Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods are described that combine a sorbent containing a flame retardant with a substrate, which is capable of responding to temperature increases to prevent, suppress, delay the spread of, or otherwise mitigate a proximal thermal event. A flame retardant system has a flame retardant material that is incorporated into a matrical sorbent material, which is incorporated into a substrate. The matrical sorbent material is configured to release the flame retardant material upon exposure to an elevated temperature, e.g., a temperature that is greater than 300° C. in one embodiment.

Abstract: Fuel tank inerting systems for aircraft are described. The systems include a fuel tank, a first reactant source fluidly connected to the fuel tank, a second reactant source, a catalytic reactor arranged to receive a first reactant from the first source and a second reactant from the second source to generate an inert gas that is supplied to the fuel tank to fill a ullage space of the fuel tank, a heat exchanger arranged between the catalytic reactor and the fuel tank and configured to at least one of cool and condense an output from the catalytic reactor to separate out an inert gas and a byproduct, a reheater arranged between the catalytic reactor and the heat exchanger, and a recirculation loop configured to extract air from downstream of the heat exchanger, pass the extracted air through the reheater, and inject reheated air upstream of the catalytic reactor.

Abstract: A flame-retardant composition has a plurality of particles with at least one porosity therein, a flame retardant gas occupying the porosity, and a matrix material in which said particles are dispersed. A sealant applied to at least a portion of the particles, wherein the sealant substantially prevents the gas from escaping the porosities. The matrix is a flame-retardant composition adapted to be applied to various surfaces. The matrix may also function as the sealant. The sealant is formed of a material that will break down and release the gas in the presence of water or flame or other selected conditions. The sealant may be a polymer material. This solves the problem of applying flame-retardant qualities to various surfaces.

Abstract: A flame-retardant composition has a plurality of particles with a plurality of porosities formed therein, a flame retardant gas occupying the porosities, and a matrix material in which said particles are dispersed. It provides a sealant applied to at least a portion of the particles, wherein the sealant substantially prevents the gas from escaping the porosities. The matrix is a flame-retardant composition adapted to be applied to various surfaces. At least one of the matrix and the particles is formed of a material that will break down and release the gas in the presence of water. At least one of the matrix and the particles is formed of a material that will break down and release the gas in the presence of flame. The sealant may be a polymer material. This solves the problem of applying flame-retardant qualities to various surfaces.

Abstract: A fire extinguishing composition generating fire extinguishing substance through chemical reaction of ingredients at high temperature, wherein: the fire extinguishing composition comprises a flame retardant, an oxidant, a reducing agent and an adhesive; contents of each ingredient are: the flame retardant: 50 wt % to 90 wt %; the oxidant: 5 wt % to 30 wt %; the reducing agent: 5 wt % to 10 wt %; the adhesive: 0% to 10 wt %. In a usage of the fire extinguishing composition, a pyrotechnic agent is adopted as a heat source and a power source; and the purpose of fire extinguishing is achieved by: igniting the pyrotechnic agent, and the oxidant and the reducing agent in the fire extinguishing composition are reacted to generate the in the use of high temperature produced by burning the pyrotechnic agent. by burning the pyrotechnic agent, so as to implement fire extinguishing. Different from the traditional aerosol generating agent, there is no external heat source, and the composition itself does not burn.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fire extinguishing composition which generate fire extinguishing substance by high temperature sublimation; the fire extinguishing composition comprising a fire extinguishing material which, in a heating process, can sublimate and release a fire extinguishing substance with fire extinguishing properties; the content of the fire extinguishing material is at least 80 wt %. When the fire extinguishing composition is in use, a pyrotechnic agent as a heat source and a power source; and the purpose of fire extinguishing is achieved by: igniting the pyrotechnic agent, generating a large quantity of fire substance from the fire extinguishing composition in the use of high temperature produced by burning pyrotechnic agent, and the fire substance sprays out together with the pyrotechnic agent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a ferrocene-based fire extinguishing composition. The ferrocene-based fire extinguishing composition comprises ferrocene, a ferrocene derivative, or a combination thereof at a content of 25 mass % or more; when in use, a pyrotechnic agent is used as a heat source and a power source, the pyrotechnic agent is ignited, and the high temperature generated by the combustion of the pyrotechnic agent is utilized to make a fire extinguishing composition produce a large amount of fire extinguishing substance, which is sprayed out together with the pyrotechnic agent, so as to achieve the purpose of extinguishing a fire. Compared with a conventional fire extinguishing composition, a more efficient and safer fire extinguishing composition is provided.

Abstract: A combination of a liquid fire extinguishing composition including potassium salts or aluminum salts of an organic acid, resulting in a viscous liquid, is finely divided by a nozzle into droplets which may be applied to a fire or fuel therefor or form a cloud of droplets which settle onto such fire and/or fuel which is particularly effective for fighting fires where fuel is at least initially contained such as oil and grease fires in cooling utensils being heated on stoves. Propellant is contained and not entrained in the dispensed fire fighting composition to avoid at least spreading of the fuel beyond the containment.

Abstract: Disclosed are compositions comprising HFC-245eb and at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234ze, HFC-245fa, HFC-236cb, HFC-236ea, HFC-236fa, HFC-227ea, HFC-227ca, HFO-1225yc, HFO-1225zc, HFO-1225ye, methane, ethane, propane, HFC-23, HFC-143a, HFC-134, HFC-134a, FC-1216, HFO-1234yf, HFC-254eb, HFO-1243zf, and HFC-254fb. Compositions comprising HFC-245eb are useful in processes to make HFO-1234yf. Also disclosed are compositions comprising HFO-1234yf and at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of HFO-1234ze, HFC-254eb, HFC-254fb, HFO-1243zf, HFCHFC-245eb, HFC-245fa, HFC-245cb, HFC-236cb, HFC-236ea, HFC-236fa, HFC-227ea, HFC-227ca, HFO-1225yc, HFO-1225zc, HFO-1225ye, methane, ethane, propane, HFC-23, HFC-134, HFC-134a, HFO-1132a and FC-1216. Compositions comprising HFO-1234yf are useful as heat transfer compositions for use in refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump systems.

Abstract: An onboard inert gas generation system includes an evaporator comprising a vessel that receives a hydrocarbon fuel from a fuel tank, separates vapor fuel components from liquid fuel components, establishes a nearly constant fuel vapor composition, and outputs the fuel vapor to be mixed with air prior to combusting the fuel vapor and air mixture in a catalytic reactor. Water is separated from the inert gas produced and the inert gas is introduced into the ullage space of the fuel tank to prevent or reduce possible hazardous conditions in the fuel tank.

Abstract: A spray solution generates a foam to sanitize surfaces. The spray dip solution is a mixture of the solution with carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in a closed vessel. After ejecting the liquid dip solution mixture from a nozzle a foam is generated from the solution as the solution hits a surface. The spray can be applied to a number of different surfaces. In an embodiment of the invention, the spray can be applied to cow teats without risk of cross-contamination of the nozzle or other equipment. The generated foam remains intact on the teat for a prolonged period of time, increases the area of the teat in contact with the foam during the treatment period and disperses skin-conditioning fats present in the dip treatment, thereby increasing the coverage of the skin conditioner on and within the epidermis of the teat and surrounding areas.

Abstract: Provided are azeotropic or azeotrope-like mixtures of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf) and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (1243zf), as well as methods for producing and using the same.

Abstract: A flame-retardant composition has a plurality of particles with a plurality of porosities formed therein, a flame retardant gas occupying the porosities, and a matrix material in which said particles are dispersed. It provides a sealant applied to at least a portion of the particles, wherein the sealant substantially prevents the gas from escaping the porosities. The matrix is a flame-retardant composition adapted to be applied to various surfaces. At least one of the matrix and the particles is formed of a material that will break down and release the gas in the presence of water. At least one of the matrix and the particles is formed of a material that will break down and release the gas in the presence of flame. The sealant may be a polymer material. This solves the problem of applying flame-retardant qualities to various surfaces.

Abstract: A flame-retardant composition comprises a nanocube or metal organic framework having a plurality of porosities formed therein; a flame retardant material occupying the porosities; and a matrix material in which said nanocubes are dispersed. The flame retardant may further comprise a sealant applied to at least a portion of the nanocube, wherein the sealant substantially prevents the gas from escaping the porosities in the nanocube. It may also include a composition wherein the matrix is a flame-retardant composition adapted to be applied to fabric. The invention may also include nanocubes formed of a material that will break down and release the gas in the presence of water or nanocubes formed of a material that will break down and release the gas in the presence of flame. The nanocubes containing the flame retardant material may also be sealed with a sealant that is a polymer material.

Abstract: Disclosed are cover gas compositions comprising at least one pentafluoropropane for impeding the oxidation of molten nonferrous metals and alloys, such as magnesium.

Abstract: The present invention features a portable, modular on-site breathable fire control system which can make an unlimited amount of cooled, oxygen-depleted air that can still be consumed by humans while extinguishing fire and reducing smoke. This system may be incorporated into an already existing heating and A/C unit for enhanced fire safety in a home or building. The system may also be used as a mobile unit attached to a fire safety vehicle wherein a transmission conduit transfers the processed air directly to the area on fire. Additionally, a fire-resistant tarp-like structure of sufficient size may be used to enclose a burning structure while the process air is transmitted thereto via a transmission conduit.

Abstract: The use of a relatively tin vermiculite coating layer, preferably spray-applied as an aqueous dispersion of delaminated vermiculite platelets, over a (primary) spray-applied hydratable cementitious fireproofing coating, has been found surprisingly to provide fireproofing protection that equals or exceeds that provided by fireproofing used alone. Accordingly, the time, effort, and costs normally incurred by the need to achieve thick coating layers in conventional fireproofing are considerably decreased.

Abstract: The invention is directed to sterilant gas compositions of pentafluorodimethyl ether and ethylene oxide which possess improved environmental properties.

Abstract: Intumescing materials for the fighting of fire or the prevention of damage resulting from fires are, as a rule, packaged in cartouches, from which they are removed for processing at building sites or the like. Their processing ability is limited because they harden to a rubberlike state with time. However, according to the invention, their spreading ability is maintained when a specific amount of a cellulose is added to the material.

Abstract: Passive fire-suppression objects adapted for placement adjacent or in a confined area to be protected are provided and comprise a three-dimensional body presenting a surface communicating with the confined area; solid polyhalon fire-suppressing material forms all or a part of the object and is capable of releasing fire-suppressing gas from or through the object surface when heated as a result of a fire within the confined area. The solid polyhalon may be incorporated in or onto the surface of the object and can be used in wall or ceiling panels, woven material or as a solid panel. In use, heat generated as a result of a fire causes the polyhalon to pyrolize and crack, thus liberating monomer components of the polyhalon, the monomers being a fire-suppressing gas.

Abstract: A method of preventing or retarding a combustible object from burning includes the steps of mixing water with a superabsorbent polymer ("SAP") to form one at least partially hydrated SAP, and applying the at least partially hydrated SAP to the combustible object, before or after combustion. In another embodiment, an article of manufacture includes a SAP, that is prehydrated, or hydrated at a later time, is useful for preventing a combustible object from burning, or for providing a human fire shield or preventing penetration of extreme heat or fire to a firefighter or other animal.

Abstract: A method of improving the storage life of goods by storing the goods in an environment comprising heptafluoropropane at pressures of between about 0.1 atmospheres and about 2.0 atmospheres. Foods, pharmaceuticals, and other goods adversely affected by oxygen and/or moisture are effectively stored by the claimed method. The method is particularly effective for goods stored in plastic containers, and for goods stored in containers stoppered by rubber stoppers.

Abstract: A fire resistant composition for forming a fire resisting lining is characteristically and substantially composed of ettringite contained as a main ingredient. A panel that is attachable to a building body so as to form an external wall thereof is composed of a base plate and the fire resisting lining that contains ettringite as its main ingredient and covers the base plate. A structure of an external wall of buildings, the structure has the panels attached to the building body to form a plane and having their sides adjoined one to another, and the base plate in each panel has a periphery not covered with the lining. A groove-shaped cavity appearing between the adjacent lining edges facing one another is filled with a caulking material, so that the fire resistance afforded by the composition and the panels is further enhanced.

Abstract: A method of modifying an inorganic material which evolves gases and/or vapors at a temperature which is detrimental to the processing temperature of polymer or paper systems so that the modified material can be used as a fire retardant additive with that polymer or paper system. The method comprises the steps of: (1) providing a first material; (2) treating the first material to remove the portion which evolves gas which is detrimental to the processing of the polymer or paper system; and (3) combining a second material with the first material to create a modified material which does not evolve gas at a temperature which is detrimental to the processing of the paper or polymer system.

Abstract: Novel formulations for aqueous foams which, in the presence of hydrocarbons, can persist for 24 hours or more. The foams are suitable for the suppression of hydrocarbon and polar organic vapors.

Abstract: A product and process by which heat from hyperthermal sources is blocked by compositions including coordination complexes. The compositions provide a sustained, uniform, and controlled method of heat blockage in an artificial boundary layer or heat exchange matrix. When the compositions are incorporated in a coating composition, the rate of discharge of the coating medium is continuous, gradual, and controlled to the desired rate level for a given thermal environment.

Abstract: Azeotrope-like compositions comprising trifluoromethane and carbon dioxide or trifluromethane, hexafluoroethane and carbon dioxide are stable and have utility as refrigerants for heating and cooling as well as fire extinguishing compositions.

Abstract: Novel formulations for aqueous foams which, in the presence of hydrocarbons, can persist for 24 hours or more. The foams are suitable for the suppression of hydrocarbon and polar organic vapors.

Abstract: A process for extinguishing, preventing and/or controlling fires using a composition containing CHF.sub.3 is disclosed. CHF.sub.3 can be used in volume percentages with air as high as 80% without adversely affecting mammalian habitation, with no effect on the ozone in the stratosphere and with little effect on the global warming process.

Abstract: A process for extinguishing, preventing and controlling fires using a composition containing CHF.sub.3 is disclosed. CHF.sub.3 can be used in volume percentages with air as high as 80% without adversely affecting mammalian habitation, with no effect on the ozone in the stratosphere and with little effect on the global warming process.

Abstract: A method of applying an inorganic non-combustible foam making use of separately packaged sodium silicate as a liquid and a mixture of sodium silico fluoride, silicon metal and a filler.

Abstract: A process for safely preventing, controlling and/or extinguishing fires in confined spaces without damage to equipment, loss of habitability for personnel, loss of consciousness for personnel or a significant impact on the mental acuity of personnel in the confined space, which comprises introducing carbon dioxide and another inert gas, e.g. nitrogen or helium, to the confined space to lower the oxygen content to a concentration in the range between 8% and 15% by volume while increasing the carbon dioxide content of the confined space to an amount in the range of 2% to 5% by volume. The combination of reducing oxygen concentration and increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the gaseous environment of the confined space works together to sustain mammalian life, in particular, maintaining consciousness and mental acuity while not supporting, i.e. extinguishing, flame.

Abstract: A floor structure comprising an upper layer containing a hydroxide, a middle layer for providing the structural strength and a lower layer covering the lower surface of the structure, in which at least the middle layer and the lower layer are composed of flame-retardant material and a layer of heat insulating material is formed therebetween. The floor structure is excellent in fire-resistance and heat-resistance, as well as facilitating the mounting of equipment or the likes below the floor.

Abstract: A method of purging an enclosed space of an explosive or combustible gas or vapor comprises filling the space with a foam the bubbles of which are filled with a preprepared gaseous mixture of air and a non-toxic fire-suppressant gas, such as bromotrifluoromethane, in predetermined proportions and allowing the foam to decay. The proportions of air and said fire-suppressant gas in the gaseous mixture are such that when the foam decays the gaseous mixture remaining in the tank and freed by the decay of the foam is capable of supporting human life.