Abstract: A system for the registration of radiation images has a radiation pick-up device and a control device controlling the operation thereof. The radiation pick-up device has a charge layer that generates electrical charges dependent on the incident radiation and an allocated electrode layer that is chargeable with high-voltage for triggering an electron-multiplying avalanche effect in the charge layer by virtue of a potential produced across the charge layer by the high-voltage. A read-out device reads out the generated charges in the charge layer by means of an electron beam. The potential via the charge layer can be modulated for varying the gain of the charge layer caused by the avalanche effect.

Abstract: An X-ray image sensing device is manufactured to prevent an open of a ground line. The, X-ray image sensing device has a plurality of pixels in a matrix configuration. A pixel includes: a photoelectric conversion part to receive X-rays and generate electric charges; a charge storage part to accumulate the electric charges produced in the photoelectric conversion part, having a capacitor electrode, a pixel electrode and a dielectric layer located between the pixel electrode and the capacitor electrode, a ground line for discharging residual charges in the charge storage part, positioned on the capacitor electrode to electrically contact the capacitor electrode, and extending to the adjacent pixel; and a switching part to control release of the charges stored in the charge storage part. In one case, the capacitor electrode extends to an adjacent pixel. Alternatively, the capacitor electrode has an end contact line, contacting the ground line, with a length greater than the width of the ground line.

Abstract: An apparatus includes: a switch for switching voltage application from a power source to a detector; a voltage generator for supplying high voltage to a radiation source; and a control means for controlling a light source control means. When a control signal input to the switch is set to low voltage and an electrode of a first conductive layer and a stripe electrode are set at same potential, the control means sets control signal input to the light source control means to low voltage, making a planar light source emit preexposure light to perform empty reading, wherein preexposure light is irradiated onto a reading photoconductive layer. After irradiation of preexposure light and empty reading is stopped, radiation is irradiated onto the first conductive layer while recording voltage causing avalanche amplification is applied between the first conductive layer and the stripe electrode, thereby recording an electrostatic latent image in the detector.

Abstract: In an energetic-beam detection apparatus having a selenium detector which includes a substrate and an energetic-beam absorber being formed on the substrate and containing selenium, a temperature detecting unit detects a temperature of the selenium detector, and a temperature control unit controls the temperature of the selenium detector so that the temperature is maintained in a predetermined range when the selenium detector is in operation. Alternatively, when the temperature of the selenium detector is outside a predetermined range, an operation suppressing unit suppresses the operation of the selenium detector, or a notification unit notifies a user of the deviation of the temperature of the selenium detector from the predetermined range.

Abstract: A radiation image detecting apparatus is provided with a solid radiation sensor which detects radiation bearing image information and outputs an electric image signal bearing the image information and an image output section which prints out a visible image on the basis of the image signal output from the solid radiation sensor. The solid radiation sensor and the image output section are housed in a single casing.

Abstract: An image detector includes a recording-side photoconductive layer, a reading-side photoconductive layer, a charge storage region, and a pair of electrode layers. One of the pair of electrode layers located near to the reading-side photoconductive layer comprises a plurality of first linear electrodes transparent to reading light, and a plurality of second linear electrodes each of which corresponds to at least one first linear electrode, and outputs an electric signal corresponding to the amount of latent-image charges when the at least one first linear electrode is scanned with the reading light. The image detector further includes means for making the strength of irradiation of each second linear electrode with the reading light smaller than the strength of irradiation of at least one first linear electrode corresponding to the second linear electrode with the reading light.

Abstract: A computed radiography (CR) reader comprising: an image plate loading and unloading station for receiving in a vertical orientation a CR cassette including a light tight cassette shell and an image plate supported by an extrusion closing off said shell, said image plate storing a latent radiographic image, a scanning station located below said loading and unloading station at which said image plate is scanned, and an image plate transport assembly for removing said image plate from said cassette shell and for vertically transporting said image plate past said scanning station while said image plate is being removed from said cassette.

Abstract: A radiographic storage panel includes a storage phosphor layer disposed on a unique support that comprises two or more separate flexible substrates that are laminated or adhered together.

Abstract: The gain correction image is composed of a grid-free image regardless of the presence or absence of the grid or the kind thereof. The gain correction images are stored in the image memory unit, and, under the control of the pre-process unit and according to the result of the grid detection means, reference is made to the image process parameter table stored in the image process parameter memory unit and the matching gain correction image is downloaded from the image memory unit.

Abstract: A color radiography system comprises a color light emission sheet having a phosphor layer that contains a phosphor emitting in a plurality of colors to radiation and emits light under irradiation of radiation transmitted through a subject to be inspected, and a color film or a color camera that detects the light emissions of the plurality of colors into the respective colors. In the phosphor layer, a phosphor is used that has a primary emission component corresponding to one emission color in a visible light region and at least one secondary emission component, the secondary emission component having an emission color different from that of the primary emission component and a ratio of light emission to radiation of the same intensity being different from that of the primary emission component. According to the present color radiography system, image information of a plurality of colors having different sensitivity characteristics can be obtained.

Abstract: A read-out apparatus for an image detector scans the image detector, on which image information has been recorded as an electrostatic latent image, with a reading electromagnetic wave and detects electric currents caused by the scanning to flow out of the image detector in accordance with the electrostatic latent image. The read-out apparatus comprises a surface-shaped wave source constituted of a plurality of small wave sources, which are arrayed in a surface form and each of which produces the reading electromagnetic wave, and a wave source controller for performing the scanning by driving the small wave sources one after another. The read-out apparatus reads out the electrostatic latent image without mechanical scanning being required.

Abstract: A radiation detecting cassette comprises a radiation detector and a flat-shaped case housing for accommodating the radiation detector. The radiation detector is provided with a plurality of solid-state detecting devices, which are arrayed in a two-dimensional form and which detect radiation carrying image information of an object and convert the radiation into an image signal representing a radiation image of the object. The radiation detector further comprises a receiving device for receiving necessary information from the exterior in cases where an image recording operation is to be performed, and a display device for displaying the information having been received by the receiving device. The radiation detecting cassette enables an image recording menu, such as image recording conditions to be used, an image recording method to be used, and a portion of an object, the image of which is to be recorded, to be found at an image recording site in cases where a radiation image of a patient is to be recorded.

Abstract: In an apparatus for recording image information in an image recording medium including a photoconductor, a preliminary electric field is applied to the photoconductor before application of a recording electric field, which is applied to the photoconductor for recording the image information, and the preliminary electric field is stronger than the recording electric field. In addition, in an apparatus for reading image information carried by an electromagnetic wave by using a photoconductor, a preliminary electric field is applied to the photoconductor before application of a reading electric field, which is applied to the photoconductor for reading the image information, and the preliminary electric field is stronger than the reading electric field.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a radiation image detector including an ionizing radiation sensing element which is operative to present an imagewise electrostatic charge distribution in response to imagewise ionizing radiation exposure thereof; a charge generator, in non-contact proximity with the radiation sensing element, which is operative to inject charge onto said radiation sensing element; an optical radiation source which projects visible radiation onto the radiation sensing element; and read circuitry, which detects information-bearing signals, representing said imagewise electrostatic charge distribution, the signals being created when the charge generator and the optical radiation source are concurrently activated in generally mutual registration.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an ionizing radiation sensitive multi-layer structure having a charge accepting outer surface and comprising a conductive layer, said ionizing radiation sensitive multi-layer structure being operative such that imagewise ionizing radiation impinging on said ionizing radiation sensitive multi-layer structure causes a charge distribution, representing said imagewise ionizing radiation, to be formed in said conductive layer; and readout electronics coupled to said conductive layer to detect the charge distribution formed in said conductive layer.

Abstract: It is an object of the invention to improve the quality of images obtained by an X-ray detector.

Abstract: Images are formed by exposing optically transparent, optically stimulable luminescent glasses including luminescent centers and trapping centers, to patterned, ionizing radiation. The images may be read immediately, using scintillation, or may be stored in the glasses for subsequent reading using optically stimulated detrapping of stored charges.

Abstract: An image detector includes a recording-side photoconductive layer, a reading-side photoconductive layer, a charge storage region, and a pair of electrode layers. One of the pair of electrode layers located near to the reading-side photoconductive layer comprises a plurality of first linear electrodes transparent to reading light, and a plurality of second linear electrodes each of which corresponds to at least one first linear electrode, and outputs an electric signal corresponding to the amount of latent-image charges when the at least one first linear electrode is scanned with the reading light. The image detector further includes means for making the strength of irradiation of each second linear electrode with the reading light smaller than the strength of irradiation of at least one first linear electrode corresponding to the second linear electrode with the reading light.

Abstract: In an energetic-beam detection apparatus having a selenium detector which includes a substrate and an energetic-beam absorber being formed on the substrate and containing selenium, a temperature detecting unit detects a temperature of the selenium detector, and a temperature control unit controls the temperature of the selenium detector so that the temperature is maintained in a predetermined range when the selenium detector is in operation. Alternatively, when the temperature of the selenium detector is outside a predetermined range, an operation suppressing unit suppresses the operation of the selenium detector, or a notification unit notifies a user of the deviation of the temperature of the selenium detector from the predetermined range.

Abstract: An electrostatic recording medium having a support body on which line-shaped electrodes are formed, and on which a blocking layer formed of a thin film is provided, and the deterioration of the blocking performance of the blocking layer is prevented. After an electrode layer, composed of a layer of film, is formed on the support body, etching is performed and stripe electrodes are formed. The member on which the line-shaped electrodes have been formed is dipped along its lengthwise direction into and pulled up and out of a vessel filled with blocking layer forming liquid to form the film of the blocking layer. In this way, a continuous blocking layer is formed so as to cover the top and side surfaces continuously of each electrode, whereby dark current flow from the stripe electrodes can be prevented with certainty.

Abstract: An image recording medium includes a support and a first electrode layer, a reading photoconductive layer which exhibits conductivity upon exposure to a reading electromagnetic wave, a charge accumulating portion which accumulates an electric charge of a latent image polarity generated in a recording photoconductive layer, the recording photoconductive layer which exhibits conductivity upon exposure to a recording electromagnetic wave and a second electrode layer which are superposed on the support one on another in this order. At least one of the recording photoconductive layer and the reading photoconductive layer is formed of a material containing a-Se as a major component and doped with a material for suppressing bulk crystallization of a-Se.

Abstract: An image recording medium includes a support body which allows reading electromagnetic waves to pass through it, a first electrode layer which allows the reading electromagnetic waves to pass through it, a photoconductive reading layer which exhibits conductivity when irradiated with the reading electromagnetic waves, a charge storage portion for storing a latent-image polarity charge, a photoconductive recording layer for generating the latent-image polarity charge when irradiated with recording electromagnetic waves, and a second electrode layer which allows the recording electromagnetic waves to pass through it. The difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the support body and the photoconductive reading layer is small so that no structural destruction occurs between the support body and the photoconductive reading layer because of thermal stress generated by a temperature change in environment.

Abstract: System and method aspects for a photoconductive element for direct x-ray detection in a radiography imaging system are described. The photoconductive element includes a photoconductive material layer for absorbing x-ray radiation transmitted through an object being imaged by the radiography imaging system. Further included is an interdigital contact structure in the photoconductive material layer.

Abstract: A radio-conductive material which exhibits conductivity upon exposure to radiations is formed of alcohol-soluble nylon and inorganic material having radiation absorbing power.

Abstract: A stimulable phosphor sheet, on which a radiation image has been stored, is scanned with stimulating rays in a main scanning direction and moved in a sub-scanning direction, which is approximately normal to the main scanning direction. A read-out device photoelectrically detects the light, which is emitted by the stimulable phosphor sheet when the stimulable phosphor sheet is scanned with the stimulating rays in the main scanning direction, to obtain an image signal representing the radiation image. A light guiding mirror for reflecting the emitted light toward the read-out device is located to extend in the main scanning direction at a position in the vicinity of a position on the stimulable phosphor sheet, which position is scanned with the stimulating rays in the main scanning direction. The light guiding mirror is supported by a support member, which is formed from a metallic material and is electrically isolated from a ground, or which is formed from an electrical insulating material.

Abstract: A random number generator comprises a laser for generating photons, an assembly of neutral density filters to attenuate the photons to an average of number of photons detected and to detect the average number of photons during each interval in a series of like time intervals, a photomultiplier tube to detect the occurrence of a fraction of the attenuated photons during a set length of time, and a clock and shift register to record a first value for detection of any photons during a selected single time interval in the series of time intervals, and to record a second value for detection of less than the average number of photons during the selected single time interval. The values recorded in the shift register for the series of time intervals are a string of truly random numbers.

Abstract: A radiation source, which produces radiation, is located on one side of an object, two-dimensional image read-out device is located on the other side of the object, the two-dimensional image read-out device comprising stripe-shaped electrodes for reading latent image charges, which carry image information, and an operation for recording and reading out a radiation image of the object is performed. A grid plate is located between the object and the two-dimensional image read-out device, the grid plate guiding only the radiation, which comes from a specific direction, to the two-dimensional image read-out device. The operation for recording and reading out the radiation image of the object is performed in this state, and deterioration in image quality due to scattered radiation is prevented.

Abstract: A method of dose mapping that simulates actual product irradiation conditions utilizing a semisolid to fix dosimeter (18) inside product containers (14) and a dry ice substitute (16) to mimic the density of dry ice. The method comprising the steps of fixing dosimeter (18) in a semisolid mixture inside product containers (14) packed with a dry ice substitute (16) and irradiating. The results are then calculated and analyzed to produce an accurate dose map.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to the use of polyaryletherketone-based thermoplastic materials in the fabrication of logging tools employed in high pressure, high temperature, downhole logging applications. A polyaryletherketone resin bonded with glass fibers is formed into a housing for the logging tool. The housing is constructed by any of the following processes: filament winding or compression molding. When used with a logging tool, the housing encloses the operative components of the logging tool, such as sensors and sources, and protects the operative components from borehole fluids.

Abstract: This invention is related to a radiation image (e.g. X-ray imager) including a thin film transistor (TFT) array, and method of making same. A photo-imageable interface barrier layer is provided between an array of collector electrodes and a photoconductor layer so as to simplify the process for manufacturing the imager and to improve image uniformity. In certain embodiments, the barrier layer is a negative resist. In certain embodiments, the barrier layer and an insulating layer over the TFTs may be of the same photo-imageable material.

Abstract: A label is provided, comprising a means wherein penetrating radiation leaves a human- or machine-readable semi-permanent or permanent mark. Preferably said means is a storage phosphor. A method for using such a label for checking if an articles has been inspected by penetrating radiation and a method for using such a label as personal monitoring are also provided.

Abstract: Filmless photon imaging sensor plates and apparatus which are particularly effective in medical radiology and industrial applications including, but not limited to high resolution mammography. In combination, the sensor plates and apparatus provide rapid production of high resolution images which exhibit higher sensitivity and wider dynamic range than contemporary X-ray systems. Novel sensor plate structures provide images having attributes of increased sensitivity; dual plate design providing increased pixel read-out speed and differential dual energy image production; and electrically isolated segments by which a plurality of pixels are read concurrently to reduce overall image processing time. Generally, the plates employ a homogeneous photoconductive material such as amorphous selenium and are read by exposing each pixel sized area to a small diameter scanning light beam. Using light beam scanning, resulting plate design promises low cost manufacture of both sensor plates and associated apparatus.

Abstract: An image pick-up device comprises an insulating substrate, and a plurality of pixels each including a photo-electric conversion circuit, a thin-film transistor connected to the photoelectric conversion circuit and including a lamination of an insulating film and a semiconductor film, the pixels being mounted in an array on the insulating substrate. A plurality of signal lines read the voltage store in the photoelectric conversion circuit through the thin-film transistors formed on the insulating substrate. A plurality of wirings are formed on the insulating substrate. An insulating film having the same lamination as the thin-film transistor is formed between the wiring and the signal line at each crossing thereof.

Abstract: A method for the elimination of residual image artifacts from prior image exposure in an x-ray image obtained by exposing an x-ray image detector which includes a photoconductor to imaging x-ray radiation, wherein the residual image artifacts are eliminated by a process which includes obtaining and averaging pre and post exposure image data from the detector and subtracting the averaged pre and post exposure data from the image exposure data.

Abstract: A solid state radiation detector provides a plurality of modules disposed adjacent one another in a two-dimensional array. Each of the modules includes an array of thin film transistors. A continuous radiation detecting layer, such as a photoconductor layer, is disposed over the modules. The radiation detecting layer generates electrical charge representative of a pattern of radiation. The thin film transistors are used to sense the electrical charge on a pixel-by-pixel basis to form a representation of an image. A continuous insulating layer can be disposed between the radiation detecting layer and a continuous conducting layer.

Abstract: An apparatus for recording X-ray images having a panel-like X-ray recording device removably enclosed within a cassette housing. The X-ray recording device includes a first electrode transparent to X-ray radiation, a first photoconductive layer sensitive to X-ray radiation disposed beneath the first electrode, a second photoconductive layer sensitive to visible light disposed beneath the first photoconductive layer, and a second electrode transparent to visible light disposed beneath the second photoconductive layer. The cassette includes a first wall transparent to X-ray radiation facing the first electrode, a second wall transparent to visible light disposed parallel and opposite the first wall and facing the second electrode, and suitable connectors for providing an electrical potential between the first and second electrodes. Preferably, the X-ray recording device further includes isolating layers disposed between the electrodes and their respective photoconductive layers.

Abstract: An image capture panel particularly useful in radiographic application is disclosed, in which the active image capture area of individual sensors having top and bottom charge collecting microplates arrayed in rows and columns is extended by providing an additional charge capture conductive strip over sensor areas which are not normally covered by a charge collecting microplate. The strip may be made integral with the top microplate or may be separate and electrically connected thereto at a single point.

Abstract: An x-ray detector, detection assembly, and method of using the detector and detection assembly. The detector is used with an x-ray source and has a converter including a mass of prompt emitting radiographic phosphor particles and a photoconductive binder. The mass of particles is dispersed and embedded in the binder. The phosphor absorbs x-rays emitted by the source and emits longer wavelength actinic radiation responsive to the x-rays. The photoconductive binder absorbs the actinic radiation and produces electron-hole pairs responsive to the actinic radiation.

Abstract: An imaging device for producing images from electron-hole producing radiation. Electron-hole pairs are produced in a radiation absorbing layer comprised of a photoconductive material. This layer covers an array of metal oxide semiconductor pixel circuits which are incorporated into and on a crystalline semiconductor substrate. Each pixel circuit has a charge collecting pixel electrode, a capacitor connected to the electrode to store the charges and a charge measuring transistor circuit. A voltage source provides an electric field across the radiation absorbing layer between the pixel electrodes and a radiation transparent surface electrode covering the radiation absorbing layer. A data acquisition system acquires and stores data derived from charge measurements and in a preferred embodiment a computer computes images from the data. The image may be displayed on a monitor or printed out on a printer. Preferred embodiments provide images from x-ray, ultraviolet and visible light.

Abstract: A detector assembly for x-ray image acquisition includes a flat panel detector array. The detector assembly also includes a rechargeable battery, an analog to digital converter, and an image memory. The battery provides electrical power to the detector assembly so that image data may be acquired without using a power source external to the assembly. The image data is stored in a memory. The detector is subsequently be connected to a docking station which includes a battery charger. The image data is downloaded, and the battery is recharged.

Abstract: A health care information input apparatus comprising:a substantially rectangular housing having a front wall;a computer having memory mounted in said housing;a touch screen mounted on said front wall of said housing and connected to said computer;a bar code scanner mounted in said housing and having a scanning face which is mounted on said front wall of said housing adjacent to said touchscreen, said bar code scanner connected to said computer; anda network interface socket mounted on said housing and connected to said computer;wherein information input at said touch screen and at said bar code scanner are stored in said computer memory for transmission via said network interface.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for picking up and displaying a stereoscopic image from an object permeated with radioactive rays. A plurality of radioactive rays which are non-parallel with each other are directed substantially simultaneously onto an object to generate a plurality of superimposed images of the object. The superimposed images of the object are divided into a plurality of discrete partial images formed on a pickup surface, so that each point of the object will be included in a plurality of the partial images, with the partial images showing the same point being spatially separated from one another on the pickup surface. A stereoscopic image of the object is then reconstructed by processing the partial images so that partial images generated by each of the sources of the radioactive rays will be respectively used to generate separate images of the object to form the stereoscopic image of the object.

Abstract: A digital array for capturing a radiogram. The array includes a generally flat base on which there is mounted with a plurality of shock absorbing mounts a rigid support plate. A radiation electronic detection panel is mounted on the rigid plate in a way that the panel "floats" over the base. Electronic circuitry associated with the radiation detection panel is connected thereto with flexible connectors. A cover, which is transparent to X-ray radiation and opaque to visible radiation, is attached to the base to form a light tight enclosure for the panel. The top cover inner surface opposite the front surface of the radiation detection panel, is spaced from the detection panel front surface, and the detection panel is also spaced from the side walls.

Abstract: A cassette for use in an electronic radiographic imaging system having electronic components. The cassette includes a positioned photoreceptive medium, a light-tight frame, at least one power storage device, and an electronic interface structure for connection to electronic components within the radiographic imaging system. The cassette can also include an electrical interface structure for connection to a power source within the radiographic imaging system.

Abstract: An x-ray imaging detector having an x-ray converter layer, a pixellated detection array closely adjoining the x-ray converter layer, and a substrate supporting the detection array, the substrate having a surface nearest said x-ray converter layer, the substrate including one or more elements having atomic numbers greater than 22, said elements having a total concentration in the substrate of greater than about 1 mole percent relative to the total number of moles of elements having atomic numbers of 22 or less, the substrate having a thickness in the same direction as the thickness of the x-ray converter of less than about 0.2 mm.sup.2 divided by the thickness of the converter in millimeters, the substrate having a dimensionless absorption exponent of greater than about 0.5 and less than about 5 for gamma ray emission of Am.sup.241 at about 60 keV;whereinAE(Am.sup.241 60 keV)=t*(k.sub.1 e.sub.1 +k.sub.2 e.sub.2 +k.sub.3 e.sub.3 + . . . )wherein AE(Am.sup.

Abstract: An x-ray image sensor (1) with a lead-oxide photoconductor layer (6) positioned between collecting electrodes (3) and a common electrode (2) is provided with a passivation layer (7) which separates the lead-oxide from the metal of the common electrode to counteract degradation of the photoconductor layer due to chemical reactions between then metal of the common electrode and the lead-oxide. A bias layer (8) is provided between the common electrode (2) and the photoconductor layer (6) and a cladding layer (9) is provided between collecting electrodes (3) and the photoconductor layer (6) so as to avoid injection of charges into the photoconductor layer.

Abstract: Megavoltage imaging method and apparatus are provided to monitor a target volume of a patient in real time. Structure and steps are provided for generating an image on a detector (having a layer of photoreceptor material deposited on a layer of a high density substrate) by passing a photon beam first through the target volume of the patient and subsequently through the detector. The layer of the high density substrate is on the side of incidence of the photon beam for intensifying photon quanta and filter-scattered radiation from the patient induced by the photon beam. Thus, the photons impinging on the high density substrate are converted to electrons, and the images generated by the electrons subsequently traversing the photoreceptor material to cause the target volume of the patient to be monitored in real time.

Abstract: An apparatus, including a photoconductor (1) for converting X-rays into a charge pattern, and a controllable charging device (3, 9) for charging the surface of the photoconductor to a defined potential. The service life of the charging device is prolonged in that there is provided a measuring device for measuring the potential on the surface of the photoconductor and for controlling the charging device in dependence on the potential.

Abstract: It is an object of the invention to provide an X-ray diagnosis apparatus having an X-ray plane detector capable of removing the influence of a scattered X-ray by using a grid and also preventing a Moire image. An X-ray image transmitted through a target object is sensed by a plane detector in units of pixels which are two-dimensionally arranged at a predetermined pitch. A scattered X-ray incident on the plane detector is removed by a scattered ray removing grid having plate-like X-ray shielding members and arranged on an X-ray incident side of the plane detector. The X-ray shielding members are arranged such that an X-ray shielding pattern on the X-ray incident surface of the plane detector has a pitch corresponding to an integer fraction of the arrangement pitch of the pixels. When a steady positional relationship is kept between the pitch of the X-ray detection elements and the period of the fringe pattern of the X-ray which is shielded by the grid, a Moire image can be prevented.

Abstract: An electronic cassette contains an X-ray image capturing panel comprising a solid state transistor array and storage capacitors on which is built a layered structure including a photoconductive layer. The storage capacitors capture electrical charges generated in the photoconductive layer by incident X-radiation and the image-wise charges are read out by the transistor array. The cassette contains an internal power supply and a built-in image storage medium among a plurality of electronic components to allow self-contained operation and temporary recording of digitized values which are representative of the pattern of incident X-radiation.