Abstract: Process for preparing non-aqueous dispersions, wherein a liquid prepolymer is emulsified in a non-aqueous liquid, the droplet size of the emulsion is adjusted to 0.1 to 30 &mgr;m and the droplet size distribution U90 is adjusted to less than 2 by means of a jet disperser, and the droplets are cured by a chemical reaction.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a flame retardant hydraulic oil excellent in the flame retardancy, heat stability and oxidative stability, unaccompanied by the dangers of pinhole fire and giving rise to no environmental contamination. This flame retardant hydraulic oil contains a hydraulic base oil including as the essential component a synthetic ester, which is a product formed by reacting (A) at least one polyol selected from the group consisting of neopentyl glycol, 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypropyl-2′,2′-dimethyl-3′-hydroxypropionate, glycerin and trimethylolpropane with (B) a carboxylic acid including 15 to 85% by mole of oleic acid based on the total carboxylic acid and 15 to 85% by mole of isostearic acid based on the total carboxylic acid or a carboxylic acid obtained by incorporating into the carboxylic acid 85% by mole or less of monocarboxylic acid having 6 to 22 carbon atoms (excluding oleic acids and isostearic acids) based on the total carboxylic acid.

Abstract: An abrasive liquid for a metal comprising (1) an oxidizing agent for a metal, (2) a dissolving agent for an oxidized metal, (3) a first protecting film-forming agent such as an amino acid or an azole which adsorbs physically on the surface of the metal and/or forms a chemical bond, to thereby form a protecting film, (4) a second protecting film-forming agent such as polyacrylic acid, polyamido acid or a salt thereof which assists the first protecting film-forming agent informing a protecting film and (5) water; and a method for polishing.

Abstract: A ferric nitrate-alumina based slurry useful for Chemical-Mechanical-Polishing of tungsten metallurgy and silica based oxides on semiconductor substrates in which the suspension and stability of abrasive material in the slurry is essentially stable. The slurry formulation is balanced to provide low residue of foreign material after polishing and due to its reduced ferric nitrate concentration will be less corrosive than prior art slurries. The recipe for the slurry includes of a 30% wt silica suspension, about 800 ml of 40% by wt ferric nonahydrate, liters and enough 70% wt nitric acid to adjust the pH of the slurry to about 1.2 to 1.4.

Abstract: Polyalkyl (meth)acrylate copolymers comprising from about 12 to about 18 weight percent methyl methacrylate; from about 75 to about 85 weight percent of a C10-C15 alkyl (meth)acrylate; and from about 2 to about 5 weight percent of a nitrogen-containing dispersant monomer provide excellent low temperature properties to lubricating oils.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an acid based antifreeze coolant formulation for heavy duty applications such as for diesel engines which may be used for inhibition and prevention erosion and corrosion of aluminum and the corrosion of other metals exposed to an aqueous liquid in automotive coolant systems. The formulation further inhibits mineral scale. It may be packaged as an ethylene glycol based additive for use in new engines or in a concentrated inhibition package as an additive as for reinhibition of used coolant.

Abstract: A process for modifying an unsaturated polyol fatty acid ester stock, such as an unsaturated triacylglycerol oil, to enhance its fluidity and/or oxidative stability is provided. The method includes reacting the unsaturated polyol fatty acid ester stock with cyclopropanating agent. Lubricants containing cyclopropanated polyol fatty acid ester and methods for their production and use are also provided.

Abstract: A lubricant ester having enhanced hydrolytic stability is disclosed. The ester is a mono or diester of 2-ethyl-2-butyl-1,3-propanediol or an alkoxylate thereof and at least one carboxylic acid having 5-10 carbon atoms. The invention in a further aspect refers to a refrigeration working fluid comprising said ester and at least one halocarbon refrigerant.

Abstract: High oleic acid triglyceride compositions that comprise fatty acid components of at least 75% oleic acid, less than 10% diunsaturated fatty acid component; less than 3% triunsaturated fatty acid component; and less than 8% saturated fatty acid component; and having the properties of a dielectric strength of at least 35 KV/100 mil gap, a dissipation factor of less than 0.05% at 25° C., acidity of less than 0.03 mg KOH/g, electrical conductivity of less than 1 pS/m at 25° C., a flash point of at least 250° C. and a pour point of at least −15° C. are disclosed. Electrical insulation fluids comprising the triglyceride composition are disclosed. Electrical insulation fluids that comprise the triglyceride composition and a combination of additives are disclosed. Electrical apparatuses comprising the electrical insulation fluids and the use of electrical insulation fluids to provide insulation in electrical apparatuses are disclosed.

Abstract: In chemical mechanical polishing of a substrate comprising a tantalum-containing metal film, a slurry for chemical mechanical polishing comprising a silica polishing grain and an inorganic salt in an amount of 0.01 wt % to 10 wt % both inclusive may be used to prevent dishing and erosion, as well as to achieve an improved polishing rate for tantalum without any damage to tantalum.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a slurry used for chemical mechanical polishing of a substrate having a copper-containing film at the surface, which slurry contains an abrasive, an oxidizing agent, and an adhesion-inhibitor preventing adhesion of a polishing product to a polishing pad. With the polishing slurry of the present invention, even when the copper-containing metal film to be polished has a large thickness or a large area and therefore the amount of the copper-containing metal to be polished is large, adhesion of polishing product to a polishing pad is suppressed and CMP can be completed satisfactorily in a single polishing operation without discontinuation.

Abstract: In chemical mechanical polishing of a copper metal film, contamination of a polishing pad may be prevented by using a slurry for chemical mechanical polishing consisting of &thgr;-alumina which mainly comprises secondary particles made of aggregated primary particles as polishing grains.

Abstract: A fluorescent naphthalimide diester dye that is miscible or soluble in a variety of organic compounds such as, for example, mineral oil, polyalkylene glycols, polyolesters, motor oil, gear oil, synthetic oils, and polyalphaolefins, is provided. The fluorescent naphthalimide diester is useful as a tracer to detect leaks within a fluid systems such as, for example, refrigerant systems, transmission systems, and hydraulic systems. The fluorescent naphthalimide diester dye is comprised of a chromophore having the following structure: wherein: Z and Z′ are the same or different, and are esters attached to saturated or unsaturated linear or branched hydrocarbon chains attached thereto, having from 8 to 24 carbon atoms in length, preferably from 12 to 22 carbon atoms in length, most preferably from 16 to 20 carbon atoms in length, and from 1 to 4 double bonds, most preferably 2 to 3 double bonds.

Abstract: A monobasic carboxylic acid is used with low levels of molybdate and a triazole compound to produce a well balanced corrosion inhibiting formulation with very low solids to minimize potential deposits and exhibit surprising long life characteristics in engine coolant applications.

Abstract: The present invention provides heavy duty long life corrosion inhibition formulations and compositions for inhibiting mineral scale and the corrosion of metals particularly the cavitation corrosion of aluminum in the presence of aqueous liquids. The combination of a mixture of polymeric polycarboxylates, azoles, molybdenum, and a combination of nitrite and nitrate salts, phosphates, stabilized silicates and transition metal compounds provide a synergistic protective effect against the cavitation corrosion of aluminum in aqueous liquids reducing the corrosion rate and is effective at relatively low concentrations and varying pH ranges.

Abstract: The invention relates to a heat transfer liquid for ventilation and air-conditioning installations to be used at low temperatures, in which installations heat is recovered from the exhaust air and conveyed to the supply air by means of a heat transfer liquid. For lowering the costs and eliminating environmental risks, the heat transfer liquid contains potassium formiate and water.

Abstract: The present invention provides corrosion inhibition formulations and compositions for inhibiting mineral scale and the corrosion of metals particularly the cavitation corrosion of aluminum in the presence of aqueous liquids. The combination of a mixture of polymeric polycarboxylates, azoles, nitrate salts, phosphates, stabilized silicates and transition metal compounds provide a synergistic protective effect against the cavitation corrosion of aluminum in aqueous liquids reducing the corrosion rate and is effective at relatively low concentrations and varying pH ranges.

Abstract: The invention includes a process of making a lubricating composition including: contacting a heavy mineral oil feed in a hydrocracking zone with a hydrocracking catalyst at hydrocracking conditions, whereby at least a portion of the heavy mineral oil feed is cracked; recovering at least one gasoline-range fraction and one bottoms fraction from the hydrocracking zone; passing a first portion of the bottoms fraction including not more than about 67 wt. % of the bottoms fraction to a dewaxing zone; and passing a second portion of the bottoms fraction including at least about 33 wt. % of the bottoms fraction back to the fuels hydrocracker for additional processing; and where the bottoms fraction has a viscosity at 100° C. of less than about 4.

Abstract: A heat transfer/cooling fluid for low temperatures containing from about 15% to about 70% of trimethyl glycine or derivatives thereof and from about 30% to about 85% of water. The heat transfer/cooling fluid is environmental-friendly and non-toxic. It has good heat transfer properties and is suitable for, e.g., the needs of the food industry and solar panels.

Abstract: The present invention relates to fire-resistant hydraulic fluids. More particularly, the invention relates to fire-resistant hydraulic fluid compositions comprising the combination of a trialkoxyalkyl-phosphate, a diluent selected from the group consisting of a natural triglyceride, a synthetic ester, and a polypropylene glycol, and a high molecular weight polymer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a freezable coolant composition used for cold-preservation of, e.g., foods by utilizing the latent heat of fusion at the freezing point which is substantially higher than 0.degree. C. and in the range, for example, from 5.degree. C. to 26.degree. C. The composition is a ternary mixture consisting of: (A) from 98.0 to 8.0% by weight of 1,6-hexanediol; (B) from 0.5 to 3.0% by weight of sodium benzoate; and (C) from 1.5 to 89.0% by weight of water, each percentage being based on the total amount of the components (A), (B) and (C).

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of inhibiting the cavitation-erosion corrosion of aluminum surfaces. The method comprises the step of contacting the aluminum surface with a formulation comprising a corrosion inhibitor composition comprising one or more carboxylic acids, or salts or isomers thereof, and a polymerizable-acid graft polymer which comprises an unsaturated grafting acid and an alkylene oxide polymer, or copolymers thereof. This method has been demonstrated to be a surprisingly effective means to inhibit cavitation-erosion corrosion of aluminum surfaces found in the cooling systems of internal combustion engines.

Abstract: An extreme pressure agent and a friction coefficient modifier which comprises a compound having, in a molecule, a group represented by general formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 each represents hydrogen atom or methyl group, and at least one of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 represents hydrogen atom; a fluid resistant to seizure under load and a wear resistant fluid which each comprises the above additive or the above modifier; and a flame resistant fluid which comprises a thermally polymerizable substance, preferably the above compound. The extreme pressure agent and the friction coefficient modifier have excellent properties and are advantageously used for lubricating oil, metal working oil, and hydraulic oil. The flame resistant fluid suppresses vaporization of flammable substances by thermal polymerization to prevent fire when the fluid is exposed to a high temperature and is advantageously used as lubricating oil, metal working oil, hydraulic oil, heat treatment oil, and grease.

Abstract: A glycol-based antifreeze/coolant concentrate to be blended in coolant in a cooling system of a vehicle is disclosed, which can effectively inhibit occurrence of cavitation damage in the cooling system while suppressing production of nitrosoamine which is a known carcinogenic substance. A glycol-based antifreeze/coolant concentrate of the present invention contains a 0.05-8.0 wt. % p-toluate and a 0.01-1.0 wt. % molybdate.

Abstract: A linear monobasic aliphatic carboxylic acid is used with low levels of molybdate and a hydrocarbyl triazole to produce a well balanced corrosion inhibiting formulation with very low solids to minimize potential deposits and exhibit surprising long life characteristics in engine coolant applications.

Abstract: A process for forming dielectric particles includes admixing a first monomer and a crosslinker in a liquid dispersion medium to form a first mixture. A second mixture of an initiator and a stabilizer is prepared and added to the first mixture to form a third mixture in which the first monomer polymerizes to form polymer particles. A second monomer is introduced to the third mixture, the second monomer at least partially polymerizing and grafting upon the previously formed polymer particles. A functional monomer effecting the outer surface charge characteristics of the final particles may be introduced to the third mixture when the second monomer is introduced. The particles may be employed in an electrophoretic fluid for use in an electrophoretic display by dispersing the dielectric particles prepared by the two stage polymerization process in a dielectric fluid.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a lubricating composition including: a hydrocracker-derived, highly naphthenic, low viscosity index mineral oil; from about 2 wt. % to about 14 wt. % of at least one polymethacrylate polymer; and from about 2 wt. % to about 14 wt. % of a performance additive package. The hydrocracker-derived, highly naphthenic, low viscosity index mineral oil is prepared by: (1) passing a first bottoms portion including not more than about 67 wt. % of a fuels hydrocracker bottoms recycle stream to a dewaxing zone; and (2) passing a second bottoms portion including at least about 33 wt. % of the recycle stream back to the fuels hydrocracker for additional processing; and where the recycle stream has a viscosity at 100.degree. C. of less than about 4.

Abstract: An antifreeze/coolant composition is disclosed, which can effectively inhibit corrosion of metals, particularly cast aluminum and cast iron, and can also inhibit cavitation damage to metals in an engine cooling system. The antifreeze/coolant composition comprises a glycol as the chief ingredient, 0.1-0.5% by weight of at least one ingredient selected from among hexanoic acid heptanoic acid and their salts, and 0.1-0.5% by weight of at least one ingredient selected from among alkylbenzoic acids having C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl and their salts.

Abstract: An electrorheological fluid composition comprises dielectric particles as a disperse-phase and an electrically insulating oil as a dispersion medium, wherein the dielectric particle has a polymer portion and an electrically conductive carbon black portion and the polymer portion is grafted on the carbon black portion. The electrorheological fluid composition shows a large change in viscosity and the small current properties under an applied electric field, and excellent fluidity and dispersion stability in an absence of an applied electric field.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel silicate-, borate- and nitrate-free antifreeze concentrates based on alkylene glycols or derivatives thereof which include an inhibitor combination essentially comprising salts of carboxylic acids together with hydrocarbon-triazoles and/or -thiazoles. These antifreeze concentrates are, in particular, entirely free from any salts of inorganic acids as corrosion inhibitors. The invention also relates to ready-to-use aqueous coolant compositions comprising these antifreeze concentrates.

Abstract: This invention provides compositions and methods for producing automatic transmission fluids capable of improved viscometric properties and capable of achieving -40.degree. C. Brookfield viscosities not greater than 18,000 centipoise using natural lubricating oils.

Abstract: A process for modifying an unsaturated polyol fatty acid ester stock, such as an unsaturated triacylglycerol oil, to enhance its fluidity and/or oxidative stability is provided. The method includes reacting the unsaturated polyol fatty acid ester stock with cyclopropanating agent. Lubricants containing a modified unsaturated polyol fatty acid ester and methods for their production and use are also provided.

Abstract: A process for producing a carbon foam heat sink is disclosed which obviates the need for conventional oxidative stabilization. The process employs mesophase or isotropic pitch and a simplified process using a single mold. The foam has a relatively uniform distribution of pore sizes and a highly aligned graphic structure in the struts. The foam material can be made into a composite which is useful in high temperature sandwich panels for both thermal and structural applications. The foam is encased and filled with a phase change material to provide a very efficient heat sink device.

Abstract: Provided is an electro-sensitive movable fluid composition which is comprised of a compound or a mixture of compounds which, at the working temperature of the fluid, has a conductivity .sigma., plotted as abscissa, and a viscosity .eta., plotted as ordinate, the triangle having, as vertexes, a point P indicated by the conductivity .sigma.=4.times.10.sup.-10 S/m and the viscosity .eta.=1.times.10.sup.0 Pa.S, a point Q indicated by the conductivity .sigma.=4.times.10.sup.-10 S/m and the viscosity n=1.times.10.sup.-4 Pa.S, and a point R indicated by the conductivity .sigma.=5.times.10.sup.-6 S/m and the viscosity .eta.=1.times.10.sup.-4 Pa.S. Also provided is a method for driving a rotor by producing a jet flow of the electro-sensitive movable fluid upon application of direct-current-voltage between two electrodes immersed in the fluid.

Abstract: An extreme pressure agent and a friction coefficient modifier which comprises a compound having, in a molecule, a group represented by general formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 each represents hydrogen atom or methyl group, and at least one of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 represents hydrogen atom; a fluid resistant to seizure under load and a wear resistant fluid which each comprises the above additive or the above modifier; and a flame resistant fluid which comprises a thermally polymerizable substance, preferably the above compound. The extreme pressure agent and the friction coefficient modifier have excellent properties and are advantageously used for lubricating oil, metal working oil, and hydraulic oil. The flame resistant fluid suppresses vaporization of flammable substances by thermal polymerization to prevent fire when the fluid is exposed to a high temperature and is advantageously used as lubricating oil, metal working oil, hydraulic oil, heat treatment oil, and grease.

Abstract: An anti-freeze concentrate made by adding together at least:a) an alkylene glycol;b) an effective corrosion inhibiting amount, or more, of an unsubstituted benzoic acid; andc) an effective corrosion inhibiting amount, or more, of a C.sub.7 -C.sub.14 monocarboxylic acid.This formulation is particularly effective at inhibiting corrosion in coolants which are free of borates, primary and secondary amines, phosphates, silicates, as well as those coolants which are free of p-tertbutyl benzoic acid.

Abstract: An antifreeze/coolant position is disclosed, which can effectively inhibit corrosion of metals, particularly cast aluminum and cast iron, and can also inhibit cavitation damage to metals in an engine cooling system. The anitifreeze/coolant composition comprises a glycol as the chief ingredient, 0.1-0.5% by weight of at least on ingredient selected from among C.sub.6 -C.sub.12 aliphatic monobasic acids and their salts, and 0.1-5.0% by weight of at least one ingredient selected from among cinnamic acid, alkylcinnamic acids, alkoxycinnanic acids and their salts.

Abstract: Non-dispersant poly (meth) acrylate copolymers comprising from about 5 to about 15 weight percent butyl methacrylate; from about 70 to about 90 weight percent of a C10-C15 alkyl (meth) acrylate; and from about 5 to about 10 weight percent of a C16-C30 alkyl (meth) acrylate provide excellent low temperature properties to lubricating oils.

Abstract: Process for preparing non-aqueous dispersions, wherein a liquid prepolymer is emulsified in a non-aqueous liquid, the droplet size of the emulsion is adjusted to 0.1 to 30 .mu.m and the droplet size distribution U.sub.90 is adjusted to less than 2 by means of a jet disperser, and the droplets are cured by a chemical reaction.

Abstract: Polymers having repeating succinyl units, especially polyaspartic acids, are suitable for antifreezing compositions.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of inhibiting the corrosion of flux-treated metal surfaces. The method comprises the step of contacting the flux-treated metal surface with a formulation comprising a corrosion inhibitor composition comprising one or more mono-carboxylic acids, or salts or isomers thereof, and an effective amount of a corrosion inhibiting surface active agent such as a water soluble alkali or alkaline earth metal nitrate salt. This method has been demonstrated to be a surprisingly effective means to inhibit corrosion of flux-treated metal surfaces found in the cooling systems of internal combustion engines.

Abstract: An antifreeze/coolant composition is disclosed, which can effectively inhibit corrosion of metals, particularly cast aluminum and cast iron, and can also inhibit cavitation damage to metals in an engine cooling system. The antifreeze/coolant composition comprises a glycol as the chief ingredient, 0.1-0.5% by weight of at least one ingredient selected from among C.sub.6 -C.sub.12 aliphatic monobasic acids and their salts, and 0.1-0.5% by weight of at least one ingredient selected from among alkoxybenzoic acids having C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkoxy and their salts.

Abstract: A semiconductor device manufacturing method includes an etching process or a surface-treating process in which an etching gas or a surface-treating gas including an acyl-group-containing compound represented by the following formula (1):RCOX (1)is used to form a sturdy film on the etched or treated surface, and high anti-resist selectivity, high anti-base-layer selectivity and high plasma-tolerance are thereby achieved, wherein R is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a derivative thereof, and X is a substituent. Preferably, the substituent X in the above formula (1) is a halogen atom or a group represented by the following formula (2):R'COO-- (2)wherein R' is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a derivative thereof.

Abstract: A homogeneous electrorheological fluid is disclosed, which mainly comprises a liquid crystal compound in which a plurality of liquid crystal groups are bonded to a molecular chain either directly or via a spacer, or comprises a lyotropic liquid crystal comprising a solute and a solvent. The electrorheological fluid exhibits higher electrorheological effects as well as high response rate and low power driving properties while being free from sedimentation or flocculation.

Abstract: The invention includes a tractor hydraulic fluid composition containing a major amount of a base oil mixture. The base oil mixture includes a first mineral oil having a kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. of at least about 4.0 centistokes and a second mineral oil having a kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. of at least about 7.0 centistokes. The tractor hydraulic fluid composition also contains a first polymethacrylate viscosity index improver and a second polymethacrylate viscosity index improver having a lower shear stability index than the first polymethacrylate viscosity index improver. The tractor hydraulic fluid composition has an unsheared kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. of at least about 9.1 centistokes, a sheared kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. of at least about 7.1 centistokes, and an unsheared kinematic viscosity at -40.degree. C. of not more than about 20,000 centipoise.

Abstract: An electrorheological fluid comprising a lyotropic liquid crystalline polymer uniformly dissolved in a cyclic ketone solvent or a mixed solvent of a cyclic ketone solvent and at least one electrically insulating solvent selected from a hydrocarbon-based oil, an ester-based oil, and an ether-based oil.

Abstract: An effective metal corrosion inhibitive coolant composition having an excellent pH stabilizing property is disclosed, comprising a glycol as a main ingredient, at least one C 4-C 16 alkenylsuccinic acid or its alkali metal salt in an amount of 0.5-5.0 wt. %, and at least one benzoic acid or its derivative in an amount of 0.5-5.0 wt. %. This coolant composition is further characterized in that no phosphates, amine salts, silicates, borates, or nitrites are contained to avoid their detrimental side effects.

Abstract: An absorbent for use in absorption refrigeration systems, air conditioning systems, heat pumps or dehumidifiers comprising a solution of potassium formate. The absorbent is relatively non-toxic and relatively non-corrosive towards metals. The absorbent is generally water-based but may also comprise ammonia or methanol. Additives such as corrosion inhibitors or other absorbent salts may be included.

Abstract: The addition of an effective amount of a liquid modified diethanolamide which is suitably a reaction product of cocoamide and phthalic anhydride to a calcium chloride composition, which can be a brine solution or a solid, reduces the amount of corrosion of metals by the resulting composition. The calcium chloride/diethanolamide composition can be used as a deicer composition.

Abstract: A composition is disclosed which comprises water and at least one carboxylic salt dispersed or dissolved in said water, said salt being derived from:(A)(I) at least one derivative formed by reacting at least one C.sub.