Abstract: An apparatus for monitoring an ion distribution of a wafer comprises a first sensor and a sensor. The first sensor, the second sensor and the wafer are placed in an effective range of a uniform ion implantation current profile. A controller determines the ion dose of each region of the wafer based upon the detected signal from the first sensor and the second sensor. In addition, the controller adjusts the scanning frequency of an ion beam or the movement speed of the wafer to achieve a uniform ion distribution on the wafer.

Abstract: A radiation image capturing apparatus is provided with a scanning drive unit which sequentially applies ON voltage to respective scanning lines during a readout process to read out image data from radiation detection elements. From the time before radiation imaging, a controller controls the scanning drive unit to sequentially apply the ON voltage to the respective scanning lines and executes the readout process for the image data from the radiation detection elements. The controller detects start of the radioactive irradiation when the image data exceeds a threshold value, and controls that ON time, during which the ON voltage is applied to the scanning lines from the scanning drive unit during the readout process for the image data before radiation imaging, becomes longer than ON time during a readout process for the image data after finishing the radioactive irradiation.

Abstract: There is provided a radiation detection element including: a radiation detection section that is formed from plural pixels that is of the same size and arrayed two-dimensionally while adjacent to one another, and that detects radiation passed through an object of imaging; plural scan lines that transfer signals that carry out switching control of switching elements provided respectively at the plural pixels; and plural data lines that are disposed so as to intersect the scan lines, and that transfer electric signals read-out by the switching elements, wherein the radiation detection section is made into a shape in which a pair of opposing sides is longer than another pair of opposing sides, and each of the pixels is made into a shape that is short in a short side direction of the radiation detection section and long in a long side direction of the radiation detection section.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods are described including implantable radiation sensing devices having exposure determination devices that determines exposure information based on the at least one in vivo measurand output.

Abstract: A tomographic image of a subject is generated from projection image data acquired in a series of image capturing processes carried out by a radiation detector based on radiation emitted from a radiation source and transmitted through the subject. An extrapolating process is performed on each of the projection image data along a prescribed direction, and a smoothing process is performed on each of the projection image data along a direction perpendicular to the prescribed direction, thereby determining values of a plurality of pixels in non-detecting regions, which do not belong to a detecting region of the radiation detector. The determined values of the pixels also are used to generate the tomographic image.

Abstract: A tumor treatment apparatus may include an array of collimated CZT detectors configured to intersect a known coordinate and measure gamma radiation activity, for example at 511 keV. A radiation delivery system may be configured to direct radiation through the known coordinate on the basis of the gamma radiation activity. A translatable and rotatable table may be configured to support a tumor host, wherein the tumor is positionable relative to the known coordinate on the basis of the gamma radiation activity emitted by the tumor and measured by the array of collimated CZT detectors. Radiation from the radiation delivery system may be delivered to the tumor at the known coordinate, and may be delivered in an intra-operative surgical environment.

Abstract: A radiation image capturing device is provided with plural pixels, a detection unit and a control unit. The pixels are each provided with a sensor portion and a switching element that reads out charges generated at the sensor portion and outputs the charges to a signal line. The detection unit detects the start of irradiation if electronic signals according to the charges satisfy a pre-specified condition for irradiation detection. After the start of irradiation of radiation is detected, the control unit acquires electronic signals corresponding to the charges and determines whether the acquired electronic signals include an electronic signal caused by noise. If the electronic signal caused by noise is included, the control unit controls a reporting unit so as to report this.

Abstract: Bias lines are provided for respective columns of pixels, and of a plurality of bias lines, bias lines provided at an interval of 10 mm are connected to a bias power source through a current detector. The remaining bias lines are connected directly to the bias power source without passing through the current detector. In each pixel, if electric charge is generated by a radiation detection element in accordance with the dose of irradiated radiation, a current flows in the bias line in accordance with the generated electric charge. The current detector detects the current flowing in the bias line, and a control unit detects, as the timing of starting irradiation of a radiation, when the detected current (current value) is equal to or greater than a threshold value, and starts radiographing of a radiological image.

Abstract: Digital images or the charge from pixels in light sensitive semiconductor based imagers may be used to detect gamma rays and energetic particles emitted by radioactive materials. Methods may be used to identify pixel-scale artifacts introduced into digital images and video images by high energy gamma rays. Statistical tests and other comparisons on the artifacts in the images or pixels may be used to prevent false-positive detection of gamma rays. The sensitivity of the system may be used to detect radiological material at distances in excess of 50 meters. Advanced processing techniques allow for gradient searches to more accurately determine the source's location, while other acts may be used to identify the specific isotope. Coordination of different imagers and network alerts permit the system to separate non-radioactive objects from radioactive objects.

Abstract: A charged particle detection system comprises plural detection elements and a multi-aperture plate in proximity of the detection elements. Charged particle beamlets can traverse the apertures of the multi-aperture plate to be incident on the detection elements. More than one multi-aperture plate can be provided to form a stack of multi-aperture plates in proximity of the detector. A suitable electric potential supplied to the multi-aperture plate can have an energy filtering property for the plural charged particle beamlets traversing the apertures of the plate.

Abstract: A transmission X-ray analyzer for detecting a transmission X-ray image of a sample that moves relatively in a predetermined scanning direction includes; a time delay and integration (TDI) sensor including a plurality of stages of line sensors including the plurality of two-dimensionally arranged image pickup devices arranged in a direction perpendicular to the predetermined scanning direction, being configured to transfer charge accumulated in one line sensor to an adjacent subsequent line sensor; a shield unit for shielding a part of the image of light entering the TDI sensor by moving back and forth in the predetermined scanning direction, the shield unit being disposed between the TDI sensor and the sample; and a shield unit position control unit for controlling a position of the shield unit so as to shield a predetermined number of stages of line sensors among the plurality of stages of line sensors.

Abstract: In an ion implanter, a detector assembly is employed to monitor the ion beam current and incidence angle at the location of the work piece or wafer. The detector assembly includes a plurality of pairs of current sensors and a blocker panel. The blocker panel is coupled to the detector array to move together with the detector array. The blocker panel is also disposed a distance away from the sensors to allow certain of the beamlets that comprise the ion beam to reach the sensors. Each sensor in a pair of sensors measures the beam current incident thereon and the incident angle is calculated using these measurements. In this manner, beam current and incidence angle variations may be measured at the work piece site and be accommodated for, thereby avoiding undesirable beam current profiles.

Abstract: A wavefront measuring apparatus includes an optical element forming a periodic pattern by light, a detector having pixels to detect the light, and a computer computing, based on detection results of the detector, wavefront information at positions in a wavefront of the light transmitted through or reflected by a specimen. The detector detects a first periodic pattern formed by the light, and a second periodic pattern formed by the light and shifted in phase from the first periodic pattern. The computer computes the wavefront information at one of the positions by using a result detected in a first pixel of the pixels when detecting the first periodic pattern, a result detected in a second pixel of the pixels when detecting the first periodic pattern, the second pixel being positioned within three pixels from the first pixel, and a result detected in the first pixel when detecting the second periodic pattern.

Abstract: Radiations detectors with angled walls and methods of fabrication are provided. One radiation detector module includes a plurality of sensor tiles configured to detect radiation. The plurality of sensor tiles have (i) top and bottom edges defining top and bottom surfaces of the plurality of sensor tiles, (ii) sidewall edges defining sides of the plurality of sensor tiles, and (iii) corners defined by the top and bottom edges and the sidewall edges. The radiation detector module also has at least one beveled surface having an oblique angle, wherein the beveled surface includes beveling of at least one of top or bottom edges, the side wall edges, or the corners.

Abstract: With the aid of discriminators on a picture element of an X-ray detector, digital outputs are generated that indicate energy intervals to which X-ray quanta are allocated. If this occurs for adjacent picture elements, a distinction may be made between true coincidences, in which k-fluorescence photons play a part, and random coincidences in which two primary quanta randomly strike adjacent picture elements. The energy of the primary quantum may also be at least roughly reconstructed in the case of true coincidences. An energy-triggering measurement may thereby be provided to the extent that different materials of a picture object should be distinguished.

Abstract: A detection apparatus includes a driving circuit unit in which a plurality of unit circuits each including a first circuit that supplies conducting voltage of a switch element of a pixel based on voltage included in a clock signal to a driving wire in accordance with an initiation signal and a second circuit that supplies non-conducting voltage of the switch element to the driving wire in accordance with a termination signal are provided for the plurality of corresponding driving wires and a control unit that supplies the clock signal to the driving circuit unit. The control unit supplies control voltage to the plurality of unit circuits, and each of the plurality of unit circuits further includes a third circuit that continues to supply the non-conducting voltage to the corresponding driving wire in accordance with the control voltage.

Abstract: A radiation imaging apparatus comprising: a detection apparatus having detection regions; at least one plate having transmitting regions arranged in an array for adjusting the amount of radiation incident on the detection regions by blocking radiation incident on a region other than the transmitting regions; a holding unit that holds the plate in such a manner that the plate can move along the detection surface while being kept in a position over the detection surface of the detection apparatus; and a drive unit that moves the plate, is provided. The drive unit can fix the plate in various positions relative to the detection surface, and the area of a part of the detection region on which radiation transmitted through the plate is incident varies depending on the position of the plate.

Abstract: A radiation control apparatus includes a determination unit configured to determine dose values of exposures to a radiation detector for acquiring correction images, corresponding to measured input-output characteristics of the radiation detector, and a acquisition unit configured to acquire correction data for the input-output characteristics of the radiation detector, based on the correction images acquired from the detector exposed at the determined dose values.

Abstract: A gamma ray detector includes a gamma ray detecting rod elongated along a longitudinal axis, wherein gamma ray detection is enhanced along the longitudinal axis, and a gamma ray shield encapsulating the rod, the shield having an aperture at an end of the detecting rod along the longitudinal axis to admit gamma rays substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the elongated detecting rod, wherein gamma ray detection is enhanced along the longitudinal axis and aperture to substantially collimate the sensitivity of the gamma ray detector along the combined aperture and longitudinal axis of the detecting rod.

Abstract: An imaging system and method of imaging are disclosed. The imaging system can include an external radiation source producing pairs of substantially simultaneous radiation emissions of a picturization emission and a verification emissions at an emission angle. The imaging system can also include a plurality of picturization sensors and at least one verification sensor for detecting the picturization and verification emissions, respectively. The imaging system also includes an object stage is arranged such that a picturization emission can pass through an object supported on said object stage before being detected by one of said plurality of picturization sensors. A coincidence system and a reconstruction system can also be included. The coincidence can receive information from the picturization and verification sensors and determine whether a detected picturization emission is direct radiation or scattered radiation.

Abstract: A radiation detection and counting system (2) includes a radiation detector element (5) for outputting a signal related to an energy of a radiation event received thereby and an amplifier (8) for amplifying the signal output by the detector element (5). A gain equalization circuit (10) adjusts the gain of the amplified output signal and a plurality of comparators (12) compare the gain adjusted amplified output signal to a like plurality of different valued threshold signals that are independently adjustable of each other A plurality of counters (20) is operative whereupon only the counter associated with the one comparator (12) that changes state in response to the peak of the gain adjusted amplified output signal exceeding the value of the trigger threshold signal thereof is incremented. A storage (24) stores the incremented value of each counter (20) accumulated over a sample time interval and data output logic circuit (26) transfers the stored accumulated counts out of the storage.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus includes an image sensor having an imaging area with a plurality of pixels arranged therein, each pixel having a photoelectric conversion unit and pixel amplifiers, a control unit configured to perform control for shifting the timing of activating the pixel amplifiers for each of sub areas in the imaging area, and control for reading an electrical signal from each pixel acquired via the activated pixel amplifiers, and a generation unit configured to generate an image based on the read electrical signal.

Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are directed to devices and systems that can be used for direct and indirect detection of radiation such as X-rays. In certain examples, the device can include a modulator optically coupled to a sensor. In some examples, the modulator can be configured to switch between different states to provide an imaging signal in one state and a dosimetry signal in another state.

Abstract: The disclosed radiograph acquisition device has: a selection unit that selects one radiation detection device from among a plurality of radiation detection devices that can convert radiation to radiographs; and an acquisition unit that acquires the radiograph of one radiation detection device when radiation is radiated at a subject, and the radiograph of at least one other radiation detection device aside from the one radiation device among the plurality of radiation detection devices.

Abstract: A quantum-counting radiation detector is disclosed, in particular an x-ray detector. In at least one embodiment, the signals of the individual pixels and the signals of combined pixels are evaluated in parallel processing branches. It is then possible to combine the count results in an appropriate manner, to reduce the influence of unwanted interference effects for the respective application.

Abstract: A quality control accessory (QC accessory) is provided which is adapted for use in linear accelerator quality control or in verification of an arbitrary isocentric radiation treatment plan of a patient or radiation sensitive body. The accessory includes an absorber, a detector and an optional orientation device. The absorber is rotationally symmetric, preferably spherical or hemispherical. The detector is adapted to be fixed in a stationary spatial relationship with respect to the absorber. The optional orientation device is adapted to maintain the two dimensional detector (2d detector) and the absorber in a fixed relative spatial relationship with respect to the beam focus of the linear accelerator, when the gantry is rotated, so that the central axis of the beam is essentially orthogonal to the 2d detector and the phantom axis of symmetry is parallel to or aligned with the central axis of the gantry rotation axis.

Abstract: An x-ray image detector monitors the intensity of incident x-rays to detect an end of radiation from an x-ray source when the x-ray intensity decreases to a threshold level or less. The x-ray intensity gets down to zero with a variable time lag from the start of decreasing, called radiation wave tail. Depending on the gradient of declivity in time curve of the decreasing x-ray intensity, calculated at the time when the end of radiation is detected, the x-ray image detector decides a delay time from the end-of-radiation detection time to a reading start time to start reading signal charges from the image detector. Thus, the reading start time may be adjusted to the point when the x-ray intensity gets down to zero, which will improve S/N ratio and prevent shading artifacts.

Abstract: A flat panel detector has an imaging area, in which pixels are arrayed in a matrix and signal lines for reading out electric signals from the pixels are provided, to detect an image of a subject from x-rays which are incident on the imaging area after penetrating the subject. Detective elements are arranged in the imaging area, to output electric signals corresponding to incident x-rays. Based on previously stored sensitivity data on the detective elements, high-sensitivity elements are selected from among the detective elements. The start of radiation and the end of radiation of x-rays toward the imaging area are detected by monitoring the electric signals from the selected high-sensitivity elements, to control operation of the imaging device on the basis of the detected start and end of radiation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a radiographic imaging device, radiographic imaging system, a program for controlling the radiographic imaging device, and a method for controlling the radiographic imaging device that may accurately detect start of irradiation of radiation even noises are generated by interference or the like. When radiation is irradiated, electric signals outputted from radiation detection pixels in charge accumulation period are detected by signal detection circuit during detection period. Control section determines whether time variation of the electric signals feature pre-specified characteristics of noise. If not, the start of the irradiation of radiation has been properly detected, the charge accumulation period continues, and radiographic image is imaged.

Abstract: In accordance with the principles of the present invention utilizing a first radiation monitoring module, radiation information associated with the first radiation monitoring module within a tunnel is wirelessly transmitted to a second radiation monitoring module. The second radiation monitoring module is able to receive radiation information from the first radiation monitoring module for relay of the received radiation information to a central monitoring system. The radiation monitoring modules of the present invention allow long term monitoring of a tunnel's radiation levels with maintenance simply requiring replacement of a non-operational tunnel monitoring module by a robot.

Abstract: A solid-state image sensor, comprises: a photoelectric conversion layer on which photoelectric conversion elements are arranged; and an wiring layer including at least one layer of a metal film, and an interlayer insulating film which fills a surrounding portion of the metal film, wherein the wiring layer is arranged at a position deeper than the photoelectric conversion layer on a side opposite to a light incidence side with respect to the photoelectric conversion layer, and at least a first metal film arranged at a position closest to the photoelectric conversion layer of the metal film of the wiring layer is arranged on a region which is not irradiated with light rays in a predetermined wavelength range, which light has passed through the photoelectric conversion layer.

Abstract: Two and three dimensional position sensing systems and sensors for use in such systems are disclosed. The sensors incorporate linear array sensors and an aperture plate to block light or other radiation from reaching most elements of the sensors. A direction of a radiation source relative is determined based on illuminated sensor elements in each sensor. The sensors are combined in systems to allow the position of a radiation source to be estimated.

Abstract: A system, method, and mobile frame structure detect radiation and identify materials associated with radiation that has been detected. A mobile frame structure is maneuvered over an entity to be examined. A set of radiation data associated with the entity is received from a set of radiation sensors that are mechanically coupled to the at least one portion of the mobile frame structure. At least one histogram is generated based on the set of radiation data. The at least one histogram is compared to multiple spectral images associated with known materials. The at least one histogram is determined to substantially match at least one of the multiple spectral images. A determination is made whether a material associated with the at least one of the multiple spectral images is a hazardous material. Personnel is notified that the at least one radiation source is a hazardous material.

Abstract: A microelectronic device for electromagnetic radiation measurement including a bolometer and an integrator including an integration capacitor, to output, during an integration time, a first signal with variable amplitude and frequency according to the current emitted by the detector, in a form of a series of pulses, and a controller controlling the first signal, to deliver a second signal. The controller includes: a counting device to count each pulse of the first signal detected during an integration time and to indicate an end of counting when a predetermined number N of pulses is reached, and when the end-of-integration time is reached and a predetermined number N of pulses has been counted or deducted by the counter, to emit a second amplitude signal, depending on or equal to the amplitude of the first signal.

Abstract: A sensor element is provided for conversion of x-radiation into an electrical measurement signal, the sensor element including an x-radiation-absorbing fluid arranged in a housing, and a pressure sensor arranged to detect a pressure of the fluid on the pressure sensor and convert the detected pressure into an electrical measurement signal. A plurality of such sensor elements may be arranged in a matrix-type arrangement to form an x-ray detector.

Abstract: A dual-particle imaging system of the present teachings provide for standoff, passive detection of special nuclear material. In some embodiments, the system comprises three detector planes that together are capable of imaging both photons and fast neutrons. The ability of the system to detect fast neutrons makes it more difficult to effectively shield a threat source.

Abstract: A radiation imaging apparatus is provided. The radiation imaging apparatus includes a radiation detector including a plurality of detector modules disposed therein, each detector module including a plurality of radiation detecting elements, wherein each of the detector modules includes a temperature sensor. The radiation imaging apparatus further includes an acquiring device configured to acquire temperature characteristic information of sensitivities of the radiation detecting elements from a storing device in which the temperature characteristic information is stored in advance, and a correcting device configured to correct data detected by the radiation detecting elements, based on temperature information acquired by the temperature sensor and the temperature characteristic information acquired by the acquiring device.

Abstract: In an image pickup apparatus, a calculation unit calculates an amount of noise and an amount of afterimage that can be included in an electric signal or image data in an image pickup operation, based on output characteristic information indicating a manner in which the amount of noise and the amount of after image change as a function of an elapsed time since a voltage is applied to a detection unit, a temperature of the detection unit detected by a temperature detection unit, the voltage supplied to the conversion elements from a power supply unit, and an image pickup operation start time indicating a time elapsed since the supplying of the voltage to the detection unit is started until the image pickup operation is started to output the electric signal corresponding to an electric charge generated by the conversion element in the detection unit.

Abstract: An image pickup apparatus includes a detector that includes a detection unit having a plurality of pixels in which conversion elements are included and a driving circuit that drives the detection unit and that executes an image pickup operation for outputting electrical signals, and a temperature control unit that includes a heating section that heats the conversion elements and that controls, before the image pickup operation begins, the temperature of the conversion elements by controlling the heating section such that the heating section heats the conversion elements in order to cause the temperature of the conversion elements before the image pickup operation begins to be higher than the temperature of the conversion elements during the image pickup operation.

Abstract: The present invention provides an extendible support mechanism in which a counterbalance system allows extension and retraction of the arm to be carried out with the same level of mechanical effort. Embodiments of the present invention allow the system to be used in a plurality of orientations, and thus the invention has particular utility in the extension and retraction of peripheral devices for radiotherapy systems, where use of a rotatable gantry is common.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement is disclosed for a detector. In at least one embodiment, the circuit arrangement includes a directly-converting semi-conductor material and pulse-shaper in the signal readout electronics assembly. A method is disclosed for a readout of count impulses generated in the semi-conductor material, wherein part of the pulse-shaper is equipped with a relatively longer shaping time constant and a different part of the pulse-shaper is equipped with a relatively shorter shaping time constant.

Abstract: A method and a detector system are disclosed for the photon-counting detection of x-ray radiation with direct conversion detectors. In at least one embodiment of the method, as a function of the existing radiation energy, current and/or voltage pulses which are largely proportional thereto are generated, and the generated current and voltage pulses are counted in the detector when a predetermined current and/or voltage source is exceeded, whereby a threshold is used as a predetermined current and/or voltage threshold, which corresponds to a detection of a photon with an energy which is less than the k-edge of the detector material used.

Abstract: A radiation detector assembly (20) includes a detector array module (40) configured to convert radiation particles to electrical detection pulses, and an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) (42) operatively connected with the detector array. The ASIC includes signal processing circuitry (60) configured to digitize an electrical detection pulse received from the detector array, and test circuitry (80) configured to inject a test electrical pulse into the signal processing circuitry. The test circuitry includes a current meter (84) configured to measure the test electrical pulse injected into the signal processing circuitry, and a charge pulse generator (82) configured to generate a test electrical pulse that is injected into the signal processing circuitry.

Abstract: An X-ray detector including a plurality of chips on a printed circuit board, each of the plurality of chips including a plurality of pixel pads on a center portion of the printed circuit board and a plurality of pin pads surrounding the plurality of pixel pads, a plurality of pixel electrodes on and corresponding to the plurality of chips, a redistribution layer electrically connecting the plurality of pixel electrodes and the plurality of pixel pads, a plurality of first electrode pads on a surface opposite to a surface of the plurality of chips including the plurality of pin pads, a wire electrically connecting the plurality of first electrode pads and the plurality of pin pads, a photoconductor on the plurality of pixel electrodes, and a common electrode on the photoconductor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multi-modality tomography apparatus (11) including a first tomograph (13) and a second tomograph or imaging system (14) using different tomography techniques, such as X-ray CT tomography and PET or SPECT tomography, or a tomographic or planar optical imaging system, which are located on the same face of a support means (12) which can rotate in both directions of rotation around an axial support shaft (12), such that a subject undergoing examination and placed on a subject support does not have to be moved during a tomographic examination with any of the two tomographs (13, 14) installed on the same face of the support (12).

Abstract: An image pickup apparatus includes a detector having pixels divided into first and second pixel groups, a signal processor including a reading circuit unit including first and second reading circuits, an A/D conversion unit including first and second A/D converters, a digital data processing circuit, and a controller. The controller instructs the signal processor to perform a signal processing operation several times of adding direct current potentials to analog electric signals of pixels from the reading circuit unit, supplying the signals to the A/D conversion unit, and outputting digital data to the digital data processing circuit while the direct current potentials are changed, and an average processing operation of averaging the digital data for the pixels using the digital data processing circuit.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus configured to output an imaging enabling signal in response to an imaging instruction includes an imaging unit, a control unit configured to cause the imaging unit to repeatedly perform initialization driving for reading an accumulated electrical signal, and a determination unit configured to determine whether to start new initialization driving before the imaging enabling signal is output, according to an elapsed time from completion of the last initialization driving to the time of receipt of the imaging instruction.

Abstract: A radiation imaging system includes a first radiation imaging apparatus having an imaging plane of a first size and a cooperation unit which cooperates with an external apparatus and is arranged at a common distance from a center portion of one side of the imaging plane and a second radiation imaging apparatus including a second imaging plane equal in length to one side of the imaging plane and different in size from the imaging plane and a cooperation unit arranged at the common distance from the center portion of the one side equal in length.

Abstract: In a radiation image capturing system, prior to radiation image capturing operation, the radiation image capturing apparatus repeats on an alternate basis, a step of reading leak data and a step of resetting each of the radiation detection elements, wherein the step of reading leak data is performed by turning off all switch units, allowing a reading circuit to perform cyclic reading operations under this condition and converting electric charge leaking out of radiation detection elements through the switch units into the leak data, thereby detecting a start of irradiation based on the leak data having been read out. The image processing apparatus analyzes a profile of image data along the extension of signal lines of the radiation image capturing apparatus, and identifies a range of the image data where a defect has occurred, whereby the image data in the identified range is corrected.

Abstract: An X-ray detector includes a photoconductor, a first diffusion barrier film on a first surface of the photoconductor, at least one pixel electrode on the first diffusion barrier film, a signal transmitting unit to process an electrical signal output from the at least one pixel electrode, and a common electrode on a second surface of the photoconductor opposite to the first surface of the photoconductor.