Abstract: The invention relates to a submersible system (1) for measuring the density and/or concentration of solids in a dispersion, which can be in the form of a liquid, a mixture of multiple liquids, a suspension of solids in liquid, or a combination of these forms, inside of a reactor (11) into which gas in the form of bubbles is introduced, the system comprising: an open, pass-through gas exclusion device (4) having a tubular body (5) with a variable cross-section through which the dispersion without gas bubbles enters, the device coupling to an inlet tube (6); a scaled chamber (8) that has a means for measuring density, when the dispersion circulates between an inlet (14) of the sealed chamber (8) and an outlet (15) of the sealed chamber (8). The outlet (15) of the sealed chamber (8) is coupled to an outlet tube (7) through which the dispersion returns to the reactor (11) in which same is being processed.

Abstract: A particulate measurement system (10) includes an auxiliary electrode current measurement circuit (780), which can determine whether or not an auxiliary electrode current Iir has flowed to a second wiring line (222) as well as its magnitude. When a particulate sensor (100) is operating normally, since a second electrode (132) and a casing CS are electrically insulated from each other, no current flows to the second wiring line (222). However, when the second electrode (132) and the casing CS are electrically shorted by soot or the like, the auxiliary electrode current Iir flows to the second wiring line (222). Therefore, by providing the auxiliary electrode current measurement circuit (780), the particulate measurement system (10) can determine the state of adhesion of particulates, etc., in the particulate sensor (100), and can determine whether or not the particulate measurement system (10) is in an anomalous state.

Abstract: A system for modifying a shock wave formed in a fluid by a body to modify effects of the shock wave on information transferred to or from the body. The system includes an element for heating fluid along a path to form a volume of heated fluid expanding outwardly from the path, the path extending from the body and through the shock wave; an element for transferring the information to or from the body; and an element for timing the transferring of the information relative to the heating of the fluid along the path to modify certain effects of the shock wave on the information.

Abstract: A system for modifying a shock wave formed in a fluid by a body to modify effects of the shock wave on information transferred to or from the body. The system includes laser pulses for heating fluid along a path to form a volume of heated fluid expanding outwardly from the path, the path extending from the body and through the shock wave; an element for transferring the information to or from the body; and a timer for timing the transferring of the information relative to the heating of the fluid along the path to modify certain effects of the shock wave on the information.

Abstract: A system for modifying a shock wave formed in a fluid by a body to modify effects of the shock wave on information transferred to or from the body. The system includes an element for heating fluid along a path to form a volume of heated fluid expanding outwardly from the path, the path extending from the body and through the shock wave; mechanism for transferring the information to or from the body; and device for timing the transferring of the information relative to the heating of the fluid along the path to modify certain effects of the shock wave on the information.

Abstract: A detector for detection of ionizing radiation, an apparatus for use in planar beam radiography, comprising such a detector, and a method for detecting ionizing radiation.

Abstract: A contact interface having a substantially annular silicide ring along sides of a depression formed in an active surface of the semiconductor substrate, wherein the depression is formed by an etching process to form a contact opening through a dielectric layer. The contact interface is formed by depositing a layer of conductive material, such as titanium, with a high bias power IMP deposition. The conductive material is turned to a silicide by an annealing process, thereby forming the contact interface.

Abstract: A photoionization detector includes a brittle substrate having a void micromachined therein with a void inlet and a void outlet. First and second electrodes are disposed in the void. An ultraviolet transparent member covers at least a portion of the void in which the electrodes are disposed. A gas sample passes through the void and is exposed to ultraviolet radiation from a UV source. Ionization of the sample is measured as current flowing between the electrodes.

Abstract: A device and method for locating an electret in an electret-type radon gas detector, so it is wrinkle free, uses a sloped pedestal over which the electret sheet is placed. A ring with a beveled interior surface and a minor diameter smaller than the top of the pedestal is forced down over the electret sheet and pedestal, and into a groove surrounding the pedestal formed by a wall projecting from the base of the device. The movement of the ring causes the electret to stretch and eliminates any wrinkles. Also, forcing the ring over the pedestal causes the ring to rotate about its circular centroid axis and to dig into the walls of the groove, thus locking the assembly together.

Abstract: A photometric analyzer for measuring differential total reduced sulfur in a sample gas stream is provided. It includes a supply for a sulfur bearing gas sample, an oven having an inlet connected to the supply for converting TRS to SO.sub.2 and an outlet through which the gas sample is discharged. A valve is connected to the outlet of the oven. An SO.sub.2 bypass line is connected between the supply and the valve. A sample cell with transparent ends has an inlet adjacent one end connected to the valve for alternately receiving sample gas from either the oven or the bypass line and has an outlet adjacent the other end. A pump connected to the sample cell outlet draws the gas sample through the sample cell. A light source at the one end of the sample cell directs light of a predetermined wave length through the sample cell. A light sensing device at the other end detects the amount of light passing through the sample cell at any given time and provides an output signal to an analyzer.

Abstract: The invention relates to apparatus for detecting a constituent gas in a gas flow. Means is provided for removing the constituent gas from a sample flow and directing this sample flow together with a reference flow containing the constituent gas through an equilibrator means wherein contaminants can be removed before the sample gas and the reference gas are compared in detector means, for example, an electron capture detector. The apparatus and method are also applicable to the detection of a liquid in a flow thereof.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting the presence of volatile, organic substances in gaseous mixtures comprises a filament on which the substances are absorbed when the filament is cold and released when hot, an electron capture device to detect the emitted substances, a primary and a secondary flow of inert gas, and a valve system in which system an inlet valve which admits the gaseous mixture automatically closes when the gas pressure of the gases within the apparatus exceeds the ambient pressure, the presence of the volatile organic substances being indicated by an output signal from the electron capture device. The apparatus alternatively may be used for controlling the flow of gases containing organic volatile substances.The filament may be sensitive to specific vapors.

Abstract: A curved location- or positionally-sensitive proportional counter tube having a trough-shaped cathode in a counting chamber. A curved resiliently elastic wire forming the anode extends longitudinally through the curved counting chamber in conformance with the curvature of the latter. Suitable fastening arrangements engage the ends of the wire so as to mount the wire in asymmetrical relationship to a counter tube window and equidistantly from the side walls of the cathode trough.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuously measuring with safety and high accuracy the calorific power of a sample containing hydrocarbon compounds and sulfur, such as crude oil and petroleum products. The apparatus supplies two energy levels of radioactive rays to be absorbed by the sample, a first supply of the radioactive rays having an energy level at which the mass absorption coefficient of carbon differs from that of hydrogen, and a second supply of rays having an energy level at which the mass absorption coefficient of carbon is approximately equal to that of hydrogen. The first rays yield a signal varying with the concentrations of hydrogen, carbon and sulfur in the sample, while the second rays yield a signal varying with the concentration of sulfur in the sample. The signals are density compensated, and mathematically correlated according to a predetermined arithmetic formula to determine the calorific power of the sample hydrocarbon compound.

Abstract: Improved circuitry for increasing the sensitivity of an electron-capture ionization detector includes a closed-loop feedback circuit which varies the frequency of pulses which are applied to the detector. The circuit responds to greater concentrations of predetermined compounds such as gases by increasing the pulse repetition frequency and responds to lower concentrations by decreasing the pulse repetition frequency, always tending to keep the current flowing in the detector circuit near a constant preset value. The pulse frequency will then vary directly with the concentration of sampled compound in the detector, and simple frequency-to-voltage conversion devices can be used to signal such concentrations. .Iadd.