Abstract: A process and multistation apparatus for injection blow molding a thermoplastic material to form a blow molded container having an integral injection molded handle is disclosed. The process and apparatus feature an injection mold which is closed to form an injection mold cavity with a contiguous injection mold handle cavity. A preform pin is inserted into the injection mold cavity through a preform carrier to form a preform recess into which hot thermoplastic is injected to form a hollow preform having a solid injection molded handle. After cooling the thermoplastic preform the preform pin is withdrawn and the molds are opened. The injection formed preform may be optionally heat treated prior to the preform being enclosed within a blow mold. The blow mold forms a cavity having the final desired container shape and a cavity into which the handle is enclosed.

Abstract: Specimen containers, such as containers for urine specimens, are produced in a manner which assures not only against spillage of the specimen but also against possible confusion as to the source of the specimen.

Abstract: A hollow blow-molded bottle-shaped container of a biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate which advantageously has a crystallized outer peripheral portion at the neck portion except the boundary between the neck portion and the body portion and non-crystallized inner peripheral portion thereat. This bottle-shaped container is molded by a method of molding the same, which method advantageously has the steps of injection-molding a piece or parison formed at the outer peripheral surface of a neck root part forming portion in a downwardly flared tapered shape, and crystallizing by a heat treatment the outer peripheral surface portion of the neck root part forming portion. Thus, the deterioration in the physical properties of the neck and shoulder portions of the bottle-shaped container thus finally blow-molded can be reduced.

Abstract: A carrier ring for achieving attachment to the thermoplastic perform as the preform is formed in a split injection mold is disclosed. The split injection mold defines a mold cavity into which a core pin is positionable. The mold cavity, along with the position core pin, defines the principle portion of the preform cavity. The remainder of the preform cavity is provided by an annular groove in the carrier ring. This annular groove has a substantially horizontal outwardly extending first wall, a substantially horizontal inwardly extending second wall downwardly displaced from the first wall, and a downwardly and inwardly extending third wall emanating from the outwardmost extent of the first wall and terminating at the inward most extent of the second wall.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the production of parts made from plastics material using an injection press in which the mould cavity is defined by a mould surface Sca and the surface Sve of a movable piston. Firstly, the material is introduced into the mould cavity and during injection, the piston is kept stationary for a time to form a rough mould and then retracted to form a parison. Secondly, after injection has been completed the piston is advanced again, and maintained in position while cooling takes place. Thirdly, the mould is opened and the part ejected.

Abstract: Mold and core rod combination for forming a plastic parison for stretch/blowing into a plastic bottle comprising a core rod with an end mated to the mold so as to permit formation of a parison with a flat on the bottom and having a sharp taper from said flat to the sidewall of the parison. The core rod is preferably shaped to include a shoulder having a substantially straight outer wall at the mouth end of the parison mold, and constructed and arranged with the mold to permit deposit of additional plastic at the inner wall of the shoulder of the parison. The design of the mated mold and core rod combination is based on the recognition that in a continuous bottle forming process a particular area of the parison can be made hotter or cooler by increasing or decreasing the thickness of that area of the parison.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of and apparatus for cooling the core rods of an injection blow moulding machine having stripper means and an injection blow moulding machine incorporating the cooling apparatus of the invention. The apparatus of the invention comprises nozzle means, preferably in the form of a hollow nozzle bar the interior of which is connectable to a source of cooling fluid under pressure, separate from the stripper means and comprising a plurality of nozzles which are movable between an out-of-use position and an in-use position in which they are interposed between the core rods and stripper means for directing cooling fluid onto the tips of the core rods and preferably substantially axially of the core rods.

Abstract: A transparent thin bottle-shaped container is produced by means of a technology for biaxial orientation blow molding a cylindrical piece with a bottom from polyethylene terephthalate material. The pieces are molded in numerous large number in each injection molding process of an injection molding machine. The pieces thus formed immediately after the injection molding are held simultaneously in large number at the gates integrally projected therefrom by a base plate moved forward at the front of the mold in the injection molding machine. They are then conveyed to a gate cutting unit provided near the injection molding machine. The gates are cut from the pieces sequentially by the gate cutting unit and are conveyed onto a conveyor. The pieces are gradually cooled from the hot molded temperature during the conveyance and are additionally cooled while being conveyed on an oblique conveyor installed with a cooler to room temperature or lower predetermined temperature.

Abstract: A bottle made of a saturated polyester resin and having one or more strip-shaped projection for the reinforcement and ornament purposes is provided, which bottle is produced by a method comprising the steps of preparing a parison having an opened upper end and a closed bottom end from a saturated polyester resin, welding a strip-shaped piece made of the same saturated polyester resin on said parison so as to extend in the vertical direction, and then biaxially orientating said parison and said strip-shaped piece as an integral body.

Abstract: A bottle-shaped container of saturated polyester having frosted or ground surface is manufactured by the steps of heating the outer layer portion of the injection-molded preformed piece to thereby crystallize the outer layer portion to opacify in white, and blow-molding the preformed piece in a blowing mold having at least part of its inner surface formed with rough surface sandblasted in advance to thereby form the rough surface on the bottle-shaped container on the crystallized outer layer portion surface. Thus, the bottle-shaped container incorporates pearl-like ground surface desired in a shape on the surface instead of the glossy surface peculiar to synthetic resin.

Abstract: A technique is described for preparing molecular biaxially oriented hollow articles from thermoplastic materials. The invention involves forming a parison on a cooled core rod by injecting a hot thermoplastic material into a cavity formed by the core rod and a cooled injection mold, cooling the parison with low temperature coolant to a temperature within the orientation range of the thermoplastic material, transferring the parison to a stretch blow molding position and permitting the temperature of the parison to equilibrate itself. The parison is then stretched, oriented to yield the desired biaxially oriented article, cooled and ejected.

Abstract: A synthetic resin bottle produced by blow-molding a parison of a synthetic resin. In the blow-molding process of the parison, the portion of the parison supporting the handle is prevented from being expanded, thereby to sufficiently increase the supporting strength of the handle. Since the bottle product has its drum recessed in the vicinity of the handle, the grip of the handle can be facilitated.

Abstract: Mold and core rod combination for forming a plastic parison for stretch/blowing into a plastic bottle comprising a core rod with an end mated to the mold so as to permit formation of a parison with a flat on the bottom and having a sharp taper from said flat to the sidewall of the parison. The core rod is preferably shaped to include a shoulder having a substantially straight outer wall at the mouth end of the parison mold, and constructed and arranged with the mold to permit deposit of additional plastic at the inner wall of the shoulder of the parison. The design of the mated mold and core rod combination is based on the recognition that in a continuous bottle forming process a particular area of the parison can be made hotter or cooler by increasing or decreasing the thickness of that area of the parison.

Abstract: A plastic blow-molded container is disclosed having a penetrable wall portion or site which is sufficiently thin to permit piercing by a needle, spike or the like without coring or fragmenting, and a thicker recessed wall portion adjacent to the penetrable portion. The penetrable portion is formed during the blow-molding process by expanding the plastic parison over a projection in the mold cavity and into an adjacent recess in the cavity. The thin penetrable portion of the container is formed within the mold recess and the thicker recessed portion of the container is formed by the mold projection.

Abstract: This specification discloses an improved apparatus and method for making bi-axially oriented containers in an injection blow molding machine. The parison is brought to the blow mold at orientation temperature, and the end of a reciprocating element is brought into contact with the end of the parison and is shaped to prevent the end of the parison from shifting off center as the parison is blown and stretched axially while it expands circumferentially to obtain bi-axial orientation. The reciprocating element prevents the parison from shifting laterally in the blowing mold so that the stretching and the wall thickness of the blown article is uniform.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for the preparation of oriented hollow articles of moldable organic plastic material which is characterized by a rapid operating cycle and an inexpensive procedure. The disclosure teaches a streamlined operating cycle utilizing a reduced number of blow molds while retaining high productivity.

Abstract: This relates to an improvement on a recently developed ribbed preform in a champagne type bottle bottom formed therewith including solid internal ribs. In accordance with this invention, the ribs are made hollow or tubular in the preform with the resultant ribs in the bottle bottom also being hollow. The hollow ribs of the preform serve the same purpose as the prior solid ribs in retaining the plastic material of the preform in the bottom area during the bottle formation and the hollow ribs in the resultant bottle also provide the desired added stiffness for preventing bottom eversion.

Abstract: Herein disclosed are a bottle of a saturated polyester resin and its method of production. According to the method of the present invention, saturated polyester resin is injection-molded into a parison which is composed of a mouth and a barrel. The mouth of the parison is oriented in the direction of the axis of the parison and in a direction perpendicular to the parison's axis by means of an orienting jig. The barrel of the parison is biaxially oriented by a blow-molding process. The bottle thus produced has been oriented as a whole.

Abstract: An injection stretch blow molded container is disclosed having an integral tab for hanging the container with the finish end down so as to facilitate removal of the contents of the container. A method of making the container is disclosed which includes the use of an injection molded parison having an integral tab of the size and dimensions desired for the container tab. The parison is then situated in a blowing mold having a pocket for receiving the integral appendage. The parison is stretched until the appendage is received in the pocket in the mold wall and then blown to form the container having a wall conforming to the interior of the blowing mold. A surface of the integral appendage performs the function of the mold wall with respect to a portion of the container.

Abstract: Disclosed is a laminated plastic container in the form of a bottle, the wall of which comprises a substrate formed of a melt-moldable plastic material, a coating layer formed on at least one surface of the substrate, said coating layer being composed of a copolymer consisting essentially of 99 to 70% by weight of vinylidene chloride and 1 to 30% by weight of at least one acrylic or methacrylic monomer and further including up to 100 parts by weight of at least one member selected from other ethylenically unsaturated monomers per 100 parts by weight of the total amount of said two monomers, said copolymer having an oxygen permeation coefficient of less than 9.times.10.sup.-14 cc.multidot.cm/cm.sup.2 .multidot.sec.multidot.cmHg as measured at a temperature of 20.degree. C. and a relative humidity of 100% and a water vapor permeability coefficient of less than 3.times.10.sup.-3 g.multidot.cm/m.sup.2 .multidot.

Abstract: A process for preparing biaxially oriented hollow shaped articles, in particular bottles of thermoplastic material, by biaxial draw- and blow-molding comprises blow-molding a preform and subsequently maintaining the thermoplastic material in close contact with the hot walls of the mold at a temperature which is in the range from about the minimum effective temperature for biaxial orientation of the thermoplastic material to about 40.degree. C. above this temperature for a period of time which is sufficient to partially reduce internal residual stresses in the hollow shaped articles. Following this partial thermo-stabilization, the hollow shaped article preferably is subjected to cooling, whereby the pressure within the article is at least partially maintained or the shaped article is cooled or allowed to shrink and subsequently subjected to a second blow-molding procedure.

Abstract: Method for the preparation of oriented hollow articles of moldable organic plastic material which is characterized by a rapid operating cycle and a final article free from objectionable capacity. The disclosure teaches an injection molding station for controlled removal of parisons after altering the heat content thereof under conditions avoiding crystallization and thereby freeing the injection station for the formation of a second parison.

Abstract: In forming hollow, molecularly oriented articles having a substantially oval or substantially equilateral triangular cross section from thermoplastic preforms by a method which includes distending the preforms in a mold while at molecular orientation temperature, the improvement providing improved material distribution in regions furthest from the axes of the articles when the thermoplastic is moldable polyalkylene terephthalate having an inherent viscosity of at least 0.55 which involves limiting the corner definition ratio to between about 3 to about 9 and the circular deviation ratio to no greater than about 2.4 at the cross section during distension and controlling axial and maximum radial stretch of the preforms within predetermined limits.

Abstract: A single injection blow molding apparatus for making a selected oriented finished product. The apparatus includes the support structure and an injection molding station where a parison is injection molded into a selected configuration. A core rod assembly cooperates in forming the parison which is formed about a first core rod. The parison is conditioned to an orientation temperature. A transfer system is on the support structure for removing the first core rod from the parison and transferring the parison to a blow molding station. The blow molding station is on the support structure and is provided for blow molding the parison while at orientation temperature into the configuration of the finished product. A second core rod assembly with a second core rod cooperates in blowing the parison into the configuration of the finished product.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of making hollow plastic articles are disclosed in which the preforms or other articles are sequentially molded from a continuous stream of plasticized resin supplied by an extruder. The preforms are formed sequentially in a plurality of molds and immediately transferred from the molds to blowing apparatus where they are blown into plastic articles. The molds are disposed in sets of two or more molds each, and the number of blowing apparatus units is equal to the number of sets of molds, with at least two sets of molds being provided. After the preform is formed in one mold of a set of molds, it is transferred while it is still hot to the corresponding blowing apparatus for that set while the extruded stream of plasticized resin is fed into the other molds to form other preforms.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for blow molding a wide mouth container wherein substantially the entire container is multiaxially oriented in its formation. The method and apparatus produce this container in effectively a one station operation without the need for high pressure injection molding platens. The apparatus is useful in making non-oriented articles as well. One such multiaxially oriented article that may be blow molded is a container having the configuration of an oil can.

Abstract: A method for making a thin wall centrifuge tube using an injection blow molded process to achieve not only uniform thickness of the tube, but also uniform or homogeneous material properties throughout the tube structure. The unique application of this process includes the making of a preform mold which retains its molten stage on a transferrable core pin that is received at a second stage, where the final configuration mold is placed around the core pin. The blow molding stage operates in conjunction with the molten preform to create the high strength centrifuge tube with uniform material properties.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improvement in a method for thermoforming of containers from thermoplastic materials in which method the rim of the container is formed as an integral part of the pre-form from which the container is thermoformed. The pre-form is obtained by introducing thermoplastic material into a closed space and then mechanically compressing the material. The improvement of the present invention relates to improved uniformity of flow of the thermoplastic material into the closed space, the use of a closed space defined by surfaces having a surface roughness in the range of 50-125 .mu.m rms and to a modified sequence of steps for forming the pre-form in which the compression of the thermoplastic material is commenced prior to the completion of the introduction of the material into the closed space. The process may be used in the manufacture of containers, e.g., for the packaging of margarine, from polyethylene or polypropylene.

Abstract: Biaxially oriented low cost polyolefin bottles of improved optical clarity, gloss, and strength, and useful for packaging materials such as liquid detergents, shampoos, pharmaceuticals and intravenous solutions, are prepared by stretch blow molding polypropylene homopolymer co-polymer and allomer parisons or preforms which are formed from low temperature melts at temperatures just above the melting points of the polymers and allomers, and are injected at constant rates against cold polished mold surfaces at relatively low pressures and at slow rates to avoid melt fractures. Melt temperatures of from 490.degree. to 700.degree. F. are preferred for polypropylene blow mold type polymers and allomers. Polished beryllium copper mold surfaces are desired for high luster gloss finishes. Mold temperatures of from 30.degree. to 80.degree. F. are preferred. Injection molding with a high compression ratio of 3 to 3.

Abstract: A process and multistation apparatus for injection blow molding a thermoplastic material to form a blow molded container having an integral injection molded handle is disclosed. The process and apparatus feature an injection mold which is closed to form an injection mold cavity with a contiguous injection mold handle cavity. A preform pin is inserted into the injection mold cavity through a preform carrier to form a preform recess into which hot thermoplastic is injected to form a hollow preform having a solid injection molded handle. After cooling the thermoplastic preform the preform pin is withdrawn and the molds are opened. The injection formed preform may be optionally heat treated prior to the preform being enclosed within a blow mold. The blow mold forms a cavity having the final desired container shape and a cavity into which the handle is enclosed.

Abstract: Method for injection blow molding transparent hollow objects from a polyethylene terephthalate melt comprises molding from a melt at 530.degree.-575.degree. F. into a parison, quickly and relatively uniformly cooled by parison mold elements, at 75.degree.-150.degree. F., to a temperature above the glass transition temperature of the melt. The parison is then immediately blown and cooled to temperature below the softening point of the melt, all in a manner to avoid crystallization and to produce a hollow PET object, typically a clear bottle.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for forming oriented, blown objects of moldable plastic material requiring prolonged tempering cycles to obtain conditions suitable for orientation. Disclosure provides a multiplicity of tempering molds in spaced relationship to each other for retaining and tempering parisons prior to orientation and blowing in a tempering cycle, whereby the tempering molds receive and release parisons seriatim, and whereby the overall operating cycle is substantially unaffected by the number of tempering molds.

Abstract: A method for injection molding a particularly elongated tubular parison having a closed bottom and assuring consistently uniform wall thickness in the tube wall, is disclosed. The method involves injection molding an open bottom tubular member, and thereafter forming a bottom wall integrally with the tubular member in a separate injection molding step in which a molten polymer is injected into a mold cavity defined, in part, by the bottom end of the tubular member. During the first injection molding step, the core mold is held at both ends by the other components of the mold assembly so that there is no possibility of eccentric misplacement of the elongated core in the mold cavity due to flexing of the core, which would cause non-uniformity in wall thickness of the molded tube.

Abstract: A method of manufacture of pre-filled ampuls and hypodermic needles where an ampul is formed by injection-moulding and blow-moulding. The ampul is filled with medicaments at the blow-moulding stage and a hypodermic needle is then affixed to the ampul.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for forming oriented, blown objects of moldable plastic material requiring transfer of parisons first to tempering molds and then to finishing molds. Disclosure provides a plurality of injection molds for producing a plurality of parisons in spaced relationship to each other and a multiplicity of blow molds in spaced relationship to each other wherein the blow molds have a different center spacing than the injection molds. Disclosure provides means for varying the center spacing of the parisons.

Abstract: Apparatus for the preparation of hollow plastic articles wherein a more rapid operating cycle is obtained with less effect upon the temperature of the parison. The apparatus includes a first core, means for providing a parison thereon, a temperature controlled first mold engageable with said first core and parison, means for separating the first core from the first mold and parison contained therein, a second core in spaced relationship to the first core, means for transferring the parison to the second core, a blow mold in spaced relationship to said first mold for fully expanding the parison and means for transferring the second core and parison to the blow mold, wherein the blow mold is stationary and the second core with parison thereon is brought into alignment with the blow mold and is inserted therein.

Abstract: An injection blow molding apparatus and method produces articles by injecting a settable material at high pressure into the cavity of an injection mold to form a parison and then expanding the parison in a blow mold defining the configuration of the article. The injection mold defines intricate detail in the walls of the injection cavity and produces a parison with the detail formed thereon. Detail on the expanded portion of the parison is preserved in the blow mold and appears on the surface of the blown article without loss of definition.

Abstract: A method of densifying a reaction bonded silicon nitride article is disclosed. In accordance with the broadest principles disclosed, a densification aid is incorporated into a reaction bonded silicon nitride article. The so-made reaction bonded silicon nitride article is enclosed in a chamber which also contains a mixture of silicon nitride powder and powder the same as the densification aid incorporated into the reaction bonded silicon nitride article. The reaction bonded silicon nitride article, and the powder mixture associated therewith, is subjected to a nitrogen gas pressure sufficient to prohibit a significant volatilization of silicon nitride at a sintering temperature. The reaction bonded silicon nitride article, the powder mixture and nitrogen gas associated therewith are heated to a temperature above 1700.degree. C. for a time sufficient to permit sintering of that article whereby the strength of the reaction bonded silicon nitride article is increased.

Abstract: Molecular biaxially oriented hollow articles are obtained by injection blow molding using a novel apparatus. The technique involves the use of an inline, single stage injection blow molding apparatus wherein injection molding and cooling, and conditioning and stretch blow molding of parisons are all performed simultaneously at a single station at different positions within that station.

Abstract: An element having a molding surface defining the cavity of a mold for molding thermoplastic resin and a method of making the element. To regulate the cooling speed of the molten resin to be injected or placed into the cavity, the molding surface is provided by a thin metal layer and a layer of heat insulating material is formed on the inner side of the metal layer.

Abstract: Method for forming blow molded containers with integral handles for carrying and/or pouring. A preform with an integral handle having a ring and projection is formed, supported by the ring, and expanded below the ring to form a container. The projection can be maintained spaced from the expanded container portion or can be joined thereto during or after expansion.

Abstract: An improved hollow plastic container which is blow molded from an injection molded preform is disclosed. The container has an integral injection molded handle which handle is attached at only one point to the container. The injection molded handle is formed contemporaneously with the formation of the injection molded preform.

Abstract: A colorless plastic bottle for nail polish or the like, and a method of making such a bottle. The bottle is blow molded from a color-free barrier resin such as a rubber modified acrylonitrile-methylacrylate copolymer. Tinting to compensate for inherent coloration is performed during melting in a reciprocating screw injection unit. By close control of processing temperature and injection and molding conditions a transparent bottle free of color unevenness or burns is obtained.

Abstract: A method for making a minor change in the bottom configuration of a blow molded container and bottle formed of a plastic material which compensates for shrinkage in the bottom structure due to improper cooling whereby the improper cooling may be advantageously utilized to provide for a marked decrease in the blow molding cycle time.

Abstract: A method of producing a form retaining container made of synthetic plastic material comprising feeding a plastic material in liquid state onto a male member to provide a layer on the male member constituting a blank for the container. The layer is cooled to prevent crystallization of the material. The thus cooled blank is placed into a mold cavity having an interior configuration corresponding to the desired outer shape of the container to be produced. The layer is inflated into conformity with the mold cavity. The configuration of the mold cavity is such that the blank undergoes biaxial stretching in a middle region of the container by at least 1.5 times while the mouth and part of the bottom of the container will be formed by biaxially stretching the blank less than 1.5 times. The inflated blank is then heated until curing is completed and then the blank is removed from the mold.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to an unexpected increase in the strength of a bottle bottom of the champagne type by the addition of ribs internally of the preform when the preform is axially stretched prior to the blowing thereof within the blow mold. Most particularly, by adding internal ribs to the interior surface of the bottom defining portion of the preform, the preform has the bottom forming portion unduly strengthened against shrinkage in wall thickness when the preform is axially lengthened through the use of a stretch rod. The net result is that the stretching of the preform and the thinning of the wall is held to a minimum in the bottom forming portion of the preform and is transferred primarily to the body forming portion of the preform where lesser wall thickness does not unduly detract from the strength of the bottle.

Abstract: Machine system for continuous formation of molecularly oriented plastic bottles by blowing a heat-conditioned parison comprising a set number (N) of parison forming stations and a set but lesser number (N/X) of blowing stations, N/X being an integral fraction of N. A storage area is constructed and arranged between the parison forming and blowing stations. In the method of operation, N number of parisons are formed simultaneously at the parison forming stations, transferred to the storage area, and N/X of the parisons are sequentially withdrawn from the storage area and blown in the set number N/X of blowing stations. The temperature in the storage area is maintained within the temperature range suitable for blowing. Effective use is made of the blowing stations without loss of thermal energy from the parison forming stations.

Abstract: Preforms or parisons to be blow-molded into bottles are produced in cavities of a lower mold half of a vertical injection-molding machine with the aid of respective cores depending into these cavities from an upper mold half when the mold is closed. As the two mold halves separate, the parisons adhere to the respective cores from which they are subsequently discharged into respective nests of a transfer box or respective cells of a blow-molding unit interposed between these mold halves. In the first instance, the parisons are cooled by a circulating air stream while the transfer box is laterally withdrawn before the start of a new injection-molding cycle, the rigidified parisons being then released from their nests to drop into pockets of an underlying conveyor transporting them to a blow-molding station. In the second instance, the cores are hollow and descend with their parisons into the blow-molding cells whose split walls are closed around the cores by fluidic or mechanical means.

Abstract: A polymer parison to be blow molded into a container configuration including a reduced diameter neck and a taper wall disposed between the neck and a greater diameter body portion of the container, which is shaped to permit a sufficient amount of stretch to be imparted to the taper wall forming portion of the parison which has a less-stretching tendency during the blow molding operation. Polyethylene terephthalate exhibits greatly improved characteristics and enhanced durability when it is biaxially stretched more than a certain fixed level. The parison is formed by injection molding such that when the parison is placed in the mold cavity, the taper wall forming portion is at an increased spaced distance away from the cavity wall so as to achieve a sufficient amount of stretch, as noted in the body forming portion of the parison, when it is blown to assume the contour of the mold.

Abstract: An injection molding screw for use in processing heat sensitive polymeric materials and a process for plasticating such materials. The screw has an inlet end, a discharge end, means for mounting a backflow valve on the discharge end, and at least one section which applies high shear and high compression to the polymeric material and controls the material flow rate. A flighted screw section is disposed between the high shear and high compression section and the discharge end; that screw section includes means for decompressing the polymeric material and pumping it to the discharge end of the screw in the decompressed state at a rate at least equal to the pumping rate of the zone of high shear and high compression.