Abstract: An X-ray imaging apparatus, which acquires an X-ray photographic image of an subject and outputs the X-ray photographic image to a plurality of output apparatuses, determines, as an output region to a first output apparatus, either an extracted irradiated region from an X-ray photographic image or a partial region selected from the X-ray photographic image by an user. When the size of the output region to the first output apparatus is not larger than an image size to be output to a second output apparatus, the output region to the first output apparatus is determined as an output region to the second output apparatus. When the output region to the first output apparatus is larger than the image size, a region corresponding to the image size is extracted from the output region to the first output apparatus as an output region to the second output apparatus.

Abstract: A system, method, device, and process for making and using an electromagnetic-sensitive biosensor on a biosensor disk to identify and classify an analyte in a sample. The biosensor of the biosensor disk is exposed to a sample containing analytes and a desired analyte adheres to the biosensor. The biosensor is exposed to microspheres that adhere to the analyte. The microspheres cause a detectable change to electromagnetic radiation incident upon the biosensor disk The biosensor disk is rotated during operation and an electromagnetic emitter directs an electromagnetic radiation beam at the biosensor disk. The returned electromagnetic radiation from the biosensor disk is received by a sensor and converted into a signal to indicate the presence of the desired analyte in the sample.

Abstract: Dosimeters with wireless communications capability, upon actuation, communicate with a cell phone or other data capture and relay device (DCRD) with an application that allows communication with the dosimeters. The cell phone or other DCRD is a single device or part of an ad hoc network. The cell phone or other DCRD, once it receives raw data from a dosimeter, relays the data to a central station using mobile telephone or Wi-Fi or other communications networks. The data is processed at the central station, and available over the internet or cell phone.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of energy spectrum analysis for sodium iodide (NaI) detector, by which an energy spectrum characteristic obtained from a sodium iodide (NaI) detector is analyzed and used for establishing a system capable of qualitative nuclide identification and activity determination that can be adapted in applications of waste clearance management.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and radiation monitoring device (10) comprising at least one radiation detector (111), a memory (112) and a controller (12), wherein said radiation detector is arranged to detect at least one type of radiation dose. The memory (112) comprises a number of memory positions configured to store data resulting from said detector (111) detection. The positions are configured to store accumulated measured dose values corresponding to consecutive real time intervals. The controller is configured to continuously compute mean radiation dose values for measured and stored radiation doses during the predetermined time period and for each computation, a resulting mean value is compared with a corresponding predetermined reference value and generate a signal corresponding to result of said comparison.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to the detection of high energy radiation. The present invention relates more particularly to the film bulk acoustic wave resonator-based devices, and their use in the detection of high energy radiation. One aspect of the invention is a method for detecting high energy radiation, the method comprising providing a film bulk acoustic wave resonator having a zinc oxide piezoelectric layer in substantial contact with a dielectric layer; exposing the film bulk acoustic wave resonator to the high energy radiation; determining the resonant frequency of the film bulk acoustic wave resonator; and determining the dose of high energy radiation using the resonant frequency of the film bulk acoustic wave resonator.

Abstract: A system includes a count detector, a communication medium; and a processor coupled to the count detector. The processor continuously receives a plurality of pulses from the count detector. A pulse indicates a detection of a radiation unit emitted from a source material or a background. The processor determines a first period of time based on an expected range of speed of a carrier of the source material, and integrates the plurality of pulses over the first period of time, thereby yielding an integrated count associated with a time at a midpoint of the first period of time. The processor creates a continuous time series of count profiles from a plurality of integrated counts that are computed using a plurality of windows within the first period of time, and shifts each window over a second period of time. The second period of time is shorter than the first period of time.

Abstract: An X-ray detector assembly includes an integrated circuit, which includes an array of detector elements and a readout circuit adjacent to the array and coupled to read charge out of the detector elements. A non-metallic shield is positioned over the readout circuit so as to prevent X-rays from striking the readout circuit.

Abstract: One embodiment disclosed relates a method of detecting a patterned electron beam. The patterned electron beam is focused onto a grating with a pattern that has a same pitch as the patterned electron beam. Electrons of the patterned electron beam that pass through the grating un-scattered are detected. Another embodiment relates to focusing the patterned electron beam onto a grating with a pattern that has a second pitch that is different than a first pitch of the patterned electron beam. Electrons of the patterned electron beam that pass through the grating form a Moiré pattern that is detected using a position-sensitive detector. Other embodiments, aspects and features are also disclosed.

Abstract: Systems and methods for scanning with radiation detectors are provided. One system includes at least one radiation scanning camera-head, an array of at least one pixelated radiation detector having an imaging surface including a two dimensional array of pixels, and a scanning unit positioned between the radiation detector and the object. The scanning unit includes first and second radiation blocking plates having first and second two-dimensional arrays of openings, respectively, wherein the array of pixels and the first and second arrays of openings have a same pitch. Additionally, for each of a plurality of scan positions of the scanning unit, the first and second moveable plates and the imaging surface are positioned differently with respect to each other to produce different inclination angles in response to each scan position.

Abstract: A collimating system for collimating radiation received under different angles for performing tomography includes a static collimator having a plurality of collimating apertures, and shutters for separately and temporarily shutting at least two of the collimating apertures. The shutters have a shutting element for blocking the at least two collimating apertures, and at least one collimating element distinct from the shutting element for collimating radiation passing through non-shutted collimating apertures in a direction so as to control overlap between radiation stemming from different non-shutted collimating apertures. An imaging system includes a collimating system, and a method for collimating and a corresponding controller and software related products.

Abstract: In some aspects, the disclosure is directed to signal processing methods and systems for identifying a material on a body of a person using electromagnetic radiation. A radar system may measure a first reflection of radiation incident on a body of a person. The first reflection may be from a surface of the body. The radar system may measure a second reflection of the radiation. The second reflection may be from a first material residing on or proximate to the surface of the body. An analyzer may determine, relative to the first reflection, a delay in the second reflection due to propagation of a portion of the radiation through the first material. The analyzer may determine, based on the delay, at least one of: the first material and a dielectric constant of the first material.

Abstract: A method for tracking a moving target object, in particular a vehicle. The method involves identification the target object, marking the target object with a marking invisible in the visible spectrum but retro-reflective in a selected wavelength range of the invisible spectrum of light, tracking the marked moving target object with an image capture device provided on a moving platform, which image capture device is sensitive in the selected wavelength range of the invisible spectrum.

Abstract: A radiation imaging apparatus, comprising a sensor array configured to output a signal in accordance with irradiated radiation, a driving unit configured to output a signal from the sensor array by driving the sensor array, a detecting unit configured to detect irradiated radiation, a control unit configured to control the driving unit to perform first readout to read out a signal corresponding to charge accumulated in the sensor array from the sensor array and perform second readout to further read out a signal from the sensor array at least in a case where the first readout has started during irradiation of radiation, and a processing unit configured to correct the signal obtained by the first readout based on the signal obtained by the second readout.

Abstract: A radiation analyzer includes: a transition edge sensor (TES) that detects radiation; a current detection mechanism that detects a current flowing in the TES; a peak analyzing unit that measures a peak value based on the current detected by the current detection mechanism; a first heater that heats the TES to keep a constant temperature; a sensitivity correction operating unit that corrects sensitivity of the TES based on a relation obtained in advance between an output of the first heater and a peak value measured by the peak analyzing unit.

Abstract: A UV light emitting diode (UV-LED) is arranged in a weathering chamber and a UV light receiving diode, which is constructed on the same material basis as the UV LED, is arranged relative to the UV LED in such a way that a portion of the radiation emitted by the UV LED impinges on the UV light receiving diode during the operation of the device.

Abstract: A method for correctly identifying at least one source, in particular at least one nuclide, enclosed in a human body and/or a container, is provided, the method comprising the following steps: detecting and measuring the at least one source by means of a gamma spectroscopic device; identifying, in a first estimation step, the at least one source by means of a standard nuclide identification procedure for evaluating a measured first spectrum of the at least one source; applying a second estimation step on the basis of the result of the first estimation step, wherein the result of the first estimation step is used for acquiring a plurality of second spectra of the at least one source found by the standard nuclide identification procedure for a plurality of absorption scenarios and for a plurality of scattering scenarios; and comparing the measured first spectrum with a scatter and absorber spectrum obtained from the plurality of second spectra generated in the second estimation step.

Abstract: A radiographic imaging device including: a detector that detects an irradiation start of radiation irradiated in imaging of a radiographic image; a derivation unit that derives an irradiation amount of radiation that will be irradiated within a specific period of time based on input data; a controller that makes a power supply amount to the detector smaller and lowers detection sensitivity to radiation irradiation start in the detector the larger the radiation irradiation amount derived by the derivation unit; and an imaging unit that images the radiographic image after radiation irradiation start has been detected by the detector.

Abstract: A radiation beam, for example a therapeutic radiation beam such as an IMRT or VMAT X-ray beam is monitored using a Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) detector. Photons of the radiation beam can interact with the MAPS detector, and the radiation beam configuration can be estimated from the determined positions of the interactions. The detector is made sufficiently thin that it interacts only very weakly with the X-ray photons. For example, less than 1 in 103 of the X-ray photons might interact with the detector. Hence, the disturbance to the X-ray beam is negligible.

Abstract: Devices and methods are provided for monitoring low-level microwave excursions from a UV curing system to determine if equipment is damaged, such as screen tears or improper assembly of UV lampheads. A radio frequency (RF) detector may be used to detect microwaves in a range of about 0.2-5 mW/cm2, wherein the RF detector comprises an antenna with a hoop shaped portion, a circuit board having a diode detector and an amplifier circuit, a housing, and a bracket coupled to the housing that is suitable for coupling the RF detector to the UV curing system. An alarm threshold may also be set, which can be correlated to microwave levels at or below levels that could cause damage to semiconductor devices being processed. A substrate processing system comprising an RF detector is also provided.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for determining radiation attenuation as a result of an object in a positron emission tomography scanner. In at least one embodiment, a phantom object is arranged in the positron emission tomography scanner during the method. First raw radiation data of the phantom object is acquired while the object is not arranged in the positron emission tomography scanner. A first image of the phantom object is calculated from the first raw radiation data. The object then is arranged in the positron emission tomography scanner (2) and preliminary radiation attenuation of the object is identified. Second raw radiation data of the phantom object is acquired while the object is arranged in the positron emission tomography scanner. A second image of the phantom object is calculated from the second raw radiation data taking into account the preliminary radiation attenuation. The radiation attenuation is determined on the basis of the first image and the second image.

Abstract: The invention is directed at an apparatus (10), an imaging device and a method for detecting X-ray photons, in particular photons (32,34) in a computer tomograph. Photons (32,34) are converted into an electrical pulse and compared against a threshold using a discriminator (20). The electrical network (12) performing these functions comprises a switching element (28), that can modify the electrical path (22) along which the process signals travel. The trigger signal (VT) for actuating the switching element (28) is derived from an electrical state of the electrical path (22). If a pulse associated to a photon (32,34) is detected, the switching element (28) is actuated in order to avoid that the processing of the charge pulse stemming from a first photon (32) is affected by a subsequent second photon (34).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for pulse pile-up rejection are disclosed. The apparatus comprises a delay value application constituent configured to receive a threshold-crossing time value, and provide an adjustable value according to a delay value and the threshold-crossing time value; and a comparison constituent configured to receive a peak-occurrence time value and the adjustable value, compare the peak-occurrence time value with the adjustable value, indicate pulse acceptance if the peak-occurrence time value is less than or equal to the adjustable value, and indicate pulse rejection if the peak-occurrence time value is greater than the adjustable value.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to devices, integrated circuits, and methods for sensing radiation. In one example, a device includes a radiation sensitive oscillator, configured to deliver a first output signal at intervals defined by a first oscillation frequency that alters in resistance in response to radiation. The device includes a reference oscillator, configured to deliver a reference output signal at a constant reference oscillation frequency. A controller records a first instance of the count from the radiation sensitive oscillator for a duration of time defined by the count from the reference counter; compares a second instance of the count from the radiation sensitive oscillator with the first instance of the count from the radiation sensitive oscillator; and performs a selected action in response to the second instance of the count from the radiation sensitive oscillator varying from the first instance of the count from the radiation sensitive oscillator.

Abstract: A radiation imaging apparatus comprising: a reception unit configured to receive imaging parameters; and a setting unit configured to set, in accordance with a binning size and frame rate included in the imaging parameters, at least one of: a combination of a digital binning size and an analog binning size which form the binning size; and a non-destructive read out count within a range in which imaging is configured to be performed at the frame rate.

Abstract: Radon detection or sensing is provided within a building automation system for a site (e.g., building or campus). As such, one or more short-term and/or long-term radon levels may be detected or monitored. The radon levels are monitored from a remote location. The building automation system may be programmed to automatically respond to a specific (e.g., unsafe) radon level and/or a change in one or more radon levels, or combinations thereof, in order to mitigate or reduce the monitored or detected radon levels. Trending, pattern comparison between radon level and other measured information, automated response, interaction or response between different radon sensors, or combinations thereof may be provided by integrating one or more radon sensors into a building automation system.

Abstract: A radiation image capturing device is provided with plural pixels, a detection unit and a control unit. The pixels are each provided with a sensor portion and a switching element that reads out charges generated at the sensor portion and outputs the charges to a signal line. The detection unit detects the start of irradiation if electronic signals according to the charges satisfy a pre-specified condition for irradiation detection. After the start of irradiation of radiation is detected, the control unit acquires electronic signals corresponding to the charges and determines whether the acquired electronic signals include an electronic signal caused by noise. If the electronic signal caused by noise is included, the control unit controls a reporting unit so as to report this.

Abstract: A scintillator appliance coupled to a camera aperture of a hand-held electronic device forms a radiation detector. The scintillator appliance includes a phosphor screen layer capable of producing visible light detectable by the digital camera sensor of the hand-held electronic device upon exposure to at least one type of radiation and a backer layer permitting passage of the radiation and prohibiting passage of visible light detectable by the digital camera sensor. In some embodiments, the scintillator appliance includes a filter layer between the phosphor screen layer and the backer layer. The filter layer includes at least one filter material capable of selectively filtering radiation based on at least one radiation feature. In some embodiments, the hand-held electronic device is a smartphone. An app on the smartphone preferably converts the detected visible light into a radiation dosage.

Abstract: A shipping container scanning system includes a control hub container and at least one probe coupled to the control hub container via a wired or wireless connection. The probe is insertable into at least one shipping container. The probe is movable in a hollow interior of the shipping container and scans the hollow interior of the at least one shipping container, generating detection data regarding a presence of a radioactive material in the interior of the shipping container. The probe can include a video camera adapted to monitor the interior of the shipping container and to generate video data responsive thereto. The probe can also include a transmitter adapted to transmit the detection data and the video data to the control hub container. A shipping container usable with the system and a method of scanning shipping containers are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an apparatus for use in medical imaging including a readout circuit having an input for receiving a detection signal corresponding to a photon hitting a radiation detector, wherein the readout circuit is adapted to output, in response to receiving said detection signal, a pulse signal having a leading edge encoding a time-stamp of said photon and a width encoding the energy of said photon. A method of reading out detection signals from a radiation detector of a medical imaging apparatus is also provided.

Abstract: A diagnostic imaging device includes a signal processing circuit (22) processes signals from a detector array (16) which detects radiation from an imaging region (20). The hit signals are indicative of a corresponding detector (18) being hit by a radiation photon. The signal processing circuit (22) includes a plurality of input channels (321, 322, 323, 324), each input channel receiving hit signals from a corresponding detector element (18) such that each input channel (321, 322, 323, 324) corresponds to a location at which each hit signal is received. A plurality of integrators (42) integrate signals from the input channels (32) to determine an energy value associated with each radiation hit. A plurality of analog-to-digital converters (441, 442, 443, 444) convert the integrated energy value into a digital energy value. A plurality of time to digital converters (40) receive the hit signals and generate a digital time stamp.

Abstract: Photoelectron emission mapping systems for use with EUV (extreme ultraviolet) mask inspection and lithography systems are described. The mapping systems may be used to provide photoelectron emission maps for EUV photolithography masks and/or EUV mirrors. The systems use EUV photoelectron sources used for mask inspection or photolithography to impinge EUV light on the masks and/or mirrors. The EUV light generates photoelectron on the surfaces of the mask and/or mirrors and the photoelectrons are collected and analyzed by detectors placed away from optical spaces of the EUV chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a first radiation detector to generate a first signal when a first radiation level is exceeded and a second radiation detector to generate a second signal when a second radiation level is exceeded. The second radiation level is greater than the first radiation level. A first circuit is susceptible to soft errors at the first radiation level and a second circuit is susceptible to soft errors at the second radiation level. A control unit may suspend use of the first circuit and activate use of the second circuit if the first signal is received and the second signal is not received. The first and second circuits may be memory cells or logic circuits.

Abstract: Systems and methods for debris mitigation in an EUV light source for semiconductor processes are disclosed. Pulsed DC electric fields are applied to the path of EUV light to reject ions from the EUV path. The pulsed DC fields are triggered to coincide with the presence of debris in the EUV optical path. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.

Abstract: An APS readout circuit includes a pixel sensing unit, an integrating unit, and a voltage offset unit. The pixel sensing unit senses an X-ray irradiation amount to obtain a current signal in varying. The current signal is obtained by subtracting a sensing current in varying from a base current. The integrating unit is coupled with the pixel sensing unit to receive the current signal and convert the current signal into a voltage signal. The integrating unit includes a short circuit switch with a switch-on state for resetting the integrating unit and a switch-off state for directly outputting the current signal. The voltage offset unit is connected to an output terminal of the integrating unit and generates an offset voltage. In a sampling period, a base voltage of the voltage signal output from the pixel sensing unit is substantially removed by the offset voltage. An amplified sensing voltage is then obtained.

Abstract: A radiation detector system and method that significantly reduces the cost of conventionally constructed radiation detectors is disclosed. The disclosed system generally comprises an injection molded detector body incorporating plastic material with embedded feed-thrus that are encapsulated within the detector body. This detector body is mated to a detector window assembly using a gasket or other means of sealing to inhibit gas leakage. The mating methodology between the detector body and the detector window assembly is by means of plastic snap-on tabs in these structures that permit semi-permanent mating while also allowing the structures to be easily disassembled for repair and maintenance. The present invention system/method permits a significant hardware cost reduction as compared to conventional prior art radiation detector construction methodologies.

Abstract: An imaging detector includes processing electronics with a thermal coefficient about equal to a negative of a summation of thermal coefficients of a photosensor array and a scintillator array of the detector. In another instance, the imaging detector includes an A/D converter that alternately converts first charge corresponding to impinging radiation into a first signal and second charge corresponding to decaying charge into a second signal and a logic unit that corrects the first signal based on the second signal. In another instance, the imaging detector includes an A/D converter, an integrator offset voltage signal determiner, and a logic unit, wherein the determiner induces an electrical current via an offset voltage, the A/D converter measures the current, and the logic unit calculates a resistance of the photosensor array based on the reference voltage and the measured current.

Abstract: A radiation phantom device includes at least one movement device for moving at least one first sub-region of the radiation phantom device. The radiation phantom device has at least one of at times or in regions, radiation properties which are in conformity with a radiation phantom model.

Abstract: A method for assessing an alpha particle emission potential of a metallic material. A metallic material is initially subjected to a secular equilibrium disruption process, such as melting and/or refining, to disrupt the secular equilibrium of the radioactive decay of one or more target parent isotopes in the material. A sample of the material is treated to diffuse target decay isotopes within the sample such that the measured alpha particle emission directly corresponds to the concentration or number of target decay isotope atoms within the entirety of the sample, enabling the concentration of target decay isotopes in the sample to be determined. The concentration of target parent isotopes in the material may then be determined from the concentration of target decay isotopes and time elapsed from the secular equilibrium disruption process, and may be used to determine a maximum alpha particle emission that the metallic material will exhibit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a detection device (6) for detecting photons emitted by a radiation source (2). A signal generation unit (20) generates a detection signal indicative of the energy of a detected photon while photons strike the detection device (6), and a baseline signal, which is affected by photons that previously struck the detection device (6), while photons are prevented from striking the detection device (6). A baseline shift determination unit (40) determines a baseline shift of the detection signal depending on the baseline signal. An energy determination unit (30) determines the energy of a detected photon depending on the detection signal and the determined baseline shift. Since the baseline shift of the detection signal is determined from a baseline signal that is generated while photons are prevented from striking the detection device (6), the baseline shift can be determined with higher accuracy, resulting in an improved energy determination.

Abstract: An imaging system (100) includes a radiation source (112) that emits radiation that traverses an examination region and a detector array (114) with a plurality of photon counting detector pixels (116) that detect radiation traversing the examination region and respectfully generate a signal indicative of the detected radiation. The photon counting detector pixel includes a direct conversion layer (122) having a first radiation receiving side (202) and second opposing side (206), a cathode (118) affixed to and covering all of or a substantial portion of the first side, an anode (120) affixed to a centrally located region (208) of the second side, wherein the anode includes at least two sub-anodes (120, 120i, 1202, 120N), and a metallization (124) affixed to the second side, surrounding the anode and the anode region, with a gap between the anode and the metallization.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for system identification operate by computing phase and amplitude using linear filters. By digitally processing the linearly filtered signals or data, the phase and amplitude based on measurements of the input and output of a system, are determined.

Abstract: The present invention introduces a detector that is able to detect single microwave photons propagating in a waveguide. The waveguide of the invention is lowered to a temperature where it becomes superconductive. Disposed between a middle wire and a ground plane of the waveguide is a very small piece of a desired normal metal, whereby so-called SN contacts are formed between these materials. A separate reflection measurement circuit is coupled to the normal metal piece. When the impedance of the waveguide is matched to the impedance of the normal metal piece as well as possible, a photon propagating in the waveguide is most likely absorbed in the normal metal. The absorption slightly raises the temperature of the piece, which further changes the impedance observed in a so-called SIN junction between the reflection measurement circuit and the piece.

Abstract: A 3D ultraviolet (UV) imaging LADAR system includes a UV source configured to generate a UV interrogation beam, a sensor configured to receive a UV return beam reflected from a target and to produce an electrical signal, and an imaging module coupled to the sensor and configured to receive the electrical signal and to generate a corresponding 3D image of the target. In one example, the sensor includes a down-shifting device configured to down-shift the UV return beam to a down-shifted light beam of a different wavelength, for example, in the visible or SWIR wavelength ranges.

Abstract: A radiation detector system/method implementing a corrected energy response detector is disclosed. The system incorporates charged (typically tungsten impregnated) injection molded plastic that may be formed into arbitrary detector configurations to affect radiation detection and dose rate functionality at a drastically reduced cost compared to the prior art, while simultaneously permitting the radiation detectors to compensate for radiation intensity and provide accurate radiation dose rate measurements. Various preferred system embodiments include configurations in which the energy response of the detector is nominally isotropic, allowing the detector to be utilized within a wide range of application orientations. The method incorporates utilization of a radiation detector so configured to compensate for radiation counts and generate accurate radiation dosing rate measurements.

Abstract: A self-referencing radiation detector to test the radiochemical purity of a sample radiopharmaceutical solution. In some embodiments, the self-referencing radiation detector measures the radioactivity of a sample radiopharmaceutical solution before the sample radiopharmaceutical solution is passed through a high performance liquid chromatography column. The radiation detector then measures the radioactivity of each separated molecularly distinct species from the high performance liquid chromatography column. The radiochemical purity of the sample radiopharmaceutical solution is calculated by comparing the measured radioactivity of separated molecularly distinct species from said high performance liquid chromatography column to the measured radioactivity of the sample radiopharmaceutical solution before the sample radiopharmaceutical solution is passed through the high performance liquid chromatography column.

Abstract: A radiation detector system/method that simultaneously detects alpha/beta, beta/gamma, or alpha/beta/gamma radiation, within an integrated detector is disclosed. The system incorporates a photomultiplier tube with radiation scintillation materials to detect alpha/beta/gamma radiation. The photomultiplier tube output is then shape amplified and fed through discriminators to detect the individual radiation types. The discriminator outputs are fed to anti-coincidence and pulse width and timing analysis module that determines whether individual alpha/beta/gamma pulses are valid and should be counted by corresponding alpha/beta/gamma pulse radiation counters. The system may include a radiation detection method to affect alpha/beta/gamma radiation detection in a variety of contexts. The system/method may be implemented in a variety of applications, including but not limited to whole body radiation contamination detectors, laundry radiation scanners, tool/article radiation detectors, and the like.

Abstract: A method of orienting a semiconductor wafer. The method includes rotating a wafer about a central axis; exposing a plurality of edge portions of the rotating wafer to light having a predetermined wavelength from one or more light sources; detecting a subsurface mark in one of the plurality of edge portions of the rotating wafer; and orienting the wafer using the detected subsurface mark as a reference.

Abstract: An X-ray detector assembly includes an integrated circuit, which includes an array of detector elements and a readout circuit adjacent to the array and coupled to read charge out of the detector elements. A non-metallic shield is positioned over the readout circuit so as to prevent X-rays from striking the readout circuit.

Abstract: A secondary charged particle detection device for detection of a signal beam is described. The device includes a detector arrangement having at least two detection elements with active detection areas, wherein the active detection areas are separated by a gap, a particle optics configured for separating the signal beam in a first portion of the signal beam and in at least one second portion of the signal beam, configured for focusing the first portion of the signal beam, and configured for deflecting and focusing the at least one second portion of the signal beam, wherein the particle optics includes a first electrode and at least one second electrode. Therein, the first electrode is an inner electrode and the at least one second electrode is provided radially outward of the first electrode.