Abstract: The present invention is directed to an inexpensive and compact apparatus adapted for use with a .sup.196 Hg isotope separation process and the conversion of anhydrous HCl to aqueous HCl without the use of air flow to carry the HCl vapor into the converter system.

Abstract: This invention pertains to a single spray level within a flue gas desulfurization absorber tower. This spray level incorporates multiple headers with each header having a plurality of feeder lines connected thereto. These feeder lines extend within the flue gas flow path in an alternating and staggered configuration within the same plane. A series of nozzles are secured to each feeder line to spray a mixture onto the flue gas. Spare capacity, if required, is incorporated into the spray level.

Abstract: A reservoir is arranged to include a water inlet conduit and a water outlet conduit. The reservoir includes an aeration manifold effecting aeration of water contained within the reservoir, wherein the aeration manifold cooperates with a water dispersion manifold to enhance aeration of water directed into the reservoir. Various nozzle structure is mounted to the dispersion manifold to enhance aeration in a passive manner in association with the aeration manifold.

Abstract: After aerating sewage sludge in a composting process, a stream of process air is treated to remove odors therefrom by injecting into the airstream an atomized mixture of dilute sulfuric acid and dilute surfactant to remove ammonia and odorous organic compounds therefrom. The airstream is then oxidized with bleach to remove sulfides and treated with a hydrogen peroxide solution to remove chlorine introduced by the bleach while maintaining the oxidation reaction. A dilution fan is used to further dilute the scrubbed airstream as the airstream is exhausted to the atmosphere.

Abstract: The cooling of a stream of hot product gas exiting from an outlet opening of a gasification reactor is made by way of two separate partial streams of cooling fluid such as a cooling gas, vapor or liquid. The first partial stream of the cooling fluid is fed from the outside substantially in a radial direction against an outer layer of the product gas stream. The second partial stream of cooling liquid is fed axially in a counter direction to the product gas stream to impinge against a central portion thereof. In this manner the path of mixing of the product gas with the cooling fluid is substantially shortened.

Abstract: Gas reacting apparatus and method are described for wet mass transfer of solute gases from a gas stream with a liquid or slurry reacting medium capable of chemisorption of solute gases in the gas stream. The apparatus comprises an elongated conduit defining a primary reaction zone in fluid-flow communication with a fan defining both a secondary reaction zone and a spray coalescence zone, and a plurality of dual-fluid spray nozzles coaxially spaced in series within the conduit and countercurrently or cocurrently directed to the gas stream for spraying the liquid or slurry reacting medium into said conduit to form a plurality of spray contact zones of uniformly-distributed fine droplets wherein intimate contact of high interfacial surface area between the sprayed liquid or slurry and the gas stream is effected to remove solute gases from the gas stream.

Abstract: A nozzle assembly includes at least one nozzle (1) for the injection of liquid moistening medium into a flow of flue gas, especially in view of cooling the flue gas, and a body (2) for directing the moistening medium to the nozzle. Nozzle (1) and body (2) are essentially disposed in a flue-gas flow duct or the like. In the flue-gas flow duct is fitted a housing (3) which essentially surrounds nozzle (1) and body (2). Housing (3) ia provided with an an aperture (10), which can be closed by a closing means (9) and through which a jet of moistening medium passes into a flow of flue gas.

Abstract: Gas reacting apparatus and method are described for wet mass transfer of solute gases from a gas stream with a liquid or slurry reacting medium capable of chemisorption of solute gases in the gas stream. The apparatus comprises an elongated conduit means defining a primary reaction zone in fluid-flow communication with a fan means defining both a secondary reaction zone and a spray coalescence zone, and plurality of dual fluid spray means coaxially spaced in series within the conduit means and countercurrently or cocurrently directed to the gas stream for spraying the liquid or slurry reacting medium into said conduit means to form a plurality of spray contact zones of uniformly-distributed fine droplets wherein intimate contact of high interfacial surface area between the sprayed liquid or slurry and the gas stream is effected to remove solute gases from the gas stream.

Abstract: A method of cooling air and a cooling apparatus is disclosed wherein primary air is passed through at least one primary chamber to provide secondary air at an outlet of the primary chamber. Secondary air is passed in a counterflow direction through at least one secondary chamber which is in heat exchange relationship with the primary chamber. An evaporative fluid is applied to the secondary air and optionally to a downstream portion of the primary air in the primary chamber. This causes cooling of the downstream portion of the primary air and of the secondary air and of the evaporative fluid and simultaneously causes cooling of the primary air in the primary chamber by reason of the heat exchange relationship between the primary and secondary chambers. A turbulent boundary layer can be created in the secondary air by introducing a portion of the primary air directly into the secondary chamber from the primary chamber.

Abstract: A method of continuously degassifying water includes the steps of continuously introducing helium gas into a vessel forming a substantially vertically disposed chamber therewithin at an upper portion thereof; continuously directing upwardly a spray of fine water droplets formed from undegassed water continuously introduced into said chamber at a lower portion thereof; permitting said fine water droplets to intimately contact said helium gas to displace gases contained in said water droplets to provide degassed water in accordance with Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, said degassed water proceeding towards a bottommost portion of said chamber and vessel; and continuously directing said degassed water through an outlet at said bottommost portion of said vessel into a device desirous of using said continuous flow degassed water.

Abstract: A fabric softening particulate synthetic organic detergent composition is made by mixing together a minor proportion of a finely divided bentonite powder and a major proportion of larger sized built synthetic organic detergent composition particles, spraying onto the surfaces of the moving mixture a dilute sodium silicate solution so that a small proportion of sodium silicate and a larger proportion of moisture are deposited on the mixing materials, and continuing mixing of the materials after cessation of the spraying of the silicate solution onto them.

Abstract: In glass production, waste gases are usually produced which still have a residual temperature of 400.degree.-600.degree. C. even though they are normally used for preheating the fresh air for a glass melting furnace. To be able to utilize this residual energy effectively for the preheating of the raw materials for glass production, particularly cullet, the invention proposes to conduct the waste gases through a bunker (19) for the temporary storage of cullet (20) and to heat the cullet mixture (20) to up to 380.degree. C. during this process. According to a proposal of the invention, the cooled waste gases contaminated during the preheating of the cullet mixture (20) are conducted via a wet scrubber (26) before they are returned to the waste-gas duct (17) leading to the chimney or similar.

Abstract: Recovery of zinc from a gas containing zinc vapor is carried out by means of lead circulating in a circuit and separating out pure metallic zinc by cooling said lead. The gas containing zinc vapor is brought into intimate contact with atomized lead in liquid form which takes up the zinc. The lead is introduced at the top of a cooling tower (1) and the gas is conducted in counter-flow to the atomized lead droplets. Lead collected at the bottom of the tower (1) is transported (7) to a separating chamber (8) where it is cooled, so that the zinc is segregated from the lead and can be separated (10). The lead is then cooled further before being recirculated (15, 16) to the top of the cooling tower.

Abstract: Equipment for gassing a liquid, preferably for the ozonization of water, comprises two gassing stages. In the first gassing stage, a part of the liquid to be treated and the process gas are introduced by means of a submerged gas distributor (6) into a bubble column having an inner chamber and an outer chamber. The major part of the liquid is fed to the second gassing stage which has a shower tray and is located above the first gassing stage. From the shower tray, the "depleted" process gas leaving the two chambers comes into interaction with the "fresh" liquid. Gassing of the liquid at a high absorption efficiency of up to about 95% is achieved in this technically simple and at the same time economical way.

Abstract: In a system for recovering liquefiable components from well head gases and like gaseous mixtures, a vapor liquid contact apparatus which comprises a combination of a tower shell and liquid spray unit with an absorption unit inside of and supported by the shell so as to permit relative movement of the shell and component parts of the absorption unit.The absorption unit is formed of a multiplicity of superposed plates connected by vertical gas and liquid conduits, a peripheral annular aperture surrounding each plate. In the absorption unit the chambers formed between plates are connected by the vertical liquid conduits for flow of liquid down through the chambers and by the vertical gas conduits for flow of gas up through the chambers, chamber to chamber, the gas conduits being located at the periphery of the plates and adjacent the tower shell.

Abstract: An improved air stabilization system and method used in a building ventilation system. The improvement comprises positioning rotatably a single mixing damper blade within a damper blade housing such as to regulate the air flow through air openings within the housing.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for injection of fluid e.g. slurry into e.g. flue gases, and a nozzle device for the accomplishment of the process. The process according to the invention is characterized in that a thin stream of fluid e.g. slurry is injected into a wider stream of gas to form disintegrated drops, at which the fluid stream is peeled off on its way into the gas stream, the fluid stream is made to turn 180.degree.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for the purification of gases, and especially to the purification of industrial flue gases, of solid and/or gaseous impurities. In the method, the gases are scrubbed during a scrubbing stage by spraying into them scrubbing liquid and water, and the drops of liquid are removed from the gases during a drop separation stage. Prior to the scrubbing stage the hot gases are moistened in a pre-moistening stage by spraying into them scrubbing liquid in such a manner that the scrubbing liquid partly vaporizes. The scrubbing liquid is preferably sprayed countercurrently in relation to the gases. The apparatus for the purification of gases consists of a scrubbing unit (3, 4), a drop separation unit (5), devices for circulating the scrubbing liquid countercurrently in relation to the gases, devices for the cooling, regeneration and recycling of the scrubbing liquid, and a pre-moistening unit (2) for the moistening of the gases.

Abstract: Apparatus for ensuring heat exchange between a gas flow and a heat exchanger comprises a duct through which the gas flows. The heat exchanger is mounted in the duct such that the gas flows therethrough. Constrictions for the gas flow are arranged in the duct upstream of the heat exchanger in the direction of gas flow such that jets of gas are created. In an embodiment the constrictions are provided by flow passages extending through a diaphragm mounted across the duct. In use, liquid is sprayed over the heat exchanger and the high velocity jets of gas pick up the liquid and carry it into the heat exchanger. In this way the surfaces of the heat exchanger are thoroughly wetted by the liquid and the efficiency of the heat transfer is thereby improved.

Abstract: A system for recovering as power the pressure and sensible heat of the gas discharged from the top of a blast furnace by guiding the gas to a dry-type dust collector for the removal of dust while maintaining the gas at the furnace top pressure and introducing the gas into a turbine for expansion. To protect the dry-type dust collector when the gas is run off from the furnace at an abnormally high temperature, a gas channel extending from the furnace to the dust collector is provided with at least one injector, which injects a cooling fluid into the gas in response to a signal from a temperature detecting sensor disposed close to the gas outlet of the dust collector. The sensor which is positioned near the dust collector outlet detects the temperature without the time delay attributable to the deposition of dust. With use of the dry-type dust collector, the gas can be fed to the turbine almost without cooling for the recovery of an increased amount of power.

Abstract: A swirl mixing device particularly suited for the thorough and complete mixing of a plurality of fluid reagents is disclosed. The swirl mixing device is generally composed of a cylindrically shaped container having a closed bottom and an open upper exhaust. A plurality of swirl injection levels are provided along the length of the container. Each of said swirl injection levels includes an injector set having a plurality of symmetrically spaced injectors distributed around the inner surface of the chamber wall in a plane perpendicular to the chambers's longitudinal axis. Each of said injectors in a given injector set has an injector axis directed at a given tangent circle with common radial and azimuthal directional components whereby the injected reagent enters the chamber with swirl.

Abstract: A reverse-jet scrubber apparatus and method for removing gaseous contaminants, such as sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter from a combustion gas stream, employing low energy and reduced amounts of scrubbing liquid, which apparatus comprises: an elongated conduit; and a plurality of jet-spray nozzles centrally disposed and spaced apart from each other in the conduit and adapted to spray under high pressure a caustic scrubbing liquid countercurrently into a high-velocity, combustion gas stream, to form separate spray scrubbing zones covering the cross-sectional area of the conduit, whereby a combustion gas stream is scrubbed and a clear gas stream is recovered downstream of the scrubbing zones.

Abstract: Process and apparatus is disclosed for purifying waste gases containing minute pollutant liquid and solid particles. The process comprises treating the gas stream with a fine spray of scrubbing liquid by introducing into the gas stream the spray of droplet size in range of 1 micron or less. The scrubbing liquid is mixed with pollutant particles to wet and enlarge them in a turbulent region without appreciably increasing the pressure of the gaseous stream. The mixed gas stream is passed out of the turbulent region to a zone for removing the enlarged conglomerated contaminate particles from the gas stream. Apparatus is disclosed in which the process is carried out.

Abstract: There is disclosed a fuel feeding device for an internal combustion engine equipped with an air regulator for feeding air through a bypass around a throttle valve and a fuel jetting valve for feeding fuel. An air passage outlet of said air regulator is open opposite to and facing said fuel jetting valve. The opening degree of said air regulator is controlled by a coil bimetal functioning in proportion to the temperature of the engine or through a step motor being driven through a controlling circuit detecting operation conditions of the engine.

Abstract: An apparatus for evaporatively cooling air including an air moving mechanism for supplying air under pressure to an evaporator duct wherein water is sprayed into the airstream countercurrent to the airflow direction. The evaporator duct is especially configured to inhibit moisture migration toward the air moving device and the sprayed water is precooled to increase operating efficiency. A second stage of evaporative cooling may be included by tandemly coupling a second stage evaporator duct to the outlet of the first stage evaporator duct.

Abstract: An air washer comprises upper and lower plenum chambers which are separated by a panel which carries tubes. A spray nozzle above each tube is oriented to direct the conical spray it forms into the tube to wet the lower half of the bore of the tube. An inlet duct communicates with the lower plenum chamber. A tank is provided below the lower plenum chamber. Filter apparatus is provided in the tank. A fan communicates with the upper plenum chamber and draws air from the inlet duct via the plenum chambers and the parallel paths through the tubes. The air is washed by the spray formed by the nozzles which are fed with liquid drawn from the tank through the filter apparatus.

Abstract: The steam throttle valve has a number of water injection ducts distributed around the valve axis within a thin-walled hollow member which extends around the valve axis. A thin-walled water supply duct in a bore in the valve casing cover supplies water to the hollow member. The member is annular and is retained between two assembled parts of the valve, namely the cover and a valve cage. Constructing the ducts in this way obviates thermal stress cracking near them.

Abstract: Wet scrubbing gases containing undesirable constituents by passing the gases at a temperature above 500K. in contact with the melt of an inorganic substance to remove the undesirable constituents. The melt together with a portion of the purified gas as a propellant is introduced into a binary nozzle to atomize the melt into fine particles which contact the gases to be purified.

Abstract: A liquid-gas contactor which comprises a first liquid-gas contacting region of which the lower part is provided with a gas inlet and the upper part is provided with a liquid feed inlet and a second region through which flows a gaseous fluid comprised of particles of at least a portion of the liquid fed into said first contacting region suspended in the greater part of the gas supplied through the gas inlet. The first and second regions are interconnected in the form of an inverted U-shape, the bottom ends of both regions opening into a liquid tank and at least the bottom end of the first liquid-gas contacting region being submerged in the liquid in the tank. A liquid-gas contact process employs this contactor.

Abstract: Apparatus and processes are disclosed for converting sensitive organic compounds such as acrolein, methacrolein, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid from liquid to vapor in admixture with a gas stream at super-atmospheric pressures with minimum decomposition and substantially without polymer formation. The acrolein and methacrolein partial pressures being up to super-atmospheric and those of acrylic and methacrylic acids up to about an atmosphere.An apparatus and a process are also disclosed for transferring a sensitive organic material in an energy-efficient manner from a low-pressure, high-temperature gas-vapor stream to a solvent for the sensitive material, and then to another gas stream at increased pressure.

Abstract: A method of controlling the rate of generating steam by direct heat exchange is provided in which a spray of hot oil drops contacts a spray of water drops. Large water drops are prevented from entering the effluent oil stream during upsets in operating conditions by providing suitable disengaging means such as heated sloped baffles below the contacting zone.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating bubbles in a liquid is disclosed which has a liquid spouting nozzle element for violently spouting a pressurized liquid, an impact disperser for generating a dispersion stream of the pressurized liquid directed into the liquid surrounding the impact disperser when the spouted pressurized liquid impinges upon the disperser and a gas supplier for supplying and guiding a stream of gas to a region surrounding the impact disperser thereby causing the gas stream to be dragged into the dispersion liquid stream. The gas dragged into the dispersion liquid stream is dispersed in the liquid and converted into fine bubbles.

Abstract: The structure of a gas scrubber for large diameter conduits. It employs an axially located element that forms an annular venturi passage. This eliminates any tendency toward incomplete scrubbing of the gas stream.

Abstract: A spray type wet scrubber includes a plurality of spray nozzles installed in parallel banks across the path of gas stream within the scrubber body, and partition walls held upright in grating fashion to divide the path of gas stream into a plurality of passages, each of which accommodates one of the spray nozzles.

Abstract: Liquids, e.g. sewage sludge, waste water or oxygen-poor natural water, are treated with gas for enrichment (especially oxygenation) by forcing the liquid downwardly through a perforated wall in a vessel containing the liquid. The perforated partition subdivides the liquid forced downwardly through the column into a plurality of partial streams which open into a gas space above the downwardly moving column of liquid in the melt. Bubbles of the gas, e.g. oxygen, pass upwardly through the column of liquid in the shaft.

Abstract: Gas-liquid contacting efficiency is enhanced in a horizontal scrubbing vessel having first and second baffle means forming a series of side-by-side compartments across the vessel and arranged so that gas flows from the upper-most portion of each compartment and is directed downward so as to enter the next downstream compartment at the bottom-most portion thereof for upward flow therein. Scrubbing liquid is sprayed downward into each compartment for countercurrent gas-liquid contact herein. The liquid collected at the bottom of each compartment is passed to the top of the next upstream compartment for full countercurrent flow through and across the vessel, with the scrubbing liquid being reactivated and recycled to the furthermost downstream compartment. When a common liquid collection means is provided for all compartments, the reactivated liquid can be recycled to the spraying means of each compartment in parallel so that the gas contacts freshly reactivated liquid in each compartment.

Abstract: Method of carrying out physical or chemical reactions or both types of reactions between liquids and gases in a reaction channel provided with at least one device for feeding liquid thereto, the reaction channel having disposed therein at least one row of jalousie-like overlapping members having an impact surface and formed with a trough-shaped collecting space, the impact surface extending transversely to the direction of flow of a gas supplied to the reaction channel, includes the steps of supplying a flow of gas into the reaction channel, feeding a given quantity of liquid into the reaction channel so that it comes into contact and reacts with the gas, and removing through the trough-shaped collecting spaces a quantity of liquid ranging from no liquid to an amount thereof less than the given quantity of liquid fed into the reaction channel.

Abstract: A venturi-type gas scrubber comprising two rows of parallel spaced rod contact members to dispose in a housing through which a contaminated gas stream is directed. The two rows are spaced relative to each other in the direction of gas flow and the scrubbing liquid is introduced into the stream by being directed into some of the upstream row of rod members that are in the form of hollow tubes. There are openings in these tube walls so oriented as to provide a spray that is countercurrent to the gas flow.

Abstract: A method for the removal of particulate matter as well as noxious gases and vapors from a gas stream. This is accomplished by means of charged droplets having a size between 60 and 250 microns and preferably between 80 and 120 microns. The droplets are generated by first ejecting a stable jet of liquid such as water. The liquid jet is broken up into charged droplets by applying an electric potential between the jet and the collecting walls of the scrubber. Since most gases are electronegative the droplets are preferably charged positively by the resultant electrostatic field. However, in case some of the particles are already charged it is preferred to generate charged droplets having a polarity which is the same as that of the particles. The method works well with particles having a diameter of approximately 0.01 micron or more and the droplets are preferably moved at an angle to the direction of movement of the gas stream to increase the relative velocity between the droplets and the particles.

Abstract: A wet electrostatic precipitator has an inlet diffuser, a transverse electrostatic discharge section, an extended discharge section, a mist eliminator section and an outlet section. The inlet diffuses includes discharge electrodes interposed between collection plates extending in the direction of flow of gaseous feed and water sprays. The transverse discharge section includes baffles transverse to the direction of flow of the gaseous feed and water sprays. The extended discharge section includes transverse baffles and electrodes. The outlet section following the mist eliminator includes overlapped baffles.

Abstract: Pollution control apparatus is provided for use in scrubbing a gas, which is normally vented to the atmosphere, with a liquid, which apparatus embodies in one unit a section to remove solid particulates and entrained liquid from the gas, as well as a packed tower scrubbing section for removing noxious gaseous components from the gas. The apparatus is comprised of an outer shell; and an inner shell disposed within and spaced from the outer shell, the inner shell defining an inner contact zone and the space between the inner shell and the outer shell defining an outer contact zone; liquid feed means for introducing liquid into the inner contact zone; gas feed means for introducing a gas into contact with the liquid in the inner contact zone and for introducing the gas into the outer contact zone; outlet means for liquid; and outlet means for processed gas. The inner contact zone preferably includes a packing material.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing from a liquid fuel fluid supply an aerated gaseous fuel fluid. The liquid fuel fluid is delivered into a supply of hot air and the resultant mixture is delivered through a heat exchanger to an outlet. In the heat exchanger, a liquid fuel fluid phase of the mixture is converted to a gaseous phase thereof and condensed water is eliminated. The gaseous phase is superheated in a portion of the heat exchanger. A control is provided for limiting the level of the liquid phase in the heat exchanger.