Abstract: An apparatus includes an emitter comprising an ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED) disposed on a first end of an optical cuvette. An extraction cuvette may hold a liquid having a positive Langelier saturation index (LSI), and having a quantity of ozone gas dissolved therein. Air may be bubbled through the liquid in the extraction cuvette, and may then be directed to the optical cuvette. A detector comprising an ultraviolet light sensor (UV sensor) can be disposed on a second end of the optical cuvette. The UV-LED may be a point source, and the emitter may generate a parallel beam of light. A concentration of ozone in the gas in the optical cuvette can be determined based on a diminution of the UV light beam passing therethrough. This concentration can then be used to determine an ozone concentration in the liquid contained in the extraction cuvette.

Abstract: An air conditioner including; an air flow path through which air flows; a plate having an air through hole installed in a downstream opening of the air flow path; and a humidifier disposed on the air flow path and capable of supplying vapor into the air flow path. The air flow path has a horizontal channel provided with the downstream opening and extending along a horizontal direction, and the humidifier is disposed on the horizontal channel. The humidifier includes a water storage tank opened upward to an inside of the horizontal channel, and a heater that heats the water in the storage tank. The air conditioner further includes a moisture absorption member that extends in an up and down direction, above a wall part of the storage tank on the side of the plate, or diagonally thereabove on the side of the plate.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a modular heat exchange tower that has a plurality of air inlet modules each having stanchion disposed therein. The modular heat exchange tower also includes a series of heat exchange modules positioned above the air inlet modules along with a series of plenum modules position above the heat exchange modules.

Abstract: A tank system of a motor vehicle includes a volume-modifying element, which is provided in the interior of the fuel tank at least substantially above the liquid level and which is designed as a deformable bag, which forms a compensation volume connected to the environment, and includes a valve assembly, which closes under the control of a float during the filling of the fuel tank and thus brings about a maximum fill level in the fuel tank. A measure is provided for eliminating an effect of the volume-modifying element on the maximum fill level height. This measure can be that the volume-modifying element is arranged in the fuel tank such that, when the vehicle is standing on a horizontal surface, the top side of the volume-modifying element is not significantly above the fuel fill level at which the valve assembly closes in the vertical axis direction.

Abstract: A tank system of a motor vehicle includes a volume-modifying element, which is provided in the interior of the fuel tank at least substantially above the liquid level and which is designed as a deformable bag, which forms a compensation volume connected to the environment, and includes a valve assembly, which closes under the control of a float during the filling of the fuel tank and thus brings about a maximum fill level in the fuel tank. A measure is provided for eliminating an effect of the volume-modifying element on the maximum fill level height. This measure can be that the volume-modifying element is arranged in the fuel tank such that, when the vehicle is standing on a horizontal surface, the top side of the volume-modifying element is not significantly above the fuel fill level at which the valve assembly closes in the vertical axis direction.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a load bearing direct-drive system and a variable process control system for efficiently managing the operation of fans in a cooling system such as a wet-cooling tower, air-cooled heat exchanger (ACHE), HVAC system, blowers and centrifugal blowers, mechanical towers or chiller systems. In one embodiment, the load bearing direct-drive system comprises a load bearing torque multiplier device having an output rotatable shaft connected to a fan, and a load bearing motor comprising a rotatable shaft that drives the load bearing torque multiplier device.

Abstract: A high-efficiency gradient hierarchy complex desulfurizing tower includes a tower body. The tower body tower includes an oxidization and crystallization stage, a coarse desulfurization and dedusting stage, a fine desulfurization and dedusting stage, and a horizontal demisting stage from the bottom up. The oxidization and crystallization stage tower includes a pond and a separation mechanism provided in the pond and separating the pond into an upper area and a lower area. The coarse desulfurization and dedusting stage tower includes a gas distributing board and a multi-layer spray layer that are placed above a gas import, the spray layer being in connection with the pond. The fine desulfurization and dedusting stage tower includes a tube demister, a flushing layer, a film liquid holdup layer, a liquid holdup layer recycling can, the pH of slurry in the liquid holdup layer recycling can being higher than the pH of slurry in the pond.

Abstract: A cooling tower having plume abating means is disclosed. The cooling tower disclosed herein includes: a housing; a cooling unit disposed inside of the housing and configured to convert high-temperature cooling water into low-temperature cooling water by contacting it with ambient air, wherein the cooling unit includes a wet unit and a dry unit that limit or block transfer of materials therebetween; a cooling water distributing unit disposed on top of the cooling unit and configured to spray cooling water to at least the wet unit of the cooling unit; a plume generating unit for generating plume by contacting first air discharged from the wet unit with second air discharged from the dry unit; a plume collecting unit disposed inside or outside of the housing and configured to collect plume generated in the plume generating unit; and an exhausting means disposed in a front end or back end of the plume collecting unit.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide apparatus and method for improving gas distribution during thermal processing. One embodiment of the present invention provides an apparatus for processing a substrate comprising a chamber body defining a processing volume, a substrate support disposed in the processing volume, wherein the substrate support is configured to support and rotate the substrate, a gas inlet assembly coupled to an inlet of the chamber body and configured to provide a first gas flow to the processing volume, and an exhaust assembly coupled to an outlet of the chamber body, wherein the gas inlet assembly and the exhaust assembly are disposed on opposite sides of the chamber body, and the exhaust assembly defines an exhaust volume configured to extend the processing volume.

Abstract: A rotating packed bed RPB that includes a first and second packed bed both arranged on the same rotatable shaft. A gas is directed via a gas inlet through the first packed bed in co-current flow with a liquid in a radially outward direction towards the outer radius of the packed bed. The liquid enters the first packed bed via a first liquid inlet. The gas exiting the first packed bed is directed to the second packed bed and forced through it in a radially inward direction in counter-current flow with a liquid, which enters through a second liquid inlet. The arrangement allows an operation of the rotating packed bed with less energy compared to RPBs of the prior art operating in counter-current flow only. The apparatus allows low-cost design and high design flexibility.

Abstract: A flat sheet membrane module is provided and includes a pair of laterally spaced membrane compartments formed therein for receiving and holding two sets of flat sheet membranes. A utility compartment is disposed between the membrane compartments and includes an air conduit for directing air downwardly through the module to air dispersers forming a part of the module or to a separate lower disposed module. Optionally, a permeate conduit may be provided in the utility compartment for channeling permeate from a lower disposed module. A support structure is disposed in each membrane compartment for receiving and holding a set of flat sheet membranes. The support structure includes a pair of plates that sandwich a set of flat sheet membranes together such that the flat sheet membranes of the set are disposed in a side-by-side relationship between the two end plates.

Abstract: The integrated aeration system utilizes a water pump for aeration. Ambient air/gas is entrained by a circulating water jet induced by the pump. The circulating water jet enters a sealed tank, The entrained gas is broken into bubbles after the impingement between the jet and a receiving pool occurs, aerating the receiving pool by water jet spray. The entrained gas/air builds up headspace pressure above the water pool, the headspace pressure being measured by a pressure gauge. The trapped air above the water pool is released when the headspace pressure increases to reach a desired value to aerate a separate tank/container as a diffused aeration or any other aeration process.

Abstract: Multi-fuel carburetors and related methods are provided for a combustion engine. A multi-fuel carburetor can include at least two fuel nozzles for providing fuel from a fuel source to a carburetor barrel to produce a mixture of fuel and air. A fuel control device movable with respect to at least one of the fuel nozzles can be used to selectively adjust the amount of fuel that can be drawn through that nozzle, thereby desirably adjusting the air/fuel ratio of the mixture produced in the carburetor barrel.

Abstract: The vapor blending system is a mechanical system that can create a homogenous vapor blend that is combustible and can be used as a supplemental fuel source for internal combustion engines. The system can be easily retro-fitted on vehicles (cars, trucks, buses, trains, etc.) to produce the vapor on demand. The basic objective of this invention is to create a viable supplement fuel that reduces the amount of carbon emission into the atmosphere when used as a fossil fuel supplement.

Abstract: A carburetor for increasing the efficiency and horse power of an internal combustion engine. The carburetor generally includes a body including a throat extending therethrough, a deflector plate extending inwardly towards a cross-sectional center within the throat, a venturi member extending within the throat downstream of the deflector plate and including a channel fluidly connected thereof, and a throttle plate disposed within the throat downstream of the venturi member. The deflector plate is directed towards the channel to redirect at least a portion of an air stream entering the throat through the channel to mix with a fuel stream injected within the channel. A water supply line injects a hot water stream within the throat downstream of the venturi member, wherein the hot water stream mixes with the fuel stream to atomize the fuel stream for vaporization within the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: An inline carbonation apparatus that includes a fluid tube having an inner diameter. At least one water orifice is linked to a water source and is attached to one end of the fluid tube. The water orifice includes a plurality of holes atomizing water that passes therethrough. A carbon dioxide orifice is linked to a carbon dioxide source and is attached to the fluid tube in a spaced relationship from the water orifice. The atomized water has a pressure less than the carbon dioxide such that carbon dioxide is absorbed into the water forming carbonated water having a specified volume of carbonation.

Abstract: A cooling tower comprises a body provided with air-intake windows located above a catch basin, and a water distributor, which has a sprinkler, and an irrigators. Ring tubular units are connected to each other to form a ring-type evaporator fed from a pipeline, which is used for water supply from a water source independent of the water distributor, and are vertically arranged in the apertures of the air-intake windows. Equally spaced atomizing sprayers are mounted on each of the tubular units along the circumference of the unit. The invention makes it possible to enhance the operational performance of the cooling tower in a hot environment by improving operating, service and maintenance conditions.

Abstract: A liquid transfer system for transferring liquid from a plurality of containers to a plurality of destinations comprises a plurality of inlet valves. Each inlet valve is operable between an open position allowing liquid from a container to be drawn into the system and a closed position blocking liquid from a container from being drawn into the system. Liquid drawn from each of the liquid containers is delivered to a buffer chamber designed to degas the liquid in the buffer chamber. The buffer chamber leads to a vented feeder chamber that is also adapted to retain a volume of liquid. A chamber connection valve is provided between the buffer chamber and the feeder chamber to allow or block the flow of liquid between the buffer chamber and the feeder chamber. The feeder chamber is connected to a plurality of distribution valves operable to deliver liquid to a plurality of destinations.

Abstract: A ventilation device and a controlling method of the same are provided. The ventilation device may include a humidifier having improved humidification efficiency and improved durability.

Abstract: This invention relates to a vapor or liquid phase reagent dispensing apparatus that may be used for dispensing vapor or liquid phase reagents such as precursors for deposition of materials in the manufacture of semiconductor materials and devices. The vapor phase reagent dispensing apparatus has a single port capable of receiving a carrier gas and dispensing a vapor phase reagent. The liquid phase reagent dispensing apparatus has a single port capable of receiving an inert gas and dispensing a liquid phase reagent.

Abstract: The apparatus of the invention is essentially characterized by the fact that it includes a fluid-flow duct (10) having an inlet (11) and an outlet (12), and mounted in succession in series in the duct (10): a suction fan (20) for sucking in a carrier gas available at the inlet (11) and for discharging it towards the outlet (12); a bubbler (30) suitable for causing the carrier gas to pass through a volatile liquid (31) contained in the bubbler so as to obtain a stream of carrier gas (33) charged with vapor of the liquid; a device (40) for fractioning the charged stream to deliver a charged stream in fractioned form; and a member (50) for treating the fractioned charged stream to impart a determined quality thereto before it is ejected from the outlet (12) of the duct (10). The invention is applicable in particular to producing a gas charged with a volatile compound, in particular for inhalation.

Abstract: A system (1) for carbonizing a liquid comprising a liquid inlet (2), a pressurized tank for carbon dioxide (3), a mixing tank (4) for receiving a mix of carbon dioxide and liquid, the system further comprising a first passage for feeding liquid and a second passage for feeding carbon dioxide. The liquid and carbon dioxide is further received by the mixing tank (4) at its lower portion.

Abstract: A carburetor for an internal combustion engine has an intake pipe having a throttle valve plate therein. An annular venturi tube is disposed upstream or downstream of the throttle valve plate inside the intake pipe. The annular venturi tube is located at a predetermined interval with the throttle valve plate. The annular venturi tube has a fine continuous annular slit or four or more annularly arranged fuel discharging pores so as to atomize the fuel thereat. Atomization is always carried out near a position where a fastest air moves so as to improve the atomization and a uniform air-fuel mixture, thereby improving an output, fuel consumption and exhaust gas emission of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A carburetor dual fuel feed system has a primary passage for flowing fuel into a venturi of a fuel-and-air mixing passage, and a supplemental channel flowing fuel into a mixing passage upstream region. Sizing of the primary passage and channel with respect to pressure dynamics of each region disassociates low from high power engine fuel calibration. This disassociation ultimately achieves a leaner fuel-and-air mixture flow during low power conditions which reduces carbon monoxide emissions, and achieves a richer mixture flow during high engine power conditions which reduces NOx emissions. During low engine power conditions, substantially all of the fuel which mixes with clean air flowing through the venturi of the mixing passage flows from the primary passage. During high engine power conditions, supplemental fuel flow into the mixing passage is induced by a vacuum created about a nozzle of the channel.

Abstract: The present invention provides a magnetic write element for use in a magnetic data recording system such as a disk drive. The invention provides a method of manufacturing a well defined coil, which avoids the problem of shallow wall angle problems exhibited by prior art methods due to coil mask shrinkage during high temperature bake. A series of trenches are provided in the coil mask, the trenches being shallower than the coil pattern, and not extending completely through the coil pattern. During the high temperature baking process shrinkage of the coil mask will be absorbed by the trenches and not transferred to the coil pattern, preventing deformation of the coil wall portion of the mask.

Abstract: A multiphase scrubber for the wet scrubbing of gases in several different phases comprises at least three separate basic scrubbing units so that the scrubbing of the gas is carried out in at least three, advantageously six, successive steps. The droplet separation of the scrubbed gases is carried out in a uniform cyclone-like droplet separator composed of several nested cylinders. A clean dropless gas contains a dust content below the acceptable limit. The scrubber is suited for scrubbing hot furnace gases from closed reduction furnaces.

Abstract: This invention relates to a waste gas treating apparatus, especially for treating a waste gas containing sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. It includes at least one washing tower. At least one fluid inlet is disposed on a lateral wall of the washing tower, so that a fluid is pumped into the washing tower by constant amount and drained out from a draining opening of a base of the washing tower. At least one gas inlet is disposed on the wall of the washing tower below the fluid inlet. The waste gas is injected into the washing tower so as to contact with the fluid and form bubbles which buoy upward to a top of the washing tower and are exhausted from a gas outlet thereof. The fluid serves to react with and absorb the pollutants contained in the waste gas. The products of the reaction are discharged out of the washing tower along with the fluid.

Abstract: A method of operating an apparatus for the cleaning of industrial waste gases and especially power plant flue gases. The gases are fed through a quencher to a first scrubber with its own recirculation and upstream of a second scrubber having its own recirculation and aerosols of halogen compounds which are eliminated by providing the quencher is part of a prescrubber or by forming the downstream scrubber with a wet electrostatic precipitator.

Abstract: An air pollution control system incorporating a venturi scrubber and a method of cleansing a particulate-laden, contaminated gas flow are disclosed. Spray nozzles are used to introduce optimized droplets of a scrubbing liquid into the venturi to maximize the collection efficiency for optically active particles. The spray nozzles introduce the optimized droplets substantially upstream of the throat of the venturi such that the spray mixes with the effluent gas flow and cools the gas flow to substantially its saturation temperature prior to entering the venturi throat. This promotes collection of condensibles and inhibits the revolatilization of contaminants that are collected by the scrubbing droplets which might otherwise evaporate in the hot gas flow. The optimized droplets are highly effective in rapidly cooling the effluent gas flow.

Abstract: An aerosol generator specially designed for the generation of monodisperse aerosols such as calibration aerosols for the testing of measuring equipment and filters; for aerosols for making streams visible or for inhalation aerosols for medical purposes. An aerosol generator, based upon the Sinclair La Mer-principle, has been modified by inserting a nuclei removing section combined with a valve bypass between the nuclei source and the saturator.

Abstract: A horizontal pass, multiple packed-bed gas scrubber features relatively low pressure drop flow paths for both the gas flow and the scrubbing liquid flow, allowing large scale mass transfer of solute from the gas to the liquid. The scrubber is volumetrically compact, yet possesses extremely high scrubbing efficiency of large gas flow rates. Each packed bed comprises packing that is wetted by liquid emitted from low pressure drop orifices in piping near the top of the packing. The piping is supported by baffles that extend into the packing so as to force back into the packing any gas that seeks to avoid the packing by flowing through any void, or inadequately wetted, zone at the top of a bed.

Abstract: A venturi scrubbing system optimized for removing the most optically active sized particles from a gaseous effluent stream is disclosed. Before entering the venturi the effluent stream is subcooled to cause condensation of water vapor and other condensibles, thereby greatly reducing the volume of the effluent stream. In the venturi stage a scrubbing liquid is added in the form of droplets having a median diameter which is optimized to remove the optically active particles. Preferably, the median diameter of the scrubbing liquid droplets is between 10 and 200 microns. A two-fluid nozzle may be used to efficiently form the droplets. After passing through the scrubbing stage, which may also comprise one or more impingement plates, the cleansed effluent may be passed through an afterburner to remove combustible materials such as organic vapors.

Abstract: A shower tunnel-type scrubbing apparatus for purifying effluent gases produced in buildings or industrial facilities comprises the first cylindical exhaust pipe, ring-like branch pipes, nozzle holes, nozzles, a distribution pipe, a supply pipe, the second exhaust pipe including baffles and a counteragent inlet, a discharging duct and a reservoir, and provides a superior ability in exhausting and purifying effluent gases without requiring a forced exhaust and without having any difficulties in the process of exhaust.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for heat and mass transfer is described that is applicable to: regeneration of liquid desiccant solutions, heat pumping of humid gases, cooling and dehumidifying of gases for air conditioning, and water absorption from air. Generally, using a moving gas, at a constant pressure, a continual change in a vapor-liquid equilibrium is created between proximate but continually changing gas and liquid desiccant temperatures within an energy transferring chamber. Chamber wetting, implemented segmentedly, allows mass transfer into and from the moving gas. A forced temperature differential between heat sinks and sources causes heat transferred by means of thermally conductive barriers. Concurrent with temperature variances, the segmented wetting further allows liquid desiccant concentrations caused by evaporation or condensation, to vary between wetted sectors.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for heat and mass transfer are described using a moving gas, such as air at a constant and atmospheric pressure, to provide a continual change in a vapor-liquid equilibrium between proximate but continually changing gas and liquid temperatures within energy transferring chambers. Chamber wetting, implemented segmentedly, allows mass transfer into and from a first substance in a first chamber and a second substance in a second chamber. A forced temperature differential in each chamber causes heat transfer between chambers by means of thermally conductive petitions and by means of a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger provides for heat transfer between the first and the second substances of corresponding sectors of the first and second chambers. This heat transfer can allow condensation causing further evaporation in the corresponding chamber sector resulting in recycling of energy.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for heat and mass transfer are described that is applicable to: concentration, crystallization, purification, fractionation, stripping, absorption, and/or heat exchange for liquid media; and temperature and humidity modification for gas media. Using a plurality of moving gas streams, comprised for example of air, at constant and generally atmospheric pressures, a continual change in a vapor-liquid equilibrium of the gas streams is created between proximate but continually changing gas and liquid temperatures within each of a plurality of heat exchange chambers. Chamber wetting, implemented segmentedly, allows mass transfer into and out of the gas streams. A forced temperature differential between chambers, caused by different temperatures of the gas streams entering the chambers or by humidity modification of these gas streams within chambers, causes heat transfer between chambers through thermally conductive partitions.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for heat and mass transfer is described that is applicable to: concentration, crystallization, purification, fractionation, stripping, absorption, and/or heat exchange for liquid media; drying for solid or gel media; and temperature and humidity modification for gas media. Generally, using a moving gas, such as air at a constant and atmospheric pressure, a continual change in a vapor-liquid equilibrium is created between proximate but continually changing gas and liquid temperatures within energy transferring chambers. Chamber wetting, implemented segmentedly, allows mass transfer into and from the moving gas. A forced temperature differential in each chamber causes heat transfer between chambers by means of thermally conductive partitions. This transfer can allow condensation causing further evaporation in the opposite chamber resulting in a recycling of energy.

Abstract: An apparatus for the collection of volatiles includes a housing that forms an environmental chamber. Dishes of test sample are placed in this chamber which is closed with a transparent cover. A gasket assures an airtight seal between the cover and the housing. The housing is supported on a stand that allows the angular orientation of the housing to be adjusted relative to the path of the sun. A jacket is also formed in the housing about the environment chamber. A heat exchange fluid is circulated through this jacket to maintain the environmental chamber and, thus, the test sample within a desired temperature range. Volatiles emitted by the test sample are collected by circulating air through the environmental chamber. This air which passes across the test sample dishes serves to sweep up the volatiles which are then delivered to a collection trap for qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Abstract: Apparatus for and method of absorbing a gas into a liquid in a multiple stage absorption process wherein the gaseous products from each stage is reintroduced into fresh liquid in subsequent stages.

Abstract: A system for preparing a ground impregnating material which comprises a line for feeding a base liquid component of the ground impregnating material, such as an aqueous sodium silicate solution, and a high pressure carbon dioxide gas bomb connected via a carbon dioxide gas delivery line to the base liquid component feed line. The carbon dioxide gas delivery line has a carbon dioxide blowing nozzle provided therein. The carbon dioxide gas blowing nozzle comprises a disk centrally perforated with a nozzle bore. A plurality of the carbon dioxide gas blowing nozzles having different opening diameters may be switchably provided in parallel in the carbon dioxide gas delivery line.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for heat and mass transfer is described that is applicable to: concentration, crystallization, purification, fractionation, stripping, absorption, and/or heat exchange for liquid media; drying for solid or gel media; and temperature and humidity modification for gas media. Generally, using a moving gas, such as air at a constant and atmospheric pressure, a continual change in a vapor-liquid equilibrium is created between proximate but continually changing gas and liquid temperatures within energy transferring chambers. Chamber wetting, implemented segmentedly, allows mass transfer into and from the moving gas. A forced temperature differential in each chamber causes heat transfer between chambers by means of thermally conductive partitions. This transfer can allow condensation causing further evaporation in the opposite chamber resulting in a recycling of energy.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for filtering a gas through a liquid which prevents siphoning of the liquid out of the filter apparatus including at least first and second vessels partially filled with liquid, the first vessel having gas inlet and outlet ports that do not contact the liquid, thereby enabling the gas to bypass the liquid of the first vessel in a normal filtering direction and prevent siphoning of the liquid therefrom, and a device to direct gas received from the second vessel into the liquid of the first vessel during a reverse gas flow such that the liquid in the first vessel acts as a valve. The second vessel includes gas inlet and outlet ports that do not contact the liquid, thereby enabling the gas to bypass the liquid of the second vessel in a reverse gas flow direction and prevent siphoning of the liquid therefrom, and a device to direct gas bypassed through the first vessel through the liquid such that liquid filters the gas which then exits the second vessel through a gas port.

Abstract: A solids-laden gas is cleaned by introducing a condensing fluid in the gas to saturate the gas and allowing liquid to condense on the solids to form enlarged particles. Liquid separated from the gas with enlarged particles is then atomized in the gas to form agglomerates of liquid and enlarged particles, whereafter the formed agglomerates are separated from the gas. An apparatus for carrying out this process is also described, the apparatus being characterized by a first stage in which means are provided for enlarging solids in a solids-laden gas flow by contact with a condensing fluid, separation of liquid from the gas flow, and a second stage in which means are provided for introducing the separated liquid into the gas flow in a venturi-shaped gas passage member.

Abstract: A scrubber for desulfurization of gases, in particular flue gases of a boiler furnace includes two scrubbing zones each having a plurality of spaced arrays of nozzles for washing the gas with a respective washing liquid containing sulfur compound binding additives. At the bottom portion of the scrubber, the liquid discharged from the nozzles and containing sulfur compounds forms a sump to which limestone is added. From the sump two circulation systems extend. Each circulation system includes a pump which draws off a respective washing liquid from the sump and conveys the latter to the associated one of the scrubbing zones whereby whitewash or lime milk is introduced into one of the circulation systems.

Abstract: Apparatus for ionizing air, for example for feeding to a boiler to act as a catalyst, comprises a closed container (15) which is divided into two chambers (17, 18). Water is fed under pressure to atomizing jets (21,22) which produce a mist inside each chamber. Air is fed by a pump (28) into the first chamber and passes upwards through the mist in that chamber, through an aperture (20) near the top of a partition wall (19) and downwards through the mist in the second chamber. The thus-ionized air leaves the second chamber via an outlet pipe (30) and passes through a demoisturizing coil (31). The water for feeding to the jets is contained in a reservoir (2) at the bottom of a casing (1) in which the container is mounted.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device which is intended for centrifugal separation on the basis of the specific gravity or by using a medium which increases the specific gravity. The device is in particular suitable for the purification of gases. The device is made up of a cyclone, a pre-scrubbing section and a centrifuge section. The operation of the device is based on rotational motion in the same direction, the separation being carried out by changing the angular velocities of the rotational motion. After moistening of the particles in the cyclone the angular velocity is reduced in the pre-scrubbing section in order to separate the heavy particles, whereafter the angular velocity of the gas being purified, when raised into the centrifuge section, re-increases, and at the same time an additional moistening is carried out, an effective mixing of the liquid and the gas taking place.

Abstract: For the treatment of combustion gases, particularly for domestic use, the gases are sprinkled or sprayed in parallel current or in counter-current with a washing liquid traversing vertical channels or ducts. At the upper end of each vertical duct there are arranged as sprinkling or spray nozzles a plurality of parallel downwardly directed small tubes pressed against each other. A washing liquid is supplied from a lower collector container or tub by means of a circulation pump up to an upper tank or storage space; with its filling, the liquid level of the lower collector container lowers to a point that the combustion gases from the supply pipe freely enter the first vertical duct and they may be evacuated through the outlet channel or treated gas outlet connected to the last vertical duct. Thereby, the washing liquid which leaves the upper tank through the spray nozzles purifies the gas by removing solid and soluble components while simultaneously cooling the gases.

Abstract: A vapor delivery system for the manufacture of an optical preform includes a deposition bubbler (60) and another bubbler (40) referred to as a supply bubbler which is interposed between a reservoir (24) of a liquid and the deposition bubbler. Heat energy is applied to the supply bubbler and to the deposition bubbler to vaporize liquid therein. A carrier gas is introduced into the liquid in the supply bubbler at a location below the free surface and into the deposition bubbler to cause vapor of the liquid to become entrained in the carrier gas and to flow from the supply bubbler into the deposition bubbler and from the deposition bubbler to a substrate tube from which an optical preform is made. Facilities are provided for maintaining sufficient liquid in the supply bubbler and suitable temperatures of the liquid in the supply and deposition bubblers to control the vapor flow into and out of the deposition bubbler to prevent unintended perturbations in the deposition bubbler.

Abstract: Apparatus is provided for reducing contaminants in gases containing products of combustion. The apparatus is particularly advantageous for reducing airborne sulfur in smoke from burning coal. This enables more use of coal, including high sulfur coal, without the concomitant problem of acid rain. The apparatus includes a duct or stack forming a first passage for directing the gases away from the source of combustion. A second duct forms a second, horizontal passage through which the gases flow from the first passage. A spray head is located at an upper portion of the second passage to direct a spray of water across the passage and into contact with the gases. A drain is located in a lower portion of the second passage to collect the water and contaminants trapped therein from the gases. The water can be cleaned and reused. The apparatus can also be employed with an internal combustion engine to reduce contaminants in the exhaust gases.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improvement in direct contact water heaters and in methods of effecting heat exchange between hot gas and cold water. In a typical direct contact water heater cold water is sprayed downwards within a main chamber where it meets hot gas passing upwardly in a counter-current fashion. A direct contact water heater according to this invention includes an antechamber through which the hot gas is passed before entering the main chamber. The hot gas passing upwardly in a counter current fashion to hot water which is at a temperature higher than the dew point of the gas raises the dew point of the hot gas before it enters the main chamber so that the cold water entering the main chamber is heated in an efficient manner to higher temperatures than could previously be effected.