Abstract: Methods of separating fluids using capillary forces and/or improved conditions for are disclosed. The improved methods may include control of the ratio of gas and liquid Reynolds numbers relative to the Suratman number. Also disclosed are wick-containing, laminated devices that are capable of separating fluids.

Abstract: A fragrance disperser (10) in one form includes a single fan (101) that passes air over a wicked single or double fragrance (102). A second form has the fan (11) reversible to provide two different airstreams (29a, 29b; 60a, 60b) that evaporate respective different fragrances one after the other. Where two fragrances are provided, the evaporation may be by respective electrical heaters. A fragrance source may be formed by two sheets (31, 40; 47, 48) joined together to form two chambers each receiving a respective wick (37a, 37b; 56a, 56b) and having respective exposed wick portions. The source may incorporate a source of electrical power (45). An alternative source (81a, 81b) has a reservoir (82a, 82b) for fragrance and a wick (87a, 87b) located in an air passage (83a, 83b) forming part of the source so that an air flow is guided through the passage past the wick to evaporate fragrance.

Abstract: A device for conditioning breathing air includes a housing (1) provided with an inlet (5) for non treated breathing air and an outlet (6) for the treated breathing air. The housing (1) contains a passive humidifier (7) and an active humidifier wherein the active humidifier includes a water supply inlet (13), a heating device for the supplied water, a membrane (12) having substantial water impermeable and water vapor permeable characteristics, and a heat exchange element (14). The membrane (12) is divided into a hydrophilic membrane (12a) and a water vapor permeable and water impermeable membrane (12b). The heat exchange element is a perforated metal plate (14) and/or a heating resistance. A method for the conditioning of breathing air includes the steps of: supplying through the inlet opening non treated breathing air, passively humidifying the supplied air through the passive humidifier, and actively humidifying the breathing air, through the active humidifier of a device.

Abstract: A humidifier utilizes a plurality of disposable filters and air from a source of heated air flow emanating from a floor, wall, or ceiling. The humidifier provides an energy efficient device comprising a container having a water reservoir formed from an inner support portion, a plurality of tunnels for transporting heated air throughout the container, and a plurality of evaporation filters. The evaporation filters extend into the water reservoir so that water is absorbed onto the filters by way of capillary action. The humidifier is appointed to be placed proximate to a source of heated air so that water absorbed by the evaporation filters evaporates into the heated air and is diffused into a room.

Abstract: A fuel feeder includes a fuel reserve body reserving a fuel, a fuel feed section feeding the fuel in the fuel reserve body to electric equipment, and a control section controlling the fuel feed section, wherein the control section obtains equipment information from by the electric equipment and operates the fuel feed section to feed the fuel after the control section has performed authentication of the electric equipment.

Abstract: A fan type chemical dispersion equipment, wherein a chemical container (3) and a power supply storage body (2a) are disposed detachably from an equipment body (1) and so as not to be volumetrically limited with each other, whereby, because the equipment body, chemical container, and power supply storage body can be volumetrically formed independently of each other, the settings of a chemical holding amount relative to a fan air blow amount and long or short service time can be performed easily, the chemical container being capable of preventing a chemical impregnated body from being caught between the end face of a chemical container body (3a) and a cover body (3b), and a clip device being capable of firmly fixing the fan type chemical dispersion equipment to the held materials ranging from thin to thick ones.

Abstract: Disclosed is a humidifier for humidifying dry gas by transferring moisture from moist gas. A humidifier comprising: a housing having a first area for passing a first gas and a second area for passing a second gas having higher water content than that of said first gas; a moisture permeable means for transferring moisture from said second gas to said first gas to humidify the first gas; and a communicating path formed on the housing through which the first area and the second area communicate with each other, to transfer condensed water formed in the first area to the second area.

Abstract: A reactant gas humidification apparatus includes a first separator provided on one surface of a water permeable membrane and a second separator provided on the other surface of the water permeable membrane. The first separator has first and second flow fields on both surfaces for supplying an air before reaction as the same reactant gas. Further, the second separator has third and fourth flow fields on both surfaces for supplying an off gas as the same humidifying fluid. The off gas is used for humidifying the air before reaction.

Abstract: A carbonic water production apparatus equipped with a carbonic acid gas dissolving apparatus 3 and a circulation pump 1 wherein water in a bath 11 is circulated by the circulation pump 1, and a carbonic acid gas is fed into the carbonic acid gas dissolving apparatus 3 to dissolve the carbonic acid gas in the water, and wherein the circulation pump 1 is a positive-displacement metering pump having a self-priming ability; a carbonic water production method using this apparatus; a carbonic water production method comprising an early step for producing a carbonic water and a concentration maintaining step for the carbonic water; a carbonic water production apparatus equipped with a control for controlling the feeding pressure of carbonic water gas so that give an intended concentration of carbonic acid gas; a carbonic water production apparatus which automatically discharges out a drain; and a carbonic water production apparatus combined with a portable foot bath.

Abstract: Hot water (12) in a bath (11) is pumped up by a suction pump (9) and introduced into a carbon dioxide gas dissolver (7) through solution flow rate adjusting means (14) and then, poured into the bath (11). Carbon dioxide gas supplied from a carbon dioxide gas cylinder (1) is introduced into the carbon dioxide gas dissolver (7) through gas flow rate adjusting means (5). At this time, the quantity of bubbles existing in artificial carbonated spring in a take-out pipe (15) is measured with a measuring device (13), and the solution flow rate adjusting means (14), gas flow rate adjusting means (5) and the like are controlled by means of a control device (16) using a relational expression between a preliminarily set quantity of bubbles and carbon dioxide concentration to obtain a desired concentration of carbon dioxide gas in carbonated spring.

Abstract: Methods and devices for emitting volatile materials are disclosed. In some embodiments, methods and devices for emitting two or more fragrance compositions are disclosed. In one non-limiting embodiment of a device, the device has a housing, and the housing is supported on an electrical outlet by a plug at least indirectly joined to the housing. The device contains a first volatile composition and a second volatile composition. The first volatile composition is emitted in an alternating period relative to said second volatile composition. In one embodiment of the method, the volatile compositions are alternately emitted during periods that are greater than 15 minutes and less than 2 hours.

Abstract: A humidifier includes a hollow-fiber-membrane module shaped tubular and a support configured to axially slideably support the module.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a humidifying apparatus capable of improving the humidification efficiency while lowering the pressure loss of gas even when a low-pressure gas is used, and is suitably usable for fuel cells. The present invention relates to a humidifying apparatus for fuel cells, fabricated by loading a hollow fiber membrane element into a container such that the space communicating with the hollow side of the hollow fiber membranes is isolated from the space communicating with the outer side of the hollow fiber membranes, wherein (a) the inner diameter of the hollow fiber membrane is larger than 400 ?m, (b) the water vapor permeation rate (P?H2O) of the hollow fiber membranes is 0.5×10?3 cm3 (STP)/cm2·sec·cm Hg or more, (c) the ratio (P?H2O/P?O2) of the water vapor permeation rate to the oxygen gas permeation rate of the hollow fiber membranes is 10 or more, and (d) the elongation at tensile break of the hollow fiber membranes after hot water treatment in hot water at 100° C.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for dissolving a gas in a liquid, the apparatus comprising (a) a closed vessel containing a liquid at a predetermined level, (b) a contactor module at least partially immersed in the liquid having (1) a gas supply channel to the bore side of the fibers, (2) a liquid supply channel to the shell side of the fibers, and (3) an exit port for transport of a gas-containing liquid, and (c) the remaining space in the closed vessel being occupied by a pressurized gas. The liquid prepared in the apparatus of the present invention containing a dissolved gas, is used to prepare beverages, such as coffee, tea, soda, chocolate and the like, whether hot or cold.

Abstract: The present invention is related to devices for evaporating volatile substances in a closed environment, without the use of electric power, heating elements or absorption wicks, for the purpose of simplifying and maximally reducing the cost of the device, but at the same time maintaining its efficacy and also allowing the user to be able to adjust at will the degree of evaporation of said product. For that purpose, the evaporator device uses a vapor permeable membrane as the element responsible for causing the evaporation of the product to be evaporated. The device is especially intended to be used with the cooperation of an air current with a suitable temperature enhancing the evaporation and diffusion of the volatile substance, such as the ventilation air outlet of a vehicle, for example. The volatile substance consists in an air-freshening product, insecticide or the like. The invention is also related to a method for the evaporation of volatile substances through a membrane.

Abstract: Microbicidal air filter for use with an air passageway, which includes an immobilization network including a plurality of fibers having an amount of at least one antimicrobial agent incorporated and molecularly bonded into a structure thereof sufficient to substantially immobilize, retain and at least inhibit the growth of, or typically kill, microbes suspended in a volume of air moving through the air passageway. The immobilization network is substantially permeable to air. A microbicidal facemask and a microbicidal air filter used in an air circulation system using the immobilization network are disclosed.

Abstract: A humidifier including an inner case of the shape of a cylinder having a bottom, an outer case of cylindrical shape arranged to be concentric with the inner case, and a plurality of hollow fiber membranes being placed in the space between the two cases and formed into a hollow fiber membrane bundle of a cylindrical shape, wherein fluid pathways are provided which connect from the interior part to the exterior part of the hollow fiber membrane bundle. The humidifier allows all of the hollow fiber membranes to take part in humidification effectively, and thus exhibits improved efficiency in humidification.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus for supplying a gas-liquid vapor to a process tank for performing semiconductor manufacturing. In one aspect, the invention is a method of supplying a gas-liquid vapor to a process tank comprising: supplying a gas stream through at least one hydrophobic tube; exposing the outside surface of the hydrophobic tube to a liquid so that a vapor of the liquid permeates the hydrophobic tube and enters the gas stream, forming a gas-liquid vapor inside the tube; and transporting the gas-liquid vapor to the process tank. In another aspect, the invention is an apparatus for supplying a gas-liquid vapor to a process tank comprising: at least one hydrophobic tube adapted to carry a gas; and a housing forming a chamber that surrounds the tube, the chamber adapted to receive a liquid that can permeate the tube, forming a gas-liquid vapor.

Abstract: A gas dissolved water producing apparatus includes a gas dissolving section, a gas channel for guiding a gas into the dissolving section, a first water channel for guiding water into the dissolving section, a gas dissolved water discharge channel, and a second water channel for guiding the water without passing through the dissolving section. The second water channel joins the gas dissolved water discharge channel to control the solution gas dissolved in the gas dissolved water can be controlled to a prescribed level of concentration.

Abstract: A disposable active humidifier for the mechanical ventilation of a patient, which has the particularity that it comprises a cartridge which forms a humidification chamber which is delimited by an inlet and by an outlet and can be interposed in the ventilation circuit. The cartridge has an interspace which is externally delimited by a heat exchange surface and is internally delimited by a hydrophobic membrane which surrounds the humidification chamber. A humidification fluid, originating from a bottle or bag, can be introduced in the interspace.

Abstract: An X-ray analysis system controls the humidity of a sample. The analysis system has a device for dividing a gas flow stream into two portions and for submerging a membrane humidifier tube, containing one of the gas flows, in a water bath in which the gas passing through that tube is moisturized to a desired degree. The two gas flows are subsequently reunited at a controlled temperature to provide for combined moisturized gas at a desired temperature and humidity. The gas is then sprayed onto the sample and an excess moisturized gas vented from the chamber to maintain a moisturize gas sample without condensation of water on or near the sample. This system and a method for its use allow measurements of samples to be made as a function of humidity and temperature over wide ranges of these parameters under highly stable conditions in a straightforward manner which are not susceptible to malfunction and which can be produced and operated at low cost.

Abstract: A zero emmission device and method for delivering constant concentration of a vaporized substance allows for the regulated use of chemical or biological substances, such as calibrating, exposure or therapeutic substances.

Abstract: Methods of separating fluids using capillary forces and/or improved conditions for are disclosed. The improved methods may include control of the ratio of gas and liquid Reynolds numbers relative to the Suratman number. Also disclosed are wick-containing, laminated devices that are capable of separating fluids.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus for supplying a gas-liquid vapor to a process tank for performing semiconductor manufacturing. In one aspect, the invention is a method of supplying a gas-liquid vapor to a process tank comprising: supplying a gas stream through at least one hydrophobic tube; exposing the outside surface of the hydrophobic tube to a liquid so that the liquid permeates the hydrophobic tube and enters the gas stream, forming a gas-liquid vapor inside the tube; and transporting the gas-liquid vapor to the process tank. In another aspect, the invention is an apparatus for supplying a gas-liquid vapor to a process tank comprising: at least one hydrophobic tube adapted to carry a gas; and a housing forming a chamber that surrounds the tube, the chamber adapted to receive a liquid that can permeate the tube, forming a gas-liquid vapor.

Abstract: A dispenser for a volatile liquid includes a housing and a fan mounted in the housing for generating an air stream. A guide associated with the housing and defines an opening having predetermined dimension to selectively receive a wick and to position the wick in alignment with the fan to immerse the wick into an air stream when the fan is actuated.

Abstract: An apparatus for delivering water vapor to a gas is formed from a plurality of hollow fiber membranes each defining a passage for the flow of gas from an upstream end of the passage and enclosed by an enclosure. The hollow fiber membranes have a combined surface area in the range of about 90 square centimeters to about 110 square centimeters. The enclosure contains an air inlet positioned to direct air to the upstream end of each of the passages of the hollow fiber membranes and an air outlet positioned to direct air from the downstream end of each of the passages of the hollow fiber membranes. The enclosure preferably has a water inlet positioned to direct water toward the outer surfaces of the hollow fiber membranes and a water outlet positioned to direct water from the enclosure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a natural vaporization humidifier without using external power.

Abstract: A more compact humidifying apparatus for a fuel cell can be implemented. In the present invention, hydrogen humidifying modules 30A and 30B are disposed so as to be separated vertically on the front surface side of the humidifying unit 20, the air humidifying modules 30C and 30D are disposed separated vertically on the back side surface thereof, and the air humidifying modules 30E is disposed at the center, surrounded by the humidifying modules 30A, 30B, 30C, and 30D. The axis direction of all of the humidifying modules 30A to 30E are disposed so as to be parallel to each other, only the hydrogen humidifying module 30A is disposed so that its position is shifted to the left (the longitudinal direction) of the axial direction of the other humidifying modules 30A to 30E, and the air off gas discharge pipes 43 of the air humidifying modules 30C to 30E are disposed in the space formed by this shift.

Abstract: A scent-emitting system includes a plurality of cartridges containing scented fluids and seated within pockets formed in a system tray. Heating members are provided for heating the cartridges to encourage the formation of scented vapors and an actuation subassembly is provided for selectively actuating the scent cartridges to release the scented vapors. An internal fan generates an air flow for communicating the scented vapors through housing vent openings to an external environment.

Abstract: A humidifier includes a reservoir for containing water, a wick wettable by water contained in the reservoir and a humidifier bottle for supplying water to the reservoir. The bottle is pivotally situated in the humidifier and a translating member is responsive to the angular movement of the humidifier bottle. The translating member includes a visual indicator thereon to indicate the amount of water contained in the bottle. A biasing member cooperates with the translating member to situate the humidifier bottle in a first angular position in response to the bottle being empty, such that the bottle is displaced from the first angular position within the receptacle when the bottle contains water. The amount of angular displacement of the bottle is a function of the amount of water in the bottle. A light source may be provided to illuminate the display window in response to movement of the translating member.

Abstract: A humidifier having a plurality of water-permeable hollow fiber membranes placed along the lengthwise direction of a housing accommodated within the housing in which gases each having a different moisture content flow inside and outside the hollow fiber membranes to carry out moisture exchange whereby the dry air having a low moisture content is humidified is disclosed. The humidifier comprises a bypass channel having a larger diameter than that of the hollow fiber membrane, in which the gas flowing outside the hollow fiber membrane, formed on an approximately central portion of the cross-lengthwise direction of the housing along the lengthwise direction of the housing, and an inlet which introduces the gas flowing outside the hollow fiber membrane into the housing and an outlet which discharges the gas flowing outside the hollow fiber membrane formed on the bypass channel.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for wet filtering machine exhaust is disclosed.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for beverage dispensing are provided with a carbonator (12) that includes a plurality of hydrophobic hollow fibers (32). A pre-carbonation circuit (28) may also be included. A water treatment system (14) may be used to supply water to the carbonator (12) and/or the pre-carbonation circuit (28).

Abstract: Modification, neutralization and/or decontamination of airborne biological and/or chemical contaminants from a breathable atmosphere by subjecting the breathable atmosphere to a filter which is formed from a plurality of polymeric multilobal fibers. These fibers include a central core with T-shaped lobes projecting therefrom, wherein each T-shaped lobe has a leg and a cap. The lobes define a longitudinally extending internal cavity between two adjacent legs that extends the entire length of the fiber. The filter is impregnated with a biological and/or chemical decontamination reagent for chemically modifying, neutralizing and/or decontaminating airborne biological and/or chemical contaminants from a breathable atmosphere. A filter projection preferably extends into an external reservoir containing a supply of biological and/or chemical decontamination reagent. This configuration increases the capacity and efficiency of the filter, and causes a lower pressure differential across the filter.

Abstract: An air filtering material for air cleaning is formed of a nonwoven fabric of hollow chemical fibers having longitudinal interior holes containing an oil. The hollow chemical fibers have randomly formed minute cracks and/or fissures formed through the walls of the fibers. The cracks and/or fissures have a width of the order of 1 ìm . The oil gradually exudes from within the longitudinal holes through the cracks and/or fissures to wet the outer surfaces of the hollow chemical fibers to enhance the filtering ability of the air filtering material by binding dust particles by the sticky oil.

Abstract: A wicking device includes a core material and a polymeric shell material wherein the core material includes bonded fibrous materials providing a tortuous path for a gas and/or liquid, the core material being permeable to the gas and/or liquid and the shell material being impermeable to the gas and/or liquid.

Abstract: An evaporative humidifier including a base removably supporting a water tray for holding a quantity of water. A blower assembly and a water tank are removably supported by the base above the water tray. The blower assembly includes a housing and a fan disposed intermediate a pair of air inlets and an air exhaust outlet. A cylindrically shaped wick filter is supported by the water tray and extends upwardly into the housing. The wick filter includes a cylindrical side wall and opposing open upper and lower ends. The fan is driven by a motor mounted inside the housing for drawing air into the housing through the air inlets, through the cylindrical side walls of the wick filter, and then through the open upper end of the wick filter and out of the housing through the air exhaust outlet.

Abstract: A humidifying module that includes a plurality of hollow fiber membranes grouped together to form a hollow fiber membrane bundle. A moisture exchange is performed through a thickness of each hollow fiber membrane between fluid streaming within an interior of each hollow fiber membrane and along an exterior of each hollow fiber membrane. An inner flow passage is inserted within the hollow fiber membrane bundle and along a longitudinal axis thereof, wherein a total longitudinal length which the inner flow passage is inserted within the hollow fiber membrane bundle is shorter than a longitudinal length of the hollow fiber membrane bundle. The inner flow passage includes an inlet and an outlet through which the fluid passes. An end wall is located proximate the outlet. A protrusion is disposed at the end wall and opposite a flow direction of the fluid streaming within the inner flow passage.

Abstract: Laminated, multiphase separators and contactors having wicking structures and gas flow channels are described. Some preferred embodiments are combined with microchannel heat exchange. Integrated systems containing these components are also part of the present invention.

Abstract: A small and simple humidifier includes at least one hollow fiber membrane module formed by inserting into a cylindrical housing, both ends of which are opened, a bunch of water-permeable hollow fiber membranes along the axis of the housing, fixing both ends of the bunch at the outer circumference sides onto both ends of the housing at the inner circumference sides using a resin to thereby block the ends of the housing so as to form a plurality of peripheral apertures which are communicated within the housing at several intervals in the circumferential direction. The humidifier also includes a first passage which allows gas for flowing from one end of the peripheral apertures to the other end thereof serving as an inlet and an outlet, and a second passage which allows gas for flowing from one end to the other end of the bunch of the hollow fiber membrane. The first passage and the second passage are sectioned by a plurality of overlapped plates in an indentation state.

Abstract: Dispensers of volatile liquids have a liquid reservoir (10) feeding a downwardly extending dispersal screen (2) formed by spaced threads or groups of threads (20) down which the liquid (L) flows as it is vaporised the screen having a large thread; void ratio whereby a relatively small quantity of liquid is exposed, so that the liquid on the screen is constantly replaced. In other dispensers utilizing a downwardly extending dispersal screen (30; 42; 82; 110; 120; 160). a capillary wick (38; 52; 94; 140; 172) leads the liquid upwards from a reservoir (34; 50; 92; 136; 166) to produce a syphon effect. The amount of liquid on the screen (160) may be limited by an arrangement (184; 186) for interrupting the syphon flow. The liquid flow to a dispenser screen (42; 82; 110) may also be regulated by taking liquid from a supply container (48; 90; 108) into a reservoir chamber (50; 92; 136) having a constant liquid level, whereby the rate of liquid flow is independent of the level in the supply container.

Abstract: A fragrance dispenser includes a container for holding and exposing a fragrance material, and a housing defined by at least one elongated shell and a cap including an elongated slider. Each elongated shell is slideably engageable with the elongated slider. The housing includes an air discharge opening on the cap, and a power source mounted therein for providing power to a motor, which is operably connected to drive a fan. The fan is operable to increase flow of air over the fragrance material, to dispense fragrance from within the housing, through the air discharge opening, to an exterior of the housing. When the at least one elongated shell is engaged to the cap, the power source supplies power to the motor to drive the fan, and when the at least one elongated shell is disengaged from the cap, power from the power source to the motor is discontinued.

Abstract: A humidifier includes a reservoir for containing water, a wick wettable by water contained in the reservoir and a humidifier bottle for supplying water to the reservoir. The bottle is pivotally situated in the humidifier and a translating member is responsive to the angular movement of the humidifier bottle. The translating member includes a visual indicator thereon to indicate the amount of water contained in the bottle. A biasing member cooperates with the translating member to situate the humidifier bottle in a first angular position in response to the bottle being empty, such that the bottle is displaced from the first angular position within the receptacle when the bottle contains water. The amount of angular displacement of the bottle is a function of the amount of water in the bottle. A light source may be provided to illuminate the display window in response to movement of the translating member.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for processing and cooling a hot gaseous stream exiting a gasification reactor vessel at temperatures in excess of 1300° C. where the gas will come into contact with a corrosive aqueous liquid, including methods and apparatus for cooling the gaseous stream prior to quenching the gaseous stream as well as methods and apparatus for providing vessel construction able to provide for the contact of a hot gaseous stream at temperatures in excess of 1100° C. with a corrosive aqueous liquid.

Abstract: A dry out mechanism for controlling a humidifier is disclosed. The mechanism includes a float and a switch. The float contacts the switch when the float is within an operating range. The movement of the float can be manually changed between settings to achieve normal operation or dry out operation of the humidifier. In the normal operation, the float activates the switch based on the fluid level within the humidifer's reservoir. In the dry out setting, the float activates the switch independent from the level of fluid within the reservoir so that the humidifier depletes the reservoir and components of fluid.

Abstract: A humidifier meters water into a chamber in which it is subjected to ultraviolet light for a predetermined period of time sufficient to destroy microorganisms whereupon the static quantity of water is transferred to a water dispersing unit which discharges the decontaminated water in a finely divided form into the environment.

Abstract: A dispensing device for dispensing scents into the environment is disclosed. In one embodiment, the dispensing device is used in conjunction with an article of manufacture which contains one or more scents or aromatic materials. In such an embodiment, the dispensing device can include a housing and a removable, reusable/replayable, closed, multiple scent-containing article of manufacture which is removably inserted into or onto said housing.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for beverage dispensing are provided with a carbonator (12) that includes a plurality of hydrophobic hollow fibers (32). A pre-cabonation circuit (28) may also be included. A water treatment system (14) may be used to supply water to the carbonator (12) and/or the pre-carbonation circuit (28).

Abstract: A humidifier includes a housing that accommodates bundles of a large number of water permeable hollow fiber membranes arranged along the longitudinal direction of the housing. Two different gasses having different moisture contents pass through outside and inside of the bundle of the hollow fiber membranes separately to exchange their moistures through the hollow fiber membranes resulting in the dry gas of lesser moisture content being humidified. A heating or temperature adjuster is provided to maintain the temperature of the exhaust gas introduced to the humidifier or the bundles of hollow fiber membranes substantially at a temperature of a fuel cell in operation.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is two-stage mat for dispensing volatile materials. The mat is comprised of two materials varying either in thickness, thermal conductivity and/or porosity (and coated with like volatile material), or coated with volatile materials having different vaporization pressures. In either configuration, the mat provides for both an instant burst of volatile and then a sustained vaporization of volatile. Methods of using such mats are also disclosed.