Abstract: Disclosed herein are embodiments of glass manufacturing apparatuses. The glass manufacturing apparatuses may include a glass fining module. The glass fining module may include a refractory metal vessel comprising a length extending in a longitudinal direction. A plurality of insulation layers may surround at least a portion of the refractory metal vessel. The plurality of insulation layers may comprise an insulation structure extending around at least a portion of the refractory metal vessel and comprising a plurality of arched portions and a bulk insulation structure surrounding the insulation structure. An exterior support structure may at least partially surround the plurality of insulation layers. Rollers may be coupled to the exterior support structure such that the glass fining module is translatable in the longitudinal direction on the rollers.

Abstract: A heating tank has a bottom assembly with at least one bottom radiant emitter and a bottom ceramic glass material on an inner surface of the tank, the bottom radiant emitter being configured to deliver infrared energy to the bottom ceramic glass material. The tank has four side assemblies, each of the side assemblies including at least one side radiant emitter and a side ceramic glass material on an inner surface of the tank, the side radiant emitters being configured to deliver infrared energy to the respective side ceramic glass materials. The heating tank can rapidly and efficiently heat materials such as metal and glass.

Abstract: A diffusion component for impregnating molten steel with a gas includes a barrier having a first side and a second side, a through-hole formed within the barrier, the through-hole connecting the first side to the second side, and a porous element arranged within the through-hole such that the flow of molten steel passes over the porous element. At least one flow disrupter is arranged relative to the porous element and configured to promote non-laminar flow of molten steel passing through the through-hole.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a refractory protection layer for a metallurgical furnace, which includes a insulating layer, a permanent layer built with a refractory brick and arranged on the insulating layer, a working layer built with a refractory brick and arranged on the permanent layer, and a first anti-permeation layer made of ramming mass and arranged on the working layer. The refractory protection layer for the metallurgical furnace described in the present disclosure embodiments has both high temperature resistance and good permeability resistance.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and special phosphorus recovery device for recovering yellow phosphorus from an electric furnace phosphorus-producing furnace gas without the use of a spray cooling mode during the condensation of the electric furnace phosphorus-producing furnace gas.

Abstract: Low-carbon monolithic refractories are provided. Methods of manufacturing glass employing low-carbon monolithic refractories are also provided. Methods and apparatuses for glass manufacture for reducing the formation of carbon dioxide blisters during glass manufacture are also provided.

Abstract: Crucible compositions and methods of using the crucible compositions to melt titanium and titanium alloys. More specifically, crucible compositions having extrinsic facecoats comprising a rare earth oxide that are effective for melting titanium and titanium alloys for use in casting titanium-containing articles. Further embodiments are titanium-containing articles made from the titanium and titanium alloys melted in the crucible compositions. Another embodiment is a crucible curing device and methods of use thereof.

Abstract: Crucible compositions and methods of using the crucible compositions to melt titanium and titanium alloys. More specifically, crucible compositions having intrinsic facecoats that are effective for melting titanium and titanium alloys for use in casting titanium-containing articles. Further embodiments are titanium-containing articles made from the titanium and titanium alloys melted in the crucible compositions. Another embodiment is a crucible curing device and methods of use thereof.

Abstract: A carbonaceous refractory and a method of production is provided, which prevents a drop in the molten pig iron corrosion resistance, molten pig iron penetration resistance, and other properties of carbonaceous refractories required for blast furnace bottom refractories. The mechanical strength of the refractories is raised so as to suppress cracking due to thermal stress. The carbonaceous refractory comprises a carbonaceous material comprising one or more of calcined anthracite, calcined coke, natural graphite, or artificial graphite in 60 to 85 mass %, a refractory metal oxide in 5 to 15 mass %, metal silicon in 4 to 15 mass %, and carbon black in 2 to 10 mass %. An organic binder is added to refractory materials, which are kneaded, molded and fired in a nonoxidizing atmosphere.

Abstract: A roof system for an electric arc furnace includes a skew removably attached to the electric arc furnace, a lining of refractory material affixed to the skew, and a delta composed of a refractory material. The delta has at least one aperture capable of receiving an electrode. The delta fits onto and is supported by the refractory lining that is affixed to the skew.

Abstract: Retainers for holding a refractory ceramic fiber insulation layer in a furnace, kiln, or forge are in the form of ceramic tile members is formed with an array of small hook structures on an inward-facing surface, which serves as the hook component of a hook-and-loop fastening system. The ceramic fibers of the insulating layer serve as the “loop” component. The tile members may be formed in a RAM press, or the hook structure can be formed using a slurry spread with refractory grains or particles.

Abstract: There is provided a melt supply pipe comprising a melt supply pipe body composed of an inner ceramic pipe and an outer steel pipe, the outer steel pipe having a Ni alloy layer formed over the inner circumferential surface, and TiC particles attached to the surface of the Ni alloy layer, wherein grooves are formed at both ends of the melt supply pipe body, each groove forming an annular space overlapping the boundary between the outer circumferential surface of the inner ceramic pipe and the inner circumferential surface of the outer steel pipe, and a fibrous sheet of an inorganic material is inserted into each of the annular grooves such that the sheet extends over the entire circumference of the groove. The melt supply pipe is strong to mechanical impact owing to the use of the steel pipe in combination with the ceramic pipe and can prevent intrusion of an aluminum melt despite the difference in thermal expansion between the steel pipe and the ceramic pipe.

Abstract: A method for accommodating increasing outward pressures in the tap holes of a hearth furnace includes configuring a tap hole lining and disposing it inside a hollow cylindrical conduit such that the tap hole lining can slide in response to outward pressures and growth in the hearth brick. The tap hole lining is retained inside the hollow cylindrical conduit with a retaining ring and spring assemblies.

Abstract: A thermally efficient cover for the molten metal held in a furnace, tundish, ladle, crucible or other containment vessel. Through substantially horizontal movement, this cover allows for periodic removal, particularly by retraction, for accessing contents of that furnace from a top aperture in the containment vessel. This invention further relates to a covered furnace system and methods of use.

Abstract: The invention provides a vessel for molten metal comprising a vessel body formed of an alumina-silica-based material, and a protective layer formed of a silicon nitride- alumina-based material provided on the inner surface of the vessel body, wherein the material for the vessel body is adjusted to have an alumina content x of 72 to 95 parts by weight per 100 total parts by weight of alumina and silica, and the material for the protective layer is adjusted to have a silicon nitride content y per 100 total parts by weight of silicon nitride and alumina in such a manner that y applies to the following formulae: (1) y<?1.1x+128 and (2) y>?0.5x+62.5. The present invention provides a vessel for molten metal having excellent durability and corrosion resistance against hot molten metal.

Abstract: A brick hearth system includes a rigid containment shell in which a concave bottom is lined with a hearth refractory sub-layer and hearth brick working layer. The outer perimeter of the hearth refractory is ringed with thrust blocks to compress the whole toward the center and to thereby deny gaps from forming between the separate bricks. Many individual thrust rods penetrate the outer bottom of the containment shell, and such are used to transmit compression forces generated outside the shell to be applied against the thrust blocks in unison. Each thrust rod receives an adjustable amount of inward force from a spring, acting either directly or through a beam or rocker arm. These are anchored to and use the hoop strength of the containment shell as leverage. As the hearth brick working layer grows during its service life, the ring of thrust blocks grows in diameter as well inside the margins provided within the containment shell.

Abstract: A glass manufacturing container includes a container body and an electron donor. The container body is made of a precious metal or an alloy containing a precious metal and has an inner surface to be brought into contact with molten glass and an outer surface kept from contact with molten glass. The electron donor is electrically connected to the outer surface of the container body. The electron donor is made of an electron donating material capable of donating electrons to the container body at operating temperatures.

Abstract: A method of securing a precast refractory shape within a refractory structure, comprising the steps of forming a precast refractory shape by casting a refractory shape to have a plurality of spaced-apart cavities formed in an outer surface thereof; positioning the precast refractory within a refractory structure; and casting a refractory material around the precast refractory shape such that the refractory material covers the outer surface of the precast refractory and fills the cavities.

Abstract: Disclosed is anti-alumina-buildup refractories for casting nozzles, which comprises a refractory aggregate including 20 mass % or more of CaO component, and 10 mass % or more of clinker particles each containing CaO as a mineral phase, on the basis of 100 mass % of the entire composition. At least a part of the surfaces of the CaO exposed from the surfaces of the corresponding clinker particles is formed with a CaCO3 film. The CaCO3 film releases CO2 gas through thermal decomposition to smooth an operative surface of the nozzle so as to prevent the accretion of metal thereon, so that CaO is continuously supplied to alumina attached on the operative surface to prevent alumina buildup. In addition, the CaCO3 film effectively prevents the hydration of CaO due to a hydration reaction.

Abstract: A brick hearth system comprises a rigid containment shell in which a concave bottom is lined with a hearth refractory sub-layer and hearth brick working layer. The outer perimeter of the hearth refractory is ringed with thrust blocks to compress the whole toward the center and to thereby deny gaps from forming between the separate bricks. Many individual thrust rods penetrate the outer bottom of the containment shell, and such are used to transmit compression forces generated outside the shell to be applied against the thrust blocks in unison. Each thrust rod receives an adjustable amount of inward force from a spring, acting either directly or through a beam or rocker arm. These are anchored to and use the hoop strength of the containment shell as leverage. As the hearth brick working layer grows during its service life, the ring of thrust blocks grows in diameter as well inside the margins provided within the containment shell.

Abstract: A crucible includes a composite of least two materials. The two materials are selected from a group consisting of alumina, calcia, yttria, erbia, gadolinia, magnesia, hafnia, and zirconia in a composition that has better resistance to reaction with hafnium from a molten hafnium-containing alloy than a nominal crucible composition of 70 wt % magnesia and 30 wt % alumina.

Abstract: Presented are an insulation brick and the method of using an insulation brick to create a thermal lining. A set of corrugations are formed into a sidewall of the brick to increase the thermal insulation. A first end of the insulation brick has a convex portion while the second end of the insulation brick has a convex portion. This allows a first insulation brick to mate with another brick in an end to end configuration.

Abstract: Methods for making a reinforced refractory crucible for melting titanium alloys including providing a form, applying a facecoat to the form, the facecoat having at least one facecoat layer, applying a backing about the facecoat, the backing having at least one backing layer, applying at least one reinforcing element to at least a portion of the facecoat layer, the backing layer, or a combination thereof where the reinforcing element includes at least one composition selected from ceramic compositions, metallic compositions, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: A lance nozzle insert for a refractory lance for feeding an additive wire into a quantity of molten metal below the surface of the molten metal surface is made of a material comprising stabilized zirconium oxide and graphite substantially increasing the corrosion resistance of the lance nozzle insert.

Abstract: A refractory lining system comprises an inner refractory layer; and an outer layer located outside of the inner refractory layer, the outer layer comprising: a plurality of layer segments; and at least one control joint located between the plurality of layer segments, the at least one control joint configured to allow expansion and contraction in the outer layer. A segment of an outer layer of a refractory lining comprises an edge shaped corresponding to a control joint configured to allow expansion and contraction in the outer layer.

Abstract: Refractory crucibles capable of managing thermal stress and suitable for melting highly reactive alloys having a facecoat, a backing, and at least one retaining ring applied about at least a portion of the backing of the crucible, the retaining ring comprising a composition selected from the group consisting of conductive materials, non-conductive materials, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: An impact pad, for use in a T-shaped tundish, comprises a base having an impact surface and an outer side wall extending upwardly therefrom and defining an interior space having an upper opening for receiving a stream of molten metal, the interior space being divided into two regions by a separating wall provided with at least one passageway for the molten metal stream. The separating wall is at least three times higher than the outer side wall and is inclined with respect to the vertical. This impact pad increases the homogeneity of the molten steel cast from the different outlets of the T-shaped tundish and provides equal or relatively similar residence times of the molten steel discharged through the different outlets of the tundish. This impact pad also permits a fast transition of the steel quality at ladle change while retaining the advantages of conventional impact pads.

Abstract: Refractory furnace covers and methods for their construction are provided. A method includes providing a molding form base having a molding surface, providing an outer molding frame on the molding form base, and providing at least one inner molding member disposed across and dividing the molding surface into a first molding section and a second molding section. The inner molding member has a first molding surface and a second molding surface located adjacent to and facing the first and second molding sections, respectively, the inner molding member having a protrusion located along the length of the first molding surface. A first molded section of the furnace cover is cast between the outer molding frame and the first molding surface of the inner molding member, the inner molding member is removed, and a second molded section of the furnace cover is cast between the outer molding frame and the first molded section of the furnace cover.

Abstract: The invention provides a vessel for molten metal comprising a vessel body formed of an alumina-silica-based material, and a protective layer formed of a silicon nitride-alumina-based material provided on the inner surface of the vessel body, wherein the material for the vessel body is adjusted to have an alumina content x of 72 to 95 parts by weight per 100 total parts by weight of alumina and silica, and the material for the protective layer is adjusted to have a silicon nitride content y per 100 total parts by weight of silicon nitride and alumina in such a manner that y applies to the following formulae (1) and (2): y<?1.1x+128 ??(1) y>?0.5x+62.5 ??(2). The present invention provides a vessel for molten metal having excellent durability and corrosion resistance against hot molten metal.

Abstract: Expansion joints located in the upper part of the hearth walls of a reduction furnace are filled with a plate-shaped compressible graphite filler having a density of 0.1 to 0.2 g/cm3. A method of manufacturing such a joint filler is also provided.

Abstract: A PIT FURNACE CLOSING SYSTEM is provided having two beams laid across the border of the furnace and square iron bars supported over the beams, and pieces of cloth wrap for high temperature are used for closing the furnace or a box in a stainless steel screen, folded and having a ring, and filled in with remains of wraps, or a bipartite lid in a thin plate with wraps fixed to it and a cut for the upper part of the supporting device of the parts to pass, which is “cage”-like, and suspended inside the furnace and supported on the two beams, not resting on the floor of the furnace, and the furnace has thermopairs, and their heating ends are located in the central direction of each heating zone.

Abstract: A brick hearth system comprises a rigid containment shell in which a concave bottom is lined with a hearth refractory sub-layer and hearth brick working layer. The outer perimeter of the hearth refractory is ringed with thrust blocks to compress the whole toward the center and to thereby deny gaps from forming between the separate bricks. Many individual thrust rods penetrate the outer bottom of the containment shell, and such are used to transmit compression forces generated outside the shell to be applied against the thrust blocks in unison. Each thrust rod receives an adjustable amount of inward force from a spring, acting either directly or through a beam or rocker arm. These are anchored to and use the hoop strength of the containment shell as leverage. As the hearth brick working layer grows during its service life, the ring of thrust blocks grows in diameter as well inside the margins provided within the containment shell.

Abstract: A process for producing a float bath bottom refractory brick which can suppress a reaction with Na2O from glass at the surface of the refractory brick and thereby prevent flaking phenomena, which process comprises adding a potassium compound to a clayey material comprising from 30 to 45 mass % of Al2O3 and from 50 to 65 mass % of SiO2 and having a Na2O content of at most 1 mass %, so that the K2O content in the float bath bottom refractory brick to be produced would be from 2 to 4 mass %; and a refractory brick useful for a float bath bottom for production of plate glass by a float process.

Abstract: Disclosed is a continuous casting nozzle having a refractory portion formed to contain a dolomite clinker and arranged to define a surface region adapted to be in contact with molten steel, which is capable of protecting a working surface of the nozzle from alumina build-up due to alumina in molten steel, while improving corrosion resistance, even during long-term continuous casting of molten steel. The refractory portion is prepared by adding a binder to a mixed material and subjecting the obtained mixture to kneading, forming and heat treatment. The mixed material comprises a dolomite clinker which has an average particle size of 0.8 mm or less and a CaO content of 50 mass % or less. The mixed material has a ratio W1/W2 of 0.33 or more, wherein W1 is a content by mass of CaO, and W2 is a content by mass of MgO. The mixed material comprises a dolomite clinker and a magnesia clinker. Alternatively, the mixed material comprises a dolomite clinker and a magnesia clinker.

Abstract: A container (1) and method of manufacturing, capable of preventing unexpected rise of pressure inside the container (1) caused by problems pertaining to the lining. The container has a structure such that the insulating wall (8) is laid on the inner side of the frame body (6), and the refractory storing bath (9) is detachably inserted through the opening (5) of the frame body into the container.

Abstract: Disclosed are components covered with a protective coating for use in a molten metal bath (or comparable environment) and devices including such components. The protective coating is preferably a ceramic sleeve adhered to a non-coated component by cement. A component with the protective coating is more resistant to degradation in molten metal than is the component without the coating, and may be manufactured by the process of (a) placing the protective coating over the non-coated component, and (b) injecting cement into the space between the non-coated component and protective coating, wherein at least some of the cement is injected through a passage in either the non-coated component or the protective coating.

Abstract: A refractory container for evaporating metals, having improved useful life and corrosion resistance properties, the evaporation surface of the container having a plurality of grooves formed at the bottom surface. The grooves have either a depth of at least 1.2 mm, a width of at least 1.75 mm, or an interval spacing of at least 2.2 mm between adjacent grooves (or centers of adjacent grooves), and combinations thereof.

Abstract: A brick hearth system comprises a rigid containment shell in which a concave bottom is lined with a hearth refractory sub-layer and hearth brick working layer. The outer perimeter of the hearth refractory is ringed with thrust blocks to compress the whole toward the center and to thereby deny gaps from forming between the separate bricks. Many individual thrust rods penetrate the outer bottom of the containment shell, and such are used to transmit compression forces generated outside the shell to be applied against the thrust blocks in unison. Each thrust rod receives an adjustable amount of inward force from a spring, acting either directly or through a beam or rocker arm. These are anchored to and use the hoop strength of the containment shell as leverage. As the hearth brick working layer grows during its service life, the ring of thrust blocks grows in diameter as well inside the margins provided within the containment shell.

Abstract: An apparatus for moving a stream of molten metal comprising a pumping member, a housing at least partially enclosing the pumping member, a power device seated on a support, and a shaft connecting the power device and the pumping member. At least one post is disposed between the support and the housing. The post includes an elongated rod comprising a metal alloy surrounded by an outer sheath. An inner member may surround the rod and provide a molten metal resistant barrier. The rod includes a first end connected to the support and a second end secured to the housing. A similar design for a shaft is also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a bottom structure of a suspension smelting furnace to be used in a smelting furnace (1), in the reaction space (2) whereof of sulfidic raw material containing metal, such as copper, nickel or lead, is smelted in the presence of an oxygen-bearing gas and slag-forming agent, in order to render the metal in a form that is advantageous for further treatment, and where the created molten phases (5, 6) are settled onto the bottom (3) of the smelting furnace in order to separate the molten phases form each other, when the temperature of the molten phases is within the range 1150-1450° C. According to the invention, the bottom structure includes at least one arched lining layer (7) inclined in the longitudinal direction of the smelting furnace, so that the temperature on the surface (89 that is opposite to the surface that gets into contact with the molten phase is below 800° C.

Abstract: A lining for a bottom of a metallurgical vessel, comprising an impact pad having a plurality of close-packed, pre-formed, high-temperature, high-density refractory bricks, the pad having an upper impact surface, and a monolithic slab of a high-temperature refractory material encasing the pad, the slab encasing the pad wherein the upper surface of the impact pad is exposed.

Abstract: A method of heating molten aluminum flowing in a heated trough member comprising the steps of providing a source of molten aluminum and providing a rough member comprised of a first side and a second side, the first and the second sides having outside surfaces, the sides formed from a ceramic material resistant to attack by molten aluminum. The first side and second side have heating element receptacles provided therein with protection tubes provided in the receptacles. The protection tubes are comprised of a refractory selected from the group consisting of mullite, boron nitride, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, graphite, silicon aluminum oxynitride or a metal selected from Kovar® and titanium. Electric heating elements are positioned in the tubes. Molten aluminum is flowed along the trough member from the source and electric power is passed to the heating elements to heat the molten aluminum as it flows along the trough member.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a cooling element comprising a housing part and ceramic lining elements arranged on the housing part surface. The ceramic lining elements (2) are connected to the element housing part (1) by using in the joint between the lining elements and the housing part a soldering/brazing agent, wherein at least the junction area is heated at least up to the melting temperature of the soldering/brazing agent, so that there is created a joint with a good thermal contact with the element housing part (1) and a ceramic lining element (2). The invention also relates to a cooling element.

Abstract: The invention concerns a plug or brick (1) for injecting gas into molten metal through a molten metal-contacting surface (11) comprising

Abstract: The invention relates to a ceramic moulded body, the surface of which is at least partly covered by a steel cladding, whereby the steel cladding is at least partly coated with a fire-resistant material on the surface thereof not covering the moulded body.

Abstract: The invention relates to a refractory batch containing at least one refractory metal oxide component, at least one binder component, such as resin or pitch, if appropriate antioxidants, at least one carbon carrier, such as soot and/or graphite, and reinforcement fibers which are formed from a stainless steel material, which at the temperatures of use forms a coat of the refractory metal oxide on its surface, and to a shaped body made from the batch and to a process for producing the shaped body.

Abstract: A well block for use in a refractory lining in a metallurgical vessel for holding molten metal. The well block is comprised of a body formed of a refractory material. The body has a top surface, a bottom surface, an inner surface defining a bore that extends through the body from the top surface to the bottom surface, and a double-curved outer surface having at least one peak or valley formed thereon.

Abstract: SiC—C/C composite materials having a suitable kinetic coefficient of friction, good corrosion resistance in strongly oxidizing and corrosive environments, good creep resistance and spalling resistance, and high hardness. The materials are hardly oxidized or abraded even when exposed to high temperatures, while maintaining the excellent impact resistance and light weight of C/C composites. Molten metal pumps using the materials are provided from which components do not dissolve into the molten metal even when used in molten metal and have sufficient thermal impact resistance and oxidation resistance.

Abstract: A system and method for performing hydrothermal treatment includes reactor vessel formed with a pressure bearing wall surrounding a reactor chamber. A liner protects the wall from exposure to temperature extremes, corrosives and salt deposits. The liner is formed with three layers: a non-porous, corrosion resistant primary layer; a porous layer; and a non-porous, secondary layer. The porous layer is sealed between the primary layer and the secondary layer. The liner is positioned in the reactor chamber with the secondary layer facing the pressure bearing wall of the reactor chamber and the primary layer facing the reactor chamber. Connectors extend through the wall of the reactor vessel and the secondary layer to allow a fluid to be pumped through the porous layer to maintain the temperature of the liner. The connectors also allow for sampling of the fluid within the porous layer to detect leaks in the primary layer.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing a metallic slurry material for use in semi-solid forming of a shaped part. The apparatus is generally comprised of a forming vessel and a thermal jacket. The forming vessel defines an inner volume for containing the metallic slurry material and has an outer surface. The thermal jacket has an inner surface disposed in thermal communication with the outer surface of the forming vessel to effectuate heat transfer therebetween. At least one of the forming vessel and the thermal jacket defines a number of grooves to limit the rate of heat transfer adjacent the grooves. In one embodiment, the forming vessel defines a plurality of axially-offset grooves extending about the entire periphery of the outer surface of the forming vessel. In another embodiment, a stator is disposed about the thermal jacket to impart an electromagnetic stirring force to the metallic slurry material contained within the forming vessel.