Abstract: An atmospheric cooling tower apparatus includes a housing structure having an air inlet and an air outlet, a first evaporative heat transfer media disposed in the housing, and a closed coil heat transfer media disposed in the housing. A water distribution assembly is disposed above the evaporative heat transfer media and configured to distribute water onto the evaporative fill heat transfer fill media. A collection basin is disposed beneath the evaporative heat transfer media configured to collect water that has passed through the evaporative heat transfer media. A first control valve controls an inflow of water to supply water to one or both of the evaporative heat transfer media and the closed coil heat transfer media. The closed coil heat transfer media and the evaporative heat transfer media are disposed laterally next to each other.

Abstract: A scrubber unit for removal of carbon dioxide from flue gas, including a first chamber, a second chamber, a partition dividing the first chamber and the second chamber, a first weir to distribute flow across of aqueous absorbent across the chamber, and a second weir in the second chamber. The partition is positioned to allow fluid to flow from the first chamber to the second chamber beneath a lower edge of the partition. The scrubber may be used in an algae growing system, along with an algae bioreactor, with the aqueous absorbent solution flowing in a continuous circuit through the wet scrubber and the algae bioreactor to absorb carbon dioxide in the wet scrubber and to provide the absorbed carbon dioxide to algae.

Abstract: A flow device intended for a two-phase flow processing enclosure of the natural counter-flow type, in which an ascending gaseous flow and a descending liquid flow circulate. The device is formed by an appreciably horizontal tray having openings for the passage of the ascending gaseous flow, and a channel for recovering the descending liquid flow, the channel discharging into a flow orifice. The flow device includes a single guide device extending beneath the tray and connected to the flow orifice in such a way that the liquid flows on its outer wall. Also, a processing enclosure, particularly for processing a hydrocarbonated or aqueous type liquid flow, containing the flow device.

Abstract: The present invention provides a water-flowing mechanism in a wet type electrostatic precipitator that can stably and quickly form a water film on a dust-collecting plate even at the beginning of the operation and that has an excellent adjusting function of a supplying flow-rate of washing liquid. The present invention includes a dust-collecting plate, a washing liquid supplying source to wet the dust-collecting plate, and a cylindrical member that is opened according to the shape of the upper end face of the dust-collecting plate and into which the washing liquid supplying source is inserted, wherein the horizontal cross-section of the dust-collecting plate is formed in a corrugated shape, and the lower opening of the cylindrical member is formed in a corrugated shape according to the dust-collecting plate.

Abstract: A mass and/or heat transfer column is provided with a multiphase vapor distributor with distributes a vapor stream about the inner periphery of the column.

Abstract: An emulsifier system includes a mixing pump, a water source, a water intake regulator for regulating the flow rate of water supplied by the water source to the mixing pump, an air intake regulator for regulating the flow rate of air being supplied to the mixing pump for enabling the mixing pump to output a high pressure flow of mixed fluid and gas, and an emulsifier for emulsifying the high pressure flow of mixed fluid and gas outputted by the mixing pump by means of a cavitation effect.

Abstract: The fine distributor for a liquid includes a primary distribution stage that has a plurality of outlet openings and a secondary distribution stage that has distribution gutters below the primary distribution stage. A mesh structure leads from the primary to the secondary distribution stage to further distribute the descending liquid laterally. One outlet opening or a group of outlet openings in the primary stage are associated with each guide mens and also a distribution gutter is associated with each guide means. Each guide means, by means of which liquid (23) can be directed from the at least one associated outlet opening to the secondary distribution stage, extends from the primary distribution stage to the associated distribution gutter and also through it and forms a drip edge (45) for the liquid supplied below the distribution gutter. Each guide means has at least partially a three-dimensional structuring and also a regular perforation.

Abstract: A fluid aerator (1) comprising a fluid vessel (2) and a pipe (4) extending from the interior of the fluid vessel (2) to the exterior. The pipe (4) has inlet means for permitting liquid to flow into the pipe (4) from the vessel (2) and is closed at its lowermost end but has one or more outlet holes (8) arranged in the wall of the pipe where the fluid exists from the pipe (4). The pipe (4) is movable relative to the vessel (2) between a first position in which the outlet holes (8) are distant from the vessel and a second position in which the outlet holes (8) are closer to the vessel. By means of the movable fluid supply pipe (4) the same fluid aerator can be used both in relation to delivering aerated fluid into a large bottle and to delivering smaller amounts of aerated fluid to a smaller container, such as a wine glass.

Abstract: A device for distributing a poly-phase mixture having a gas phase and liquid phase which mixture is in downflow mode through at least one bed of granular solid. The device has at least one tray (P) located above one of the beds of granular solid. It further has mixer conduits (21) for the liquid and gas phases, each conduit having an upper cross section for flow (22) allowing the passage of the majority of the gas phase, and a lower cross section for flow (23) allowing the mixture formed inside the conduits to communicate with a bed of granular solid. The mixer conduits (21) also having one or more lateral cross sections for flow (26) over at least a portion of their height to allow the passage of the liquid phase and possibly a minor portion of the gas phase inside the mixer conduits. The device also has a jet breaker type dispersive system (28) having a controlled porosity disposed below the lower cross section for flow (23) and above the bed of granular solids.

Abstract: In a gravity fed cooling tower liquid return system having a common header with a plurality of valved sub-headers, a distributive control system, risers on the sub-headers, and sensor/transmitters on the risers, some of the sensor/transmitters controlling the valves on their respective sub-headers, sensing the liquid level in each of the sub-headers, comparing the sensed liquid levels in the distributive control system, and controlling the liquid levels in the sub-headers in response to the sensed liquid levels.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a direct methanol fuel cell system. More particularly, the present invention provides a water controller system constructed such that water generated from a cathode of the direct methanol fuel cell system and carbon dioxide and an unreacted methanol solution generated from an anode of the direct methanol fuel cell system are introduced into the water controller system, the carbon dioxide is discharged out of the water controller system, and the methanol solution is circulated to the corresponding electrode so as to reuse the methanol solution, and a fuel cell system including the water controller system. The water controller system for fuel cells according to the present invention has the effects of reusing water and an unreacted methanol solution discharged from the fuel cell, minimizing the amount of methanol evaporated and discharged, and accurately controlling the water level of the water controller.

Abstract: A divided wall exchange column includes a dividing wall strengthened by stiffening members and/or a double wall design to better withstand pressure differentials and minimize temperature differentials. When a double wall is used, cost of manufacture and installation is minimized by reducing the manufacturing tolerances required while providing a design robust in construction, installation, and operation. When structured packing is used, the stiffening members, combined with positioning the layers of packing at preferred angles relative to the dividing wall, result in minimal interference with the heat and/or mass transfer process while minimizing the complexity of manufacture and construction of the packing. Further, by positioning the top layer of structured packing at other preferred angles relative to the dividing wall, a simplified liquid distributor design may be used in the divided wall exchange column while the layers below may still be orientated as described above with all the associated benefits.

Abstract: Liquid-vapour distribution device for use in two-phase concurrent down-flow vessels, having a level, horizontal tray being perforated with holes, each perforation through the horizontal tray being fitted with a vapour lift tube, the vapour lift tube including at least one elongated up-flow leg and one down-flow leg creating at least one up-flow zone and a down-flow zone between the up-flow zone and down-flow zone, and a bluff body being arranged within the transition zone and/or in a region of the upflow or down-flow zone adjacent to the transition zone of the vapour lift tube.

Abstract: An inclined fluid receiving surface (230) is positioned a short distance away from a pipe distributor (210) having a plurality of openings (212) and receives from the openings a liquid-containing fluid (220) with a horizontal momentum (222) in the direction of the pipe flow. The fluid receiving surface (230) further includes a flow-impeding portion (232) that reduces the horizontal momentum (222) of the fluid (220) on the fluid receiving surface (230), thereby significantly improving distribution of the fluid (220).

Abstract: A stacked packing for a heat-exchange or mass-transfer column has a horizontal upper packing part and a horizontal lower packing part below the upper part. This lower part is formed of a plurality of upright layers, some of which are of substantially greater density and have a greater surface area than others.

Abstract: A stacked packing for a heat-exchange or mass-transfer column has a horizontal packing part formed of a plurality of upright layers. Some of the layers of the lower part are of substantially greater density and have a greater surface area than others of the layers.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fluid distributor for a material and heat exchange column, comprising a series of adjacent parallel vertical walls (11) which define alternate gas and liquid volumes, whereby some of the vertical walls are separated by horizontal bottom walls, provided with a line of holes and at least one section of each vertical wall is provided with a line of openings (12, 12A), formed in the upper part of the vertical wall and whereby first openings (12) have a first length towards the horizontal wall and second openings (12A) have a second length towards the horizontal wall, the second length being greater than the first.

Abstract: A fluid distribution tray that is capable of providing for the distribution of a fluid across a surface area of a bed of contact material contained within a vessel, wherein the fluid distribution tray includes lost area due to a support element upon which the fluid distribution tray is supported within the vessel, wherein the fluid distribution tray includes a plurality of fluid flow means distributed across the fluid distribution tray in a distribution pattern providing for a high density distribution of fluid flow means within a compensation area that is adjacent and near to the lost area and a low density distribution of fluid flow means within the remaining useable area of the fluid distribution tray. Also included is a method providing for a uniform fluid distribution within a vessel.

Abstract: Systems and methods for producing ozonated water on demand. In particular, these systems comprise a water source, an ozone source, and a nozzle that mixes ozone and water to form a highly concentrated, ozonated water solution. Instead of requiring the ozonated water to be re-circulated to achieve a desired ozone concentration, the nozzle is configured to form the ozonated water solution in a single pass through the nozzle. Additionally, instead of requiring the ozonated water to be discharged into a pressurized tank to increase ozone absorption, the nozzle allows the ozonated water to be openly discharged. In some cases, the nozzle comprises a venturi with multiple ozone inlets to increase mixing. Additionally, in some cases the nozzle comprises a single pass mixing mechanism that mixes the water and ozone to form the high concentrate, ozonated water solution in a single pass through the nozzle.

Abstract: The invention relates to a distribution device (1) for distributing liquid over an underlying catalyst bed comprising a horizontal collection tray (2) provided with at least one gas chimney (3) for upward or downward passage of gas and with liquid dosing nozzles (4) for downward passage of liquid, wherein the gas chimney(s) (3) and liquid doing nozzles (4) are separate from each other and do not have the same longitudinal axis, and wherein each liquid dosing nozzle (4) comprises a concentrically arranged liquid passing hole (5) and splash plate (6), wherein the splash plate (6) is located below the liquid passing hole (5) and below the collection tray (2) such that there is a free fall distance for liquid of at least 100 mm between the hole (5) and the splash plate (6). The invention further relates to a reactor for hydroprocessing comprising such distribution device (1), the use of such reactor for hydroprocessing and a process for hydrocracking or hydrotreating in such reactor.

Abstract: A liquid distributor for use in a column having distillation trays has been developed. The liquid distributor functions to uniformly distribute a descending liquid stream across the tray for interaction with an ascending vapor stream. The liquid distributor has a feed pipe which delivers the liquid stream to an underlying elongated trough. Liquid discharge holes are positioned in the floor of the trough. A perforated v-plate positioned within the trough so that liquid from the feed pipe passes through the perforated v-plate before encountering the floor of the trough. When liquid passes through the perforated v-plate, the stream is divided into smaller streams of lower velocity, providing a more uniform overall flow rate of liquid passing through the trough. Liquid is then delivered from the discharge outlets of the trough onto the upper surface of the tray with a substantially uniform flow rate across the trough.

Abstract: A liquid distributor for use in a column having distillation trays has been developed. The liquid distributor functions to uniformly distribute a descending liquid stream across the tray for interaction with an ascending vapor stream. The liquid distributor has a feed pipe which delivers the liquid stream to an underlying elongated trough. Liquid discharge holes are positioned in the floor of the trough. A perforated v-plate positioned within the trough so that liquid from the feed pipe passes through the perforated v-plate before encountering the floor of the trough. When liquid passes through the perforated v-plate, the stream is divided into smaller streams of lower velocity, providing a more uniform overall flow rate of liquid passing through the trough. Liquid is then delivered from the discharge outlets of the trough onto the upper surface of the tray with a substantially uniform flow rate across the trough.

Abstract: The invention is a high capacity and high efficiency co-current vapor-liquid contacting apparatus for use in distillation columns and other vapor-liquid contacting processes. The apparatus is characterized by an arrangement of modules in horizontal stages rather than tray-like construction. The modules define a co-current contacting volume and in an exemplary configuration the modules include a liquid distributor, a demister, a receiving pan and a duct. The modules of one stage are rotated to be non-parallel with respect to the modules of an inferior stage, a superior stage, or both. Variations relate to the design of the individual elements such as the demister, liquid distributor, ducts, and contacting volumes, and the overall arrangement of the apparatus.

Abstract: The liquid distributor includes a plurality of parallel spaced apart passages for receiving liquid, at least one carrier beam disposed transversely of and over the walls of the passages and at least one sheet metal plate slidably mounted on one of walls of the carrier beam in parallel relation to the wall. The walls of the carrier beam have hooks disposed in apertures of the passages and elevations disposed in recesses in the metal plate.

Abstract: A packing element for use in a fluidised bed includes a continuous surface with at least one recessed portion. The recessed portion has a volume in the range of 0.2 to 30% of the volume of the packing element itself.

Abstract: Methods of separating fluids using capillary forces and/or improved conditions for are disclosed. The improved methods may include control of the ratio of gas and liquid Reynolds numbers relative to the Suratman number. Also disclosed are wick-containing, laminated devices that are capable of separating fluids.

Abstract: A sheet for use in a heat exchange apparatus. The sheet includes a first vertical rib that extends in a first direction generally parallel to the vertical axis of the heat exchange apparatus, wherein said first vertical rib protrudes in a second direction out of the plane. The sheet also includes a second vertical rib that extends in the first direction along the sheet, substantially all the way between the first and second edges of the sheet generally parallel to the first vertical rib. The second vertical rib also protrudes in the second direction out of the plane. The sheet further includes a first horizontal rib that extends in a third direction along the sheet substantially all the way between the third and fourth edges of the sheet, wherein the first horizontal rib protrudes in a fourth direction opposite said second direction.

Abstract: In a vertical reactor vessel through which vapor and liquid flow concurrently, the fluids pass vertically through a horizontal mixing box having internal flow baffles that form at least one mixing orifice through which the process stream flows at high velocity. In the mixing orifices the liquid is dispersed to obtain a large area for interphase heat and mass transfer. Each mixing orifice is followed by structure that divides the process stream into two lower velocity streams, whereby turbulent flow conditions are generated, and wherein hold-up time is provided to allow for heat and mass transfer. The fluids exit the mixing box through an outlet opening in a bottom wall of the mixing box. An impingement plate is located below this outlet opening to spread the liquid and decrease the velocity of the exiting jet. The outlet stream from the mixer is equilibrated regarding temperature and chemical composition.

Abstract: Disclosed is a mass transfer vessel or a mass transfer tower, which is installed in water purification equipment, condensate water demineralization equipment, sewage treatment equipment, waste water treatment equipment, or chemical reactors to perform filtration, adsorption, ion exchange, regeneration of an ion exchange resin, chemical reaction, and spray of a chemical cleaning solution, and more particularly to a method for designing radial distributors in a mass transfer vessel, which uniformly distribute influent flow quantity into all cross sections so as to improve the efficiency of a mass transfer process, such as filtration, adsorption, ion exchange, a chemical reaction process, and a chemical cleaning process.

Abstract: The invention provides an improved natural draft cooling tower (10) having improved cooling capability and reduced liquid losses of evaporation and blow-out. To this end, the distribution of hot liquid to the packing assembly within the tower is increased around the perimeter zone of the packing assembly and reduced within the remaining packing assembly of the tower (24). A plurality of air injector fans (30) spaced circumferentially in the air inlet (20) between the shell (12) support columns (14), together with reduced air resistance through reduced hot liquid distribution to tower interior, produce increased air rates (32) and (34) resulting in improved cooling capability and reduced evaporation loss. With improved cooling, further reduction in evaporation, if required, can be achieved with a hot liquid by-pass (52).

Abstract: A bubble cap (400) has a cap (430) with at least one slot (495) and a riser (420), configured with a skirt height (460) of at least 4 cm, such that 1.5*Skirt Height (cm)+[Slot Length (cm)?Exposed Slot Height (cm)] is greater than or equal to 7.5, and posed such that a liquid fluid and a gas flow co-currently upwardly in a space between the riser (420) and the cap (430).

Abstract: A cooling tower having a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger includes at least one heat exchanger pack having a generally diamond shape. The heat exchanger pack includes a first set of passageways for receiving a stream of warm, water laden air and a second set of passageways for receiving ambient air. The first set of passageways and second set of passageways are separate. Cooling tower configurations including the heat exchanger pack are disclosed for achieving effluent plume abatement, and capture of a portion of the effluent for replacement back into the cooling tower reservoir or as a source of purified water.

Abstract: A flow distributor for liquid descending in a vertically elongated process column having an internal space. The distributor is made up of an elongated liquid distribution trough configured and arranged for being mounted in a process column in a position to extend across the internal space thereof. The trough has outer walls defining an elongated, longitudinally extending internal fluid distribution chamber and includes outlet holes which extend through the walls at locations permitting liquid to escape laterally outwardly from the trough. The distributor also includes a baffle distributor structure made up of an elongated, downwardly extending distributor plate member disposed adjacent the trough in a position such that at least a portion of a surface thereof is contacted by liquid escaping from said hole.

Abstract: Described is an enclosed space, a column, or a reactor including a device for mixing and distribution of at least one gaseous phase and at least one liquid phase. The device can be placed upstream of a reaction zone or of a gas/liquid contact zone that can contain a packing bed or a bed of solid, possibly catalytic, particles. Also described is a process for implementing such an enclosed space, column or reactor and to a process for fabricating such an enclosed space, column or reactor.

Abstract: A collector is used to collect and mix liquid from an overlying zone in a mass transfer column in which fluid streams are processed, such as to obtain fractionation products. The collector has two or more liquid collection regions and two or more sumps positioned about the perimeter of the liquid collection regions. A plurality of channels and deflectors are spaced apart within each liquid collection region and vapor passages are formed in the spacings between adjacent channels. The deflectors direct descending liquid into the channels and shield the vapor passages from the descending liquid. The channels within each liquid collection region are arranged into interspersed sets, with one set of channels preferentially directing collected liquid into one sump and another set of channels preferentially directing collected liquid into another sump.

Abstract: A cooling tower sound attenuation apparatus having at least one sheet. The sheet has an upper and lower end and a first substantially straight region and a second region that is connected to the first substantially straight region. The apparatus additionally has a liquid collection basin along with a support structure that supports the sheet such that the lower end of the sheet is proximate to the liquid collection basin.

Abstract: An ultra low flow liquid distributor generates a very thin yet continuous liquid film over the entire width of a transfer surface. The ultra low flow liquid distributor includes a liquid supply system starting from a common main supply, which is split by repetitive bifurcations into a multitude of liquid sub-mains, until eventually each liquid supply sub-main feeds into one of the many liquid outlet openings. In this the liquid outlet openings are arranged above the liquid supply system, which automatically ensures self-priming.

Abstract: An apparatus for collecting and redistributing a flow of a liquid descending in an exchange column containing a layer of structured packing and having a longitudinal axis, a cross-sectional area, and an inner wall having an inner perimeter, includes: a wall-flow collector located above the layer of structured packing, the wall-flow collector having an outer perimeter adjacent the inner perimeter of the inner wall and being adapted to collect at least a portion of the liquid descending on or near the inner wall of the exchange column; a transmission means for transmitting at least a portion of the collected liquid collected by the wall-flow collector toward the longitudinal axis a substantial distance across the cross-sectional area of the exchange column; and a dispensing means for dispensing at least a portion of the portion of the collected liquid from the transmission means to the layer of structured packing.

Abstract: Liquid is distributed substantially uniformly in a liquid-vapour separation column 22 located on an off-shore floating platform using a liquid distributor 24 characterised in that (i) the distance between the two apertures that are furthest apart in the or each secondary distributor is such that the liquid distributor provides, at each angle of tilt, a standard deviation of liquid flow rates through the apertures of the or each secondary distributor that is less than a first predetermined maximum for all angles of tilt; and (ii) the difference in flow rate between the aperture having maximum liquid flow and the aperture having minimum liquid flow in the or each secondary distributor at each angle of tilt is less than a second predetermined maximum for all angles of tilt.

Abstract: Methods of separating fluids using capillary forces and/or improved conditions for are disclosed. The improved methods may include control of the ratio of gas and liquid Reynolds numbers relative to the Suratman number. Also disclosed are wick-containing, laminated devices that are capable of separating fluids.

Abstract: A cross-flow cooling tower having a frame assembly that is unitarily molded from a plastic material. The frame assembly has opposing top and bottom walls along with opposing side walls and opposing ends. The side walls extend parallel to one another between the top and bottom walls. In addition, the opposing ends extend parallel to one another between the top and bottom walls. The frame assembly additionally has a vertical stack extending vertically from the top wall. The top covers of the tower extend outwardly and downwardly from the vertical stack.

Abstract: A top for a cooling tower having a bottom wall at least one opening therein for accommodating an air current generator. The cooling tower top additionally includes a plurality of hot liquid distributors for distributing hot liquid. The cooling tower top also includes a top wall having an opening for accommodating an air cooling generator and a liquid inlet.

Abstract: Vapor and liquid passing downward through a vessel are brought into contact within a plurality of distributor assemblies arranged across a horizontal distribution tray located within the vessel. The distributor assemblies have fluid flow paths with different resistances to fluid flow, as by having vapor inlets of at least two different sizes, with the differently sized inlets being located on different assemblies or on different upflow channels of the same assembly. This provides different vapor flow rates and liquid flow rates in different upflow channels. The invention improves the uniformity of liquid distribution over the cross section of the vessel despite elevational differences in liquid levels on the distribution tray or changes in the vapor and or liquid flow rates through the reactor.

Abstract: An apparatus for distributing a liquid in an exchange column includes a plate and at least one elongated internal baffle. The plate has at least one elongated channel, which has a first longitudinal axis, a bottom, and at least one aperture in the bottom. At least a substantial portion of the internal baffle, which has a second longitudinal axis substantially parallel to the first longitudinal axis, is disposed in the channel.

Abstract: A liquid collector for use in a vapor liquid contacting vessel such as a distillation column having bolted or otherwise fastened components wherein liquid leakage is ameliorated by a collector tray divided into three overlapping levels including a center sump, deck plates and riser hats.

Abstract: A packing for a mass transfer column for absorption, desorption, rectification or extraction processes, includes a packing bed having a packing element, a tubular shrink film shrunk onto at least a portion of a periphery of the packing element, and a baffle arranged at the periphery of the packing element to prevent a wall effect in the column. The baffle has a conical edge which extends outwardly with respect to the shrink film and is made of plastic.

Abstract: A mass transfer column is provided with a liquid distributor that distributes liquid to an underlying mass transfer bed containing one or more random, grid or structured packing elements. The liquid distributor includes a plurality of elongated troughs that are spaced apart and extend across the column. A plurality of liquid discharge holes are positioned in side walls of the trough and are located in one or more preselected planes that are preferably spaced above a floor of the trough. Splash baffles are spaced outwardly from the trough side walls and include upper portions that are positioned to receive liquid exiting the troughs through the discharge holes. Lower portions of the splash baffles form a constricted discharge outlet in a plane below the trough for delivering liquid from the splash baffles to the underlying mass transfer bed.

Abstract: Heat exchanger packs having a first set of passageways for receiving a stream of ambient air and a second set of passageways for receiving a stream of warm water laden air is disclosed. The first set of passageways and second set of passageways being separate and permitting the warm water laden air stream to be cooled by the stream of ambient air so that water can condense out of the warm water laden air stream. Cooling tower configurations including the heat exchanger pack are disclosed for achieving effluent plume abatement, and capture of a portion of the effluent for replacement back into the cooling tower reservoir or as a source of purified water.

Abstract: Heat exchanger packs having a first set of passageways for receiving a stream of ambient air and a second set of passageways for receiving a stream of warm water laden air is disclosed. The first set of passageways and second set of passageways being separate and permitting the warm water laden air stream to be cooled by the stream of ambient air so that water can condense out of the warm water laden air stream. Cooling tower configurations including the heat exchanger pack are disclosed for achieving effluent plume abatement, and capture of a portion of the effluent for replacement back into the cooling tower reservoir or as a source of purified water.

Abstract: A bubble generator is constructed to include a cylindrical casing, a tapered tube suspended in a front open side of the casing and adapted for guiding water into the casing, the tapered tube having recessed holes on the inside adapted for causing a negative pressure when water passing through the tapered tube into the inside of the casing toward the water outlet, a rod member axially slidably inserted through a rear close side of the casing into the inside of the tapered tube, and a stopper fixedly fastened to the rod member and moved with the rod member to adjust the gap between the stopper and the tapered tube.