produce interference when sulfur dioxide is measured by fluorescent methodology.

Abstract: Color former is added to blood serum sample color it, and measurements for specific components are determined based on the light absorbance caused by coloring. For one sample, a differential light absorbance between two wavelengths at each of long wavelength region, middle wavelength region and short wavelength region within a visible wavelength band is determined. The degree of chyle is determined from the measurements for the long wavelength region, the degree of hemolysis is determined from the measurements for the middle wavelength region, and the degree of icterus is determined from the measurements for the short wavelength region. The measurements for the specific components are then corrected by the degree of chyle, degree of hemolysis and degree of icterus to obtain highly correct measurements.

Abstract: A fluorescent gas analyzer that provides a DC output signal that is proportional to the concentration of a given gas that fluoresces within a reaction cell over a predetermined interval is disclosed. The analyzer includes a detector combination and a compensation circuit that prevent the output signal from being affected by scattered excitation energy detected by the fluorescence detector or by variations in the excitation energy. The analyzer is particularly adapted for detecting fluorescence from SO.sub.2 that is excited by UV radiation.

Abstract: A gas analyzer includes a first conduit for the supply of gas to be tested, a second conduit for the supply of a standard gas, first and second cells, a light source for directing light rays through the first and second cells, and a detector for receiving the light rays after passing through the cells. There is provided a gas flow change-over device connected to the first and second conduits for alternating at fixed intervals between a first gas supply arrangement wherein fixed amounts of gas to be tested and the standard gas are simultaneously supplied to the first and second cells, respectively, and a second gas supply arrangement wherein the fixed amounts of the gas to be tested and the standard gas are simultaneously supplied to the second and first cells, respectively.

Abstract: A gas analyzer for measuring the concentration of a gaseous component in a test gas includes first and second separate cells adapted to alternately be filled with a test gas containing a gaseous component to be analyzed and a standard gas, light sources for directing rays of energy through the first and second cells and through the test gas and standard gas alternately contained therein, a detector positioned to receive the rays of energy after passage thereof through the first and second cells for detecting the concentration of the gaseous component within the test gas, and a changeover device connected to the first and second cells and adapted to be connected to sources of the test gas and the standard gas for alternately supplying the test gas and standard gas, at fixed intervals and in fixed amounts, into the first and second cells.

Abstract: A diagnostic technique to histologically detect malignancy and other tissue properties is performed by pressing a solid tissue sample between a pair of planar parallel plates transparent to ultraviolet light to a fraction of the original thickness of the sample and by subsequently passing focused ultraviolet light therethrough. The ultraviolet light is passed transversely to the planar glass plates and the emerging angularly distributed light is analyzed to determine a dignity parameter of the sample containing diagnostic information. The dignity parameter is a unique, monotonous and continuous function of the relation of the forward scatter coefficient to the extinction coefficient of the compact portions of the tissue of the sample.

Abstract: A new convenient and more reliable spectrophotometric method for assaying endotoxins at levels as low as 1 to 5 ppb. Representative members of six different groups of endotoxins, Shigella, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas and Porteus. were examined and each exhibited an absorption maxium of 258 to 260 nm.

Abstract: A device is provided for measuring the concentration of oxygen in a sample utilizing the differential absorption by oxygen (O.sub.2) of two closely spaced ultraviolet (UV) radiation lines. The two UV lines are preferably isotope-shifted Hg lines in the vicinity of the Hg atomic transistion line at 1849.5A.

Abstract: Reaction of laser radiation and a reactive medium is conducted by reflecting a hollow conical beam of the radiation back and forth between two aspheric mirrors. This gives a long path length for the radiation passing through the medium, although the length of the reaction zone, i.e. the distance between the mirrors, may be comparatively small. By selection of the curvature of the mirrors, the radiation flux density can be controlled so that it is substantially uniform or so that it exhibits a pre-determined cylindrically symmetrical variation across the width of the reaction chamber, and this distribution of the flux density can be matched to the distribution of availability of reactive species within the reaction zone.

Abstract: Disclosed is a radiation collector apparatus for analyzing particles by irradiating the particles to produce a source of detectable radiation, wherein the radiation collector apparatus comprises a reflector chamber having an ellipsoidal first reflector surface truncated in a plane of a minor axis of the same by a planar second reflector surface. Detectable radiation emanating from a primary focus of the first reflector surface either directly or after one or more reflections proceeds through a window formed in one of the reflector surfaces for subsequent processing. In another embodiment a dichroic second reflector surface is provided.

Abstract: Disclosed is a radiation collector apparatus and method primarily for counting and analyzing a flow of dilute particulate material, such as blood cells, sperm cells and the like, through the use of radiation detection. The radiation collector apparatus comprises a reflector chamber having an ellipsoidal reflector surface with a pair of ellipsoidal foci defining a primary focus and secondary focus. A window is formed in the ellipsoidal reflector surface and is centered on a symmetry axis defined by the primary and secondary foci. In operation the radiation collector apparatus is provided with an intensified beam of radiation and a stream of particulate material aligned to intersect the intensified beam of radiation at one of the ellipsoidal foci. Detectable radiation, either directly or after one or more reflections, proceeds through the window in an organized beam for detection.

Abstract: An illustrative embodiment shows infrared radiation divided into two beams which impinge on respective detectors via respective stationary filters, so as to provide measures of two constituents of a mixture of gases used for mixed anaesthesia. The same angled mirrors which provide the measurement beams may also be reflective on their sides toward the infrared source to provide reference beams to the filters and detectors such that the detectors may alternately sense the measurement and reference beams with the aid of beam interrupters.

Abstract: This invention relates to a device for generating an atomic cloud, the device having a housing in which is housed a cathode and an anode, and with suitable passages or flow directing members to direct flow of a gas outwardly away from or past the cathode discharge surface, so that when a suitable potential is applied across the anode and the cathode a glow discharge occurs between the anode and the cathode. The flow of gas preferably draws atoms that are ejected from the cathode discharge surface away from the cathode to a region beyond the cathode glow region, thereby to generate an atomic cloud having a low value of inherent radiation. The device is further incorporated with an apparatus for spectro-scopically analyzing a substance by fluorescent techniques.

Abstract: A gas-sample collection device is disclosed for matrix isolation of individual gas bands from a gas chromatographic separation and for presenting these distinct samples for spectrometric examination. The device includes a vacuum chamber containing a rotatably supported, specular carrousel having a number of external, reflecting surfaces around its axis of rotation for holding samples. A gas inlet is provided for depositing sample and matrix material on the individual reflecting surfaces maintained at a sufficiently low temperature to cause solidification. Two optical windows or lenses are installed in the vacuum chamber walls for transmitting a beam of electromagnetic radiation, for instance infrared light, through a selected sample. Positioned within the chamber are two concave mirrors, the first aligned to receive the light beam from one of the lenses and focus it to the sample on one of the reflecting surfaces of the carrousel.

Abstract: A fluorometric system to determine the kind and amount of substances derived from a biological fluid (e.g., serum or urine) or tissue in which the substances to be detected (e.g., antigen, antibody, hormone or enzyme) are coated onto a substrate surface in fluorescent form. Multiple coating areas of different samples may be employed. The fluorometric system includes a source of filtered light to excite fluorescence, an optical system for conducting the excitation light to such coating, and optical systems for receiving emitted fluorescence and for detecting the same. The system efficiency and optical characteristics disclosed avoid photo-bleaching; limit fading; and are especially adapted to provide accurate surface reading fluorometry.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for non-dispersive optical determination of gas and smoke components in a mixture by reflection and detection of radiation, of a different wavelength for each component, through the mixture, wherein the radiation is periodically intercepted before it enters the mixture and reflected direct to the photo-receiver and the measurement signals are divided by the stored direct signals.

Abstract: An ultraviolet liquid purification system includes a purification chamber having banks of ultraviolet lamps distributed therein for applying germicidal ultraviolet radiation to the liquid flowing through in said chamber. Ultraviolet photocell detectors are located in said chamber to detect the level of ultraviolet radiation transmitted through the quartz jacket housing the ultraviolet lamps and through the liquid being purified. Indicator means produce an alarm signal when the total ultraviolet radiation transmitted through the liquid drops below a preselected level. In addition, a light conducting fiber is provided for each ultraviolet lamp having its input endface located at the ultraviolet lamp and its output endface at a display panel whereby identification of a particular ultraviolet lamp that has failed may be easily detected. Photocell detector means are provided to detect the light output at the output endface of the light conductor fiber and to produce an alarm signal when said light output fails.

Abstract: The ultraviolet and infrared radiation from a source of UV radiation is subjected to the selective infrared radiation-filtering action of steam which transmits the ultraviolet rays while absorbing the infrared rays.

Abstract: The concentration of oxygen in the presence of water vapor and other gases is measured without production of harmful levels of ozone by alternately passing ultraviolet light of two wavelengths through a sample, one of the wavelengths being strongly absorbed by oxygen and the other being weakly absorbed, and excluding light outside of these wavelengths.

Abstract: A new convenient and more reliable spectrophotometric method for assaying endotoxins at levels as low as 10 ppb. Five different solutions of endotoxins, E. coli 0127:B8, E. coli 055:B5, S. abortus equi, S. enteritidis and S. flexneri were examined and each exhibited an absorption maximum of 259 mm.

Abstract: An arrangement for automatic drift compensation in a gas analyzer in which a source of radiation radiates through the gas to be analyzed, and directs the radiation onto a detector. The latter forms an amplified output signal corresponding to the detector output and corresponding to the gas concentration. A signal storage stores the signal corresponding to the output signal of the detector when the gas to be analyzed has a predetermined concentration. A comparator compares the output signal from the detector with the stored signal. The gas analyzer is used for determining the content of a predetermined gas in a mixture of gases exhaled by a patient. A circuit connected between the detector output and the comparator input delivers to the storage a signal during the inspiration phase of the patient.

Abstract: In a method for measuring the concentration of a substance contained in a gas, the gas is irradiated with a radiation having a sufficiently short wavelength to photodissociate the substance. A photometric measurement is then carried out on at least one of the products of photodissociation in order to determine its concentration which is proportional to the concentration of the substance to be measured.

Abstract: A device for measuring gaseous species which comprises a scattering chamber having a resonance lamp illuminating said chamber and a detector for measuring a scattered light within said chamber and conduit means for delivering said gaseous species to said chamber and a photofragmentation chamber within said conduit for selectively decomposing said gaseous species.

Abstract: A plate-like structure comprising a liquid flow path formed in one face thereof, a thin ductile seal-forming coating on the face of the structure which forms the flow path. The structure finds many utilities, most advantageously in constructing a novel valve wherein the disk is flexible and adapted for flexing a central face portion thereof against a conduit, thereby sealing said conduit.

Abstract: An electrode arrangement for the detection of species ionized by radiant energy from a radiation source, comprising: an annular cathode; a shield, opaque to the radiant energy, extending across the cathode and having an aperture smaller than and coaxial with the annulus formed by the cathode; and an elongated anode having its distal end coaxially of the cathode and the shield aperture, the cathode being shielded from and the anode being exposed to the radiant energy from the radiation source.

Abstract: Novel photometric apparatus advantageously having a conical shaped flow-cell comprising a light source proximate the narrow end and a photosensitive detector at the wider end of the cell. The flow-cell adequately compensates for a lens effect that has been discovered to be a substantial factor in electro-magnetic energy absorption studies on liquid streams.

Abstract: An improved fluorometer flow cell is described wherein the flow cell is constructed entirely of a light transparent polyfluoroethylene tubing.

Abstract: A system for discriminating between the fluorescent emission from dye molecules bound to biological particles and the background emission from free molecules of the dye in the solution suspending the particles, where the quantum efficiency of the bound dye molecules because of their bound state, differs from the quantum efficiency of the unbound dye so that the emission from the bound dye exhibits a longer statistical decay lifetime. The system involves irradiating the particles in the solution with a mode locked laser, and measuring fluorescent intensity in delayed synchronism with the mode locking frequency.

Abstract: The present invention contemplates an arrangement for analyzing a plurality of components in a single specimen which comprises placing a diluted specimen into a storage cup which is part of a sample carrier system, containing storage and reaction cups, transferring aliquots of the diluted solutions of the sample from the storage to the reaction cups, presenting the rows of the reaction cups to a work station, sequentially, adding a reagent to each of the reaction cups and moving the reaction cups into a work field where beams of light passing through the various reaction cups can be scanned and the components contained in the reaction cups can be assayed by means of a single detector attached to a computer and print-out system.

Abstract: A fluorometric system to determine the kind and amount of substances derived from a biological fluid (e.g., serum or urine) or tissue. The substances to be detected (e.g., antigen, antibody, hormone or enzyme) is coated onto a substrate in fluorescent form. Multiple coating areas of different samples may be employed. The fluorometric system includes a source of light to excite fluorescence, a fiber optic cable to conduct the excitation light to such coating, and a second fiber optic cable to conduct emitted fluorescence to a detector device. The system minimizes any gap distance in the path from the sample to the detector which permits the loss of excessive fluorescence. A branched fiber optical cable with the main trunk terminating adjacent the sample with one branch for transmitting light to the sample and the other for transmitting fluorescence light to the detector.

Abstract: To compensate for variations in the intensity of light emitted from different locations within a lamp or in different directions from the lamp, a flat, thin, radiating member is positioned to receive intense light from the lamp and to radiate two divergent beams of light with proportional intensities in directions transverse to the member through collimating means oriented on the same light radiating spot. Light from the lamp, in one embodiment, is focused onto a spot on the side of the radiating member opposite the collimating means with an ellipsoidal reflector and, in another embodiment, the required intensity is obtained by positioning a lamp near the side of the radiating member opposite the collimating means.

Abstract: Collimated ultraviolet light radiation at wavelengths of 2537A and 3129A is alternately directed across the space to be monitored for smoke indicative of a fire. A "cats eye" mirror at the far side of the monitored space returns the ultraviolet rays to a photomultiplier detector adjacent the light source. Smoke, for example pine smoke having a particle mean diameter of 1.4 to 3.0 micrometers, will attenuate the shorter wavelength beam much more than the longer wavelength beam. Approximately 1.3 times greater attenuation is inflicted on the 2537A beam than on the 3129A by the pine smoke. Thus, returning beam signals having this ratio of signal levels will provide an indication of a pine fire. Particles of a different diameter intercepting the beam will produce a different ratio of attenuated signals.

Abstract: A non-dispersive infrared correlation spectrometer for determining the presence of a gas having a known characteristic infrared absorption spectrum in a gaseous mixture is disclosed which utilizes a unique combination filtering system in cooperation with a highly sensitive solid state detector which provide a highly selective and sensitive instrument.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for NO.sub.x analysis in which a sample gas is introduced into a sample cell and mixed with oxygen to induce conversion of NO to NO.sub.2. After a given time, prior to complete conversion of NO to NO.sub.2, the absorbance and the time rate of change of absorbance is measured. The time rate of change of absorbance is indicative of the initial NO concentration in the sample gas; and the sum of the absorbance and the time rate of change of absorbance is indicative of the initial NO.sub.x concentration in the gas. A better indication of the initial NO.sub.x concentration can be obtained from the sum of the absorbance and the square root of the time rate of change of absorbance.

Abstract: An analyser for the determination of double bonds in organic compounds comprises a reactor containing a compound to be tested through which passes an ozone-oxygen or ozone-air mixture. The gas outlet of the reactor is connected to a measuring cell which is mounted between a source and receiver of ultraviolet radiation, with the receiver being connected to the input of an integrating unit which is adapted to measure the area of a figure described by a time-dependent electric signal, which area is directly proportional to the number of double bonds in the compound being tested.

Abstract: In analysing a sample by atomic absorption or atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, the cloud of free atoms which interact with incident radiation is produced by heating a graphite body, disposed below the interaction region, on which the sample has been deposited. The body is heated in an inert atmosphere by passing electric current through it. Compact forms of apparatus which may replace the burner system of a conventional spectrometer utilise a horizontally disposed graphite rod around which flows a stream of inert gas.

Abstract: A method and arrangement for determining the concentration of nitric oxide n a gas mixture, particularly exhaust gases, wherein a beam from a hollow-cathode tube is directed through a modulator, an absorption cell containing a gas mixture with an unknown concentration of nitric oxide, and a monochromator, to a beam detector. A readout arrangement displaying the concentration of nitric oxide gas is operatively connected to the beam detector.

Abstract: A helium resonance lamp having a hollow cylindrical body including dielectric walls has a reentrant coaxial hollow element integral within said body and extending from one end thereof with an electrical conductor within said hollow element. A window partially transparent to 584A encloses the other end of said body. A hollow arm is integral with and extends from the body and contains a getter. High purity helium is maintained within the body at a pressure of 0.1 to 100 torr. The lamp is placed within a chamber connected to a vacuum system to be tested. Helium gas is sprayed near the suspected leak in the system. Helium entering the chamber from the system is detected and displayed.

Abstract: An improved spectrophotometer of the non-dispersive absorption type useful for detecting the presence of SO.sub.2 in a gaseous sample, despite the simultaneous presence of NO.sub.2. Ultraviolet light from a commercially-available source impinges upon a fixed phosphor screen which fluoresces to produce ultraviolet radiation at a first wavelength, at which both SO.sub.2 and NO.sub.2 absorb radiation; and at a second wavelength at which absorption by SO.sub.2 is minimal but NO.sub.2 absorption is approximately the same as at the first wavelength. The radiation is directed through a sample chamber having windows which are transversely slidable to effect cleaning without destroying the integrity of the chamber seal, then introduced into an envelope enclosing filters and a pair of photosensors. One photosensor receives light at the second wavelength and produces a signal which reflects the attenuation by NO.sub.2 at that wavelength.

Abstract: This invention is method and apparatus for measuring, at a remote location, the concentration and velocity of SO.sub.2 in plume from a smokestack. An ultraviolet video system views the plume against the background sky at wavelengths where SO.sub.2 molecules absorb light. The result is a real time display of the plume coupled with means for measuring the SO.sub.2 concentration at any point in the plume and at any time desired. In addition, means are provided in combination with the ultraviolet video system for measuring the velocity of the SO.sub.2 in the plume.