Abstract: An azeotrope-like mixture consisting essentially of chlorotrifluoropropene and at least one component selected from the group consisting of pentane, hexane, methanol, and trans-1,2-dichloroethene.

Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte which contains a nonaqueous organic solvent and a lithium salt dissolved therein is provided. Also provided is a lithium secondary battery employing the nonaqueous electrolyte.

Abstract: Compositions and methods related to the removal of acidic gas. In one embodiment, compositions and methods are provided for the removal of acidic gas from a gas mixture using an aqueous amine solvent comprising water, a first amine, and a second amine, wherein the first amine contributes at least 50% by weight of the solvent's total amine concentration.

Abstract: Esteramide compounds are useful solvents/coalescing agents for a variety of phytosanitary, cleaning, degreasing, stripping, lubricating, coating and pigment/ink compositions.

Abstract: A process for making CHF?CFCF3 is disclosed. The process involves (a) reacting CCl2FCF2CF3 with H2 in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of hydrogenation catalyst to form CH2FCF2CF3; and (b) dehydrofluorinating CH2FCF2CF3 from (a) to form CHF?CFCF3. Also disclosed are compositions including CCl3CF2CF3 and HF, wherein the HF is present in an effective amount to form an azeotropic combination with the CCl3CF2CF3; and compositions including CCl2FCF2CF3 and HF, wherein the HF is present in an effective amount to form an azeotropic combination with the CCl2FCF2CF3.

Abstract: A composition and related process for the thinning of uncured oil-based and uncured water-based paints, wherein the composition is a solvent internal emulsion which comprises a hydrocarbon solvent, a surfactant and water.

Abstract: Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are disclosed. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are mixtures of Z-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene with methyl formate, pentane, 2-methylbutane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, dimethoxymethane, or cyclopentane. Also disclosed is a process of preparing a thermoplastic or thermoset foam by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as blowing agents. Also disclosed is a process of producing refrigeration by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as solvents. Also disclosed is a process of producing an aerosol product by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as heat transfer media.

Abstract: Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are disclosed. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are mixtures of E-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene with methyl formate, n-pentane, 2-methylbutane, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, n-butane or isobutane. Also disclosed is a process of preparing a thermoplastic or thermoset foam by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as blowing agents. Also disclosed is a process of producing refrigeration by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as solvents. Also disclosed is a process of producing an aerosol product by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as heat transfer media. Also disclosed is a process of extinguishing or suppressing a fire by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions.

Abstract: The nonaqueous solvent of the present invention for a nonaqueous secondary battery primarily contains a mixed solvent of a fluorinated cyclic carbonate having a structure in which one fluorine atom is bonded to each of two alkoxy group carbon atoms adjacent to carbonate oxygen atoms and a fluorinated acyclic carbonate having a similar structure. The fluorinated cyclic carbonate, in comparison with the unsubstituted cyclic carbonate, has not only an enhanced thermal stability but also a suppressed reactivity with the positive electrode in a charged state even at elevated temperatures. In addition, it forms a protective film which, with respect to a negative electrode in a charged state, suppresses reactivity between the negative electrode and the nonaqueous electrolyte solution. The fluorinated acyclic carbonate suppresses the reactivity with the positive electrode in a charged state and also lowers the viscosity of the nonaqueous electrolyte solution.

Abstract: Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are disclosed. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are mixtures of Z-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and a third component. Also disclosed are compositions where the third component is cyclopentane, methanol, dimethyoxymethane, methyl formate or perfluoro ethyl isopropyl ketone. Also disclosed is a process of preparing a thermoplastic or thermoset foam by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as blowing agents. Also disclosed is a process of producing refrigeration by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as solvents. Also disclosed is a process of producing an aerosol product by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as heat transfer media.

Abstract: A terpene alcohol premix formulation raises the flash point of a volatile organic solvent to a level that results in a solvent solution that is less volatile. The catalytic formulation consists of a blend of two or more terpene alcohols and acetone. The blended terpene alcohols are present in the catalytic formulation in an amount of from about 5% to about 40%, by weight, based on the total weight of the terpene alcohol premix formulation. The remainder of the terpene alcohol premix formulation consists of from about 60% to about 95% acetone, by weight, based on the total weight of the terpene alcohol premix formulation.

Abstract: This invention relates to non-volatile siloxane compositions having low VOC, a flash point above 140° F., and a vapor pressure of less than seven millimeters of mercury (7 mm Hg). The non-volatile siloxane compositions consist essentially of specific amounts of alkylated cyclosiloxane have 5 or 6 repeating siloxane units, an alkylated cyclosiloxane having 3 or 4 repeating siloxane units, at least one alkylene glycol alkyl ether acetate and monohydric aliphatic alcohols.

Abstract: This invention relates to cleaning compositions comprising unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbons. The invention further relates to use of said cleaning compositions in methods to clean, degrease, deflux, dewater, and deposit fluorolubricant. The invention further relates to novel unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbons and their use as cleaning compositions and in the methods listed above.

Abstract: Products having the general formula A, particularly useful as non-coloring markers in a process for tagging mineral oils, petroleum derivatives in general and solvents. A method is also described for synthesizing the products by resorting to a classical diazocoupling reaction between a derivative of an aromatic amine and a coupling agent, preferably a functionalized ester. The invention also relates to the use of these tagging and dyeing molecules and mixtures which comprise them. In particular, the mixtures comprise the markers according to the invention and the markers and/or dyes classically used in the petroleum sector.

Abstract: An extraction aid has been found which provides for enhanced contaminate removal, such as metals and amines, from crude oils that uses components that are desirable in desalting processes as the components are water soluble, have low toxicity, are highly biodegradeable and exhibit high thermal stability. According to one embodiment of the invention, an extraction aid that provides enhanced extraction properties is comprised of a blend of acids, particularly water soluble acids. More specifically, a combination of two acids chosen from the group consisting of acetic acid, sulfuric acid, glycolic acid, citric acid and methanesulfonic acid.

Abstract: A liquid release agent for application in particular to a panel edge region provided, or to be provided, with a coating by means of an adhesive or by means of glue, the panel preferably being a furniture panel, and the agent comprising a white oil as its carrier fluid, is configured such that the release agent comprises an alcoholic solution.

Abstract: A temperature switch comprises a material (14) which melts and concomitantly undergoes a change in an electrical characteristic at a predetermined temperature. The temperature switch also includes at least two electrical contacts (10, 12) for detecting the change in the electrical characteristic. The material (14) comprises an organic cation and an anion and is preferably an ionic liquid.

Abstract: A composition for applying a coating on a support at low temperature from a dispersion of at least a component of the coating to be deposited in the composition. The composition includes at least a strong and heavy solvent with a boiling point higher than 150° C. approximately, and a weak solvent with a boiling point less than 100° C. approximately. The solvents forming the composition must constitute a mixture that evaporates at a temperature less than 100° C. The composition is particularly useful for forming electrodes or electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries. The method and the device used for forming the coating use a dispersion spreader and an infrared lamp.

Abstract: It has been discovered that metals and/or amines can be removed or transferred from a hydrocarbon phase to a water phase in an emulsion breaking process by using a composition that contains water-soluble hydroxyacids. Suitable water-soluble hydroxyacids include, but are not necessarily limited to glycolic acid, gluconic acid, C2-C4 alpha-hydroxy acids, poly-hydroxy carboxylic acids, thioglycolic acid, chloroacetic acid, polymeric forms of the above hydroxyacids, poly-glycolic esters, glycolate ethers, and ammonium salt and alkali metal salts of these hydroxyacids, and mixtures thereof. The composition may also include at least one mineral acid to reduce the pH of the desalter wash water. A solvent may be optionally included in the composition. The invention permits transfer of metals and/or amines into the aqueous phase with little or no hydrocarbon phase undercarry into the aqueous phase.

Abstract: Novel solvent composition for selective removal of COS from a gas stream containing same, said composition comprising a) at least one polyalkylene glycol alkyl ether of the formula R1O-(Alk-O)n—R2??(I) or 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone or a mixture of N-formylmorpholine and N-acetylmorpholine wherein R1 is an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R2 is hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; Alk is an alkylene group, branched or unbranched, having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and n is from 1 to 10; and b) at least one alkanolamine compound of the formula R3NHR4OR6??(II) or at least one piperazine compound of formula wherein R3 is hydrogen, an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or the R4OH group; R4 is a branched or unbranched alkylene group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R5, independently in each occurrence, is hydrogen or an hydroxyalkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and R6 is hydrogen, an alkyl gr

Abstract: The present invention is directed to chemical compounds of formula (I) wherein A1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl and (formula A), A2, A3, A4, A5 and in case A1 is (formula A) also A6 and A7 comprise a polymer selected from the group consisting of [EO]k[XO]m, [PO]p[EO]q, [EO]k[XO]m[EO]n and [PO]p[EO]q[XO]m with [XO] being [PO] or [BuO] and with EO having the meaning of ethylene oxide, PO having the meaning of propylene oxide and BuO having the meaning of butylene oxide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions containing hydrofluoroolefins and to the uses thereof as heat transfer fluids, blowing agents, solvents and aerosols. More particularly, the invention relates to compositions having: 5 to 65% by weight, preferably from 5 to 15% by weight, of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 5 to 70% by weight, preferably 40 to 60% by weight, of HFC-134a and 25 to 42% by weight of HFC-32.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions containing hydrofluoroolefins and to the uses thereof as heat transfer fluids, blowing agents, solvents and aerosols. More particularly, the invention relates to compositions having: 10 to 90% by weight, of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 5 to 85% by weight of HFC-134a and 2 to 20% by weight of HFC-152a.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions containing hydrofluoroolefins and to the uses thereof as heat transfer fluids, blowing agents, solvents and aerosols. More particularly, the invention relates to compositions having: 2 to 55% by weight, of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 2 to 55% by weight of HFC-152a and 30 to 55% by weight of HFC-32.

Abstract: Disclosed is a compound represented by the following formula 1: wherein, each of R1˜R13 independently represents —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —SH, —COOH, —PO3H2, —NH2, —NO2, —O(CH2CH2O)nH (wherein, n is an integer of 1˜5), C1˜C12 alkyl group, C1˜C12 aminoalkyl group, C1˜C12 hydroxyalkyl group, C1˜C12 haloalkyl group, C2˜C12 alkenyl group, C1˜C12 alkoxy group, C1˜C12 alkylamino group, C1˜C12 dialkylamino group, C6˜C18 aryl group, C6˜C18 aminoaryl group, C6˜C18 hydroxyaryl group, C6˜C18 haloaryl group, C7˜C18 benzyl group, C7˜C18 aminobenzyl group, C7˜C18 hydroxybenzyl group, C7˜C18 halobenzyl group, or nitrile group (—CN); and at least one of R4˜R13 is nitrile group (—CN). A non-aqueous electrolyte comprising: (i) a lithium salt, (ii) a solvent, and (iii) a compound represented by formula 1; and a secondary battery comprising the non-aqueous electrolyte are also disclosed.

Abstract: Heat transfer compositions are usable in their own right or are suitable as a replacement for existing refrigeration usages. The compositions possess a reduced Greenhouse Warming Potential, yet have a capacity and energy efficiency (which may be conveniently expressed as the “Coefficient of Performance”) ideally within 20% of the values of those attained using R-134a, and preferably within 10% or less (e.g. about 5%) of these values.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a surfactant represented by Formula (I): wherein Rf represents a fluoroalkyl group which may have an ether bond; Rh represents an alkyl group; r represents 1 or 0; when r=0, Z1 and Z2 represent (CH2)n1—(X1)p1— and —(X2)q1—, respectively; and when r=1, Z1 and Z2 represent (CH2Y)p2—CH2— and —(CH2Y)q2—, respectively, wherein X1 and X2 may be the same or different and each represents a divalent linking group, p1 represents 0 or 1, q1 represents 0 or 1, n1 represents an integer of 1-10; Y represents O, S or NR, wherein R represents a hydrogen atom, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, or t-butyl; p2 and q2 each represent 0 or 1 but are not 0 at the same time; and M represents a hydrogen atom, alkali metal, ½ alkaline earth metal or ammonium.

Abstract: A method according to the present invention is a method for producing an ionic liquid from a molten salt solution containing a molten salt constituted by combining the cation portion and the anion portion, the ionic liquid containing the molten salt as a main component, the method comprising: removing water from the molten salt solution, the step of removing the water including adding a compound in the molten salt solution, the compound being represented by General Formula (1): where at least two of R1 to R4 are a C1 to C8 alkoxy group(s), the rest of R1 to R4 are a hydrogen atom(s) or a C1 to C8 alkyl group(s). By this, it is possible to remove water from the molten salt solution regardless of whether the molten salt solution is hydrophilic or hydrophobic. The present invention provides a method of producing an ionic liquid, which method can remove water from any kind of ionic liquid economically, easily, and quickly.

Abstract: A method of coloring a substrate is disclosed that includes the steps of dissolving a vegetable oil ester based solvent wherein the ester is selected from a group consisting of esters having carbon chain length of C-1 to C-18 in a liquid solvent dye to form a low-sulfur containing dye formulation such that the vegetable oil ester is present in an amount of between about 5 and 80 percent by weight of the dye formulation, and mixing sufficient amounts of the dye formulation with the substrate to produce mixtures of predetermined color in which the levels of toxic substrate are substantially less than in otherwise equivalent mixtures that include hydrocarbon-based solvents.

Abstract: Various uses of fluorinated olefin having an MRI value of less than ethane, in combination with one or more other components, including other fluoroalkenes, hydrocarbons; hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), ethers, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, methyl formate, formic acid, water, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, carbon dioxide and combinations of any two or more of these, in a variety of applications, including as blowing agents, are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition based on trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. A subject-matter of the invention is more particularly a nonflammable composition comprising trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and at least two hydrofluorocarbons and its uses.

Abstract: The invention provides anti-skinning compositions for use in manufacturing oil-based coating materials. The novel anti-skinning compositions are clear, homogeneous solutions of cyclohexanone oxime that can be prepared by dissolving cyclohexanone oxime in a suitable carboxylic acid or mixture of carboxylic acids. Suitable carboxylic acids include fatty acids, such as fatty acids of tall oil distillate. Surprisingly, the fatty acids are useful as delivery solvents over a useful range of temperatures and have desirable flash points. They are compatible with many oil-based coating materials. The anti-skinning compositions and manufacturing methods of the present invention are especially useful in the manufacture of oil-based paints containing metal carboxylate driers.

Abstract: An ionic liquid according to the invention is substantially halogen-free, has a low viscosity and is stable to hydrolytic degradation under test conditions. The ionic liquid is a compound of the formula (cation) (R?—O—SO3), (cation) (R?—SO3), or a mixture of the two compounds. It can be used in processes for the chemical conversion and separation of materials by employing the ionic liquid as a solvent, solvent additive, extraction agent or phase-transfer catalyst. It can also be used in a heat exchange device wherein the ionic liquid serves as a heat carrier or heat carrier additive.

Abstract: A temperature switch comprises a material (14) which melts and concomitantly undergoes a change in an electrical characteristic at a predetermined temperature. The temperature switch also includes at least two electrical contacts (10, 12) for detecting the change in the electrical characteristic. The material (14) comprises an organic cation and an anion and is preferably an ionic liquid.

Abstract: To stabilize normal propyl bromide by using a novel stabilizer which is friendly to the environment. A composition includes, relative to 100 parts by weight of normal propyl bromide, 0.1 parts by weight to 10 parts by weight of at least one stabilizer selected from the following (A) to (D): (A) 3,4-epoxycyclohexenylmethyl 3?,4?-epoxycyclohexene carboxylate; (B) ?-caprolactone modified 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3?,4?-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate; (C) vinylcyclohexene monoxide; and (D) 1,2:8,9-diepoxylimonene.

Abstract: There are provided a solvent for dissolving an electrolyte salt of lithium secondary battery comprising at least one fluorine-containing solvent (I) selected from the group consisting of a fluorine-containing ether, a fluorine-containing ester and fluorine-containing chain carbonate, 1,2-dialkyl-1,2-difluoroethylene carbonate (II) and other carbonate (III), a non-aqueous electrolytic solution comprising the solvent and an electrolyte salt, and a lithium secondary battery using the non-aqueous electrolytic solution. The solvent for dissolving an electrolyte salt provides a lithium secondary battery being excellent particularly in discharge capacity, rate characteristic and cycle characteristic and has enhanced incombustibility (safety) and the non-aqueous electrolytic solution comprises the solvent and an electrolyte salt.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for removing residue from a surface comprising: contacting the surface with a composition comprising at least one unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of compounds having the formula E- or Z—R1CH?CHR2, wherein R1 and R2 are, independently, C1 to C6 perfluoroalkyl groups, or C1 to C6 hydrofluoroalkyl groups, and recovering the surface from the composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the work-up of acidic or basic ionic liquids (IL) of the general formula (I), [A]+(1/n)*[Y]???(I) where [A]+ is a quaternary ammonium cation and (1/n)*[Y]n? is one anion equivalent of an n-fold charged anion, which comprises adding a conjugate acid-base pair selected from among compounds of the formula (II), [A]+[X]???(II) where [A]+ has the meaning given for the ionic liquid and [X]? is a conjugate base to the ionic liquid (IL).

Abstract: A solvent composition includes a substance that is subject to oxidative alteration by an oxygen radical, and a compound that has a superoxide dismutase-mimetic activity that includes oxygen radical-removing capability. In the solvent composition of the invention, oxygen radicals can be removed by the compound having an superoxide dismutase-mimetic activity that includes oxygen radical-removing capability, and therefore the substance that is subject to oxidative alteration can be prevented from oxidizing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to active charcoals with improved mechanical properties. They can advantageously be used in the sweetening of petroleum fractions, as oxidation catalyst support in the conversion of mercaptans to disulphides, but also in any other type of reaction, such as, for example, for the oxidation of cyanide present in water or in the synthesis of glyphosate, and in processes for purification and/or separation by selective adsorption in a liquid phase and/or in a gas phase (decolouration of liquid foodstuffs, water treatment, air treatment, recovery of solvents, and the like).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for improving the hydrolysis stability of an ionic liquid (IL), in which at least one tertiary amine or one quaternary ammonium compound different from the ionic liquid (IL) is added to an ionic liquid (IL).

Abstract: The present invention relates to coal chemical processing, and particularly to a thermal dissolution catalysis method for preparing liquid fuel from lignite. The method comprises steps of: 1) crushing and drying lignite into coal powder; 2) stirring and mixing coal powder, a solvent and a catalyst sufficiently to form coal slurry, wherein there are 30-40% mass of coal powder, 60-70% mass of solvent, and 0.5-1% mass of catalyst relative to coal powder mass; 3) subjecting the coal slurry to thermal dissolution catalysis reaction to obtain thermal dissolution liquefied product, wherein the reaction is carried out for 30-60 minutes at a temperature 390-450° C. under a pressure 5.0-9.0 MPa; 4) separating the thermal dissolution liquefied product into gas, liquid and solid phases; and 5) upgrading the liquid product into liquid fuel. The present invention further discloses a catalyst and a solvent for use in the above method.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a surfactant represented by Formula (I): [Formula 1] wherein Rf represents a fluoroalkyl group which may have an ether bond; Rh represents an alkyl group; r represents 1 or 0; when r=0, Z1 and Z2 represent (CH2)n1—(X1)p1— and —(X2)q1—, respectively; and when r=1, Z1 and Z2 represent (CH2Y)p2—CH2— and —(CH2Y)q2—, respectively, wherein X1 and X2 may be the same or different and each represents a divalent linking group, p1 represents 0 or 1, q1 represents 0 or 1, n1 represents an integer of 1-10; Y represents O, S or NR, wherein R represents a hydrogen atom, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, or t-butyl; p2 and q2 each represent 0 or 1 but are not 0 at the same time; and M represents a hydrogen atom, alkali metal, ½ alkaline earth metal or ammonium.

Abstract: Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are disclosed. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are mixtures of E-1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-Octafluoro-2-pentene with methyl formate, n-pentane, 2-methylbutane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, dimethoxymethane, cyclopentane or Z-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene. Also disclosed is a process of preparing a thermoplastic or thermoset foam by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as blowing agents. Also disclosed is a process of producing refrigeration by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as solvents. Also disclosed is a process of producing an aerosol product by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as propellants. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as heat transfer media.

Abstract: A process for the separation of the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene and xylene from an aromatics-containing reformate gasoline and pyrolysis gasoline or a coke-oven light oil or an aromatics-containing refinery stream, in which the aromatics are separated by an extractive distillation uses a novel solvent combination made up of the compounds n,n?-diformyl piperazine or 2,2?-bis-(cyanoethyl)ether in a combination with n-formyl morpholine as a second solvent for extractive distillation so that the solvent combination obtained shows a higher selectivity with regard to the aromatics to be extracted so that a lower solvent load is required. The aromatics-containing feed mixture is first submitted to a pre-distillation so that the obtained fraction has a narrow boiling point range. This fraction is then submitted to an extractive distillation in a first column, in which an aromatics-lean head product of predominantly paraffinic hydrocarbons is obtained as well as an aromatics-enriched bottom product.

Abstract: A benign solvent for dissolving proteins comprises alcohol, salt and water. The ratio by volume of water to alcohol is between about ninety-nine-to-one and about one-to-ninety-nine. A salt concentration is between near zero moles per liter and the maximum salt concentration soluble in water. The amount of protein by weight as compared to the mixture of water and alcohol is between near zero percent and about 25 percent. A method for forming a protein structure from a benign solvent comprises forming a benign solvent from water, alcohol, and salt; and dissolving a protein in the benign solvent to form a protein solution. The method further comprises extracting the protein from the protein solution; and arranging the protein into a protein structure.

Abstract: To provide a solvent composition that exhibits non-volatility, non-flammability, thermal stability, chemical stability and high ion conductivity, is excellent in high rate charge/discharge characteristics, is free from the drop of performance at low temperatures and can function as a non-aqueous electrolyte in electrochemical devices. Solvent composition comprising an ionic liquid and a halogenated solvent, which has a halogenation degree of 87% or below and contains at least one partially halogenated alkyl group and/or at least one partially halogenated alkylene group, and in which the solvent composition is under a single phase and in an uniform condition at 25° C.

Abstract: Compositions for improved liquid deposition of active material in manufacturing processes of electronic devices are provided. The compositions comprise at least one active material for liquid deposition, at least one first solvent, at least one second solvent, and at least one third solvent, with a fourth solvent optional. The solvents are selected on the basis of their co-miscibility, ability to form a composition with each other and with active material without significant precipitation of active material from the composition, and at least one of the solvents having a surface tension equal to or less than that of the substrate upon which active material is to be deposited.

Abstract: An organic solvent which is very useful in paints is made up primarily of n-butyl acetate, n-heptane, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, acetone and a light hydrotreated petroleum distillate. The solvent typically has a closed cup flash point of about 50 to 75° F. The petroleum distillate typically has a boiling range from 230 to 320° F., a closed cup flash point from 35 to 75° F. and a kauri-butanol value not less than 25. A mixture of 8-carbon and 9-carbon hydrocarbons which are typically primarily paraffins or cycloparaffins typically makes up the vast majority of the petroleum distillate.

Abstract: A novel class of ionic liquids and methods for their preparation are disclosed. Specifically, these novel ionic liquids can be derived from anionic surfactants, such as alkyl aryl sulfonates, and mid-chain branched derivatives of alkyl sulfates, alkyl alkoxy sulfates, and alkyl aryl sulfonates. In addition, novel ionic liquids can be derived from other anionic surfactants, such as methyl ester sulfonates (MES), alkyl glycerol ether sulfonates, and alpha olefin sulfonates. Anions may be paired with a variety of cations to achieve various advantageous properties. The present invention also relates to compositions containing these novel ionic liquids and method of using the same.