Abstract: The pipe (2) is inserted in the through-hole of the flange (1) and the pipe-flange seal is assured by a fixing ring nut (6) screwed into the upper portion (5) of the hole.The hole, in the part opposite the threaded area (5), has an area (4) with a diameter equal to that of the pipe (2) and a truncated-cone coupling area (4) between the two areas (5) and (7). A ring (8) of elastomeric material is inserted inside the truncated-cone portion (7) and an annular projection (9) on the pipe (2) acts thereon, pushed by the screwing action of the ring nut (6).

Abstract: A gravel pack safety sub selectively positionable in rotational or a non-rotational mode. The safety sub includes an adapter having lugs thereon and a mandrel having lugs thereon adjacent the adapter. A retainer attached to the adapter receives an end of the mandrel. The mandrel and retainer define an annular cavity therebetween, and a sleeve is positioned in the cavity. The sleeve has a hole therein which is nearer a first end thereof than a second end. The hole is alignable with an exterior recess in the mandrel and a shear pin positioned therethrough. The safety sub may be placed in a first position wherein the second end of the sleeve is adjacent the adapter and the lugs on the mandrel and adapter are separated. A bearing ring is positioned between the adapter and the mandrel for maintaining the separation of the lugs and providing a bearing surface therebetween.

Abstract: An industrial desilter apparatus includes a manifold having inflow and outflow conduits of invariant diameter, a plurality of cyclone separators in communication with the manifold, and one or more adaptor members for connecting the tubular inflow and/or outflow portions of a cyclone separator having any diameter with the corresponding inflow and/or outflow conduits of the manifold. A set of adaptors includes a first singularly-constructed, tubular member for connecting the inflow portion of said cyclone separator having any diameter to the inflow conduit of the manifold and a second singularly-constructed, tubular member for connecting an outflow portion of said cyclone separator having any diameter to the corresponding outflow conduit of the manifold.

Abstract: A coupling for fluidly connecting flexible tubing includes a rigid connector and an elastic retaining sleeve. The rigid connector has a main portion and a first and preferably second male end portions projecting therefrom with a fluid passage disposed within the male end portions and the main portion for fluid communication with the flexible tubing. The elastic sleeve member has a connector gripping section that circumferentially grips the main portion of the connector and a first and preferably second section for gripping the flexible tubing. The first and second sections are initially in a retracted position, folded-back over the connector gripping section and are movable to a second tubing-engaging position to grip the tubing. Preferably, handles are attached to the first and second gripping sections of the sleeve proximate their ends so that the sleeve may be gripped manually to facilitate movement of the first and second sections from the retracted position to the tubing-engaging position.

Abstract: A connector for engaging non-metallic liquid-tight conduit includes an inner ferrule having a cylindrical portion with an annular rib dimensioned to be inserted into the end of the conduit, and a surrounding sleeve having a conical outer surface and axially extending slots. The sleeve surrounds the conduit and is engaged by a compression nut which radially inwardly decreases the radius of the sleeve, engaging the conduit between the smaller compressed end thereof and the annular rib on the ferrule. The connector also includes a body with threads to engage the nut and the ferrule and body include means for limiting rotational motion of the ferrule.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for connecting a tubular element to an underwater wellhead. A wellhead extension having a threaded lower end is threadably connected to an underwater wellhead. A stinger connected to a lower end of a string of riser pipe is lowered into the wellhead extension until the riser pipe is sealably connected to the extension spool. In the event of damage to the hanger threads, a housing is mounted on the lower end of a string of riser pipe or a wellhead extension. A substantially tubular nut is threadably engaged with the housing and includes a set of downwardly-projecting lugs on the lower end of the nut. On the lower portion of the housing, a set of slips and an annular seal are mounted. The housing is lowered until the lugs are engaged with flow-by ports in the wellhead hanger. Rotation of the pipe effects longitudinal housing movement relative to the nut which sets the slips thereby joining the housing to the hanger, and energizes the seal between the wellhead and the housing.

Abstract: A manifold formed of a plastic main body member and a plurality of tubular metal inserts. The metal inserts are received in bosses formed at longitudinally spaced locations along the plastic main body member and provide communication therethrough with the interior of the main body member. Each insert includes a wrenching portion at its inner end which coacts with the adjacent material of the plastic member to preclude turning of the insert in the respective boss upon torquing of a threaded member into the insert and each insert further includes an annular groove adjacent the wrenching portion to preclude axial movement of the insert within the boss. A method of forming the manifold is also disclosed in which the inserts are respectively positioned on a plurality of longitudinally spaced upstanding pins on a lower mold half to locate the inserts within the mold during the molding process.

Abstract: A pipe coupling wherein an elastic sleeve receives the end portions of two pipes and has a partition which extends between the end portions of the pipes. The sleeve is surrounded by a split ring in the form of a band whose end portions are spot welded to strip-shaped female components of a device for tightening the band around the sleeve. The median sections of the female components define with the band two aligned passages for the shank of a bolt whose head can be rotated to move it nearer to a nut which meshes with the shank and extends into a centrally located corrugation of the band. The head and nut flank the median sections of the two female components of the tightening device. Each end section of each of the two female components is welded to the adjacent portions of the band at two or more locations which are disposed at different distances from the gap between the two components.

Abstract: A mounting arrangement for securing a tubing subassembly without requiring fixturing of the tubing relative to a coupling is disclosed. A mounting bracket including arcuate openings is designed to receive the coupling. A mounting flange having fastener receiving openings is positioned to secure the coupling in position such that fasteners may be inserted through the arcuate slots to secure the mounting bracket to the mounting flange to maintain the coupling and the attached tubing subassembly in the desired configuration and orientation.

Abstract: A pipe coupling holder (10) for holding a pipe coupling joint (20) to be embedded in concrete (42) includes a cylindrically-shaped barrel member (12) having an inner wall to which the coupling joint (20) is attached at a first end thereof. The holder also includes a flange member (14), which is separate from the barrel member, but which has a hole (28) therethrough of the size for snugly receiving a fixed-shaped outer wall of the barrel member (12) to be selectively slidable along the barrel member and attachable thereto at any selected position. Thus, a second end portion (26) of the barrel member can be cut away to accommodate a raised portion (40) of a concrete form wall and the flange member (14) can be slid along the outer surface of the barrel member to the top of the raised portion.

Abstract: A connecting mechanism for pole members to surely connect the pole members together on the common axis thereof comprises a threaded member rotatably mounted on the pole member, a tubular member mounted on the other pole member rotatably and movably in the axial direction within a predetermined range, a projection from the tubular member and openings formed with the threaded member and a spring to secure the engagement of the tubular member and the threaded member.

Abstract: A threadless nonrotating steel coupling system that is quickly connected and disconnected in an axial manner by simple hand tools, is sealed by a compressible gasket, and is locked together by a pin system to prevent rotation of the male half-coupling relative to the female half-coupling. The coupling is held together by means of matching circular saw-toothed ridges and grooves at right angles to the axis of the coupling, which substitute for the pitched threads used in standard threaded coupling systems. The steel male half-coupling is rigid whereas the steel female half-coupling, which contains a series of spring-loaded and parallel longitudinal fingers, is flexible, since each steel finger is free to move in a radial direction with respect to the axis of the coupling system.

Abstract: Process for forming an hydraulic connection on a hollow body 10, for example a master cylinder, by fitting an interconnecting piece 24 onto a tubular protuberance 16 projecting outwards from the wall of the body 10. The protuberance has at least one thin-walled part which, when the interconnecting piece 24 has been fitted over the protuberance 16, is flanged outwards against an internal bearing surface 38 of the interconnecting piece 24.

Abstract: The invention provides a simple means of pipe end alignment.

Abstract: A pressurized paint supply system for delivering paint or other coating material under pressure to a variety of interchangeable paint applicators. The invention is also concerned with an improved pad assembly for trimming purposes and to an improved pressure-tight joint which can be used with any of the accessories used in the system of the present invention.

Abstract: A polymer socket is secured to a metallic conduit by snapping a split polymer sleeve around the conduit with a flange on the sleeve engaged within a groove in the conduit, and then securing the sleeve against spreading. The securing function is provided by an annular insert bonded within the sleeve. A throughbore within the sleeve provides the socket.

Abstract: The invention pertains to the attachment of a wrenching nut to a metal conduit wherein torque forces can be applied to the conduit through the nut. An annular nut member is located upon a conduit and the conduit is radially deformed to force the conduit material into engagement with keying surfaces defined upon the nut. Conduit deformation occurs on both sides of the nut for axial positioning thereof, as well as establishing a torque transmitting relationship between the nut and conduit.

Abstract: A universal adapter coupling for liquid chromatography equipment, such as columns. The adapter coupling comprises two threaded segments which are matingly secured to one another and has an elongated sealing insert located in a central passage which extends axially between opposite ends of the holder. The insert protrudes from one of the ends of the holder and has a collar which is captured within a cavity in the holder. Ferrule seats are provided at opposite ends of the insert so that the adapter coupling can be used either as a female or a male coupling.

Abstract: A torque limiting collar includes a support plate attached to a stationary support adjacent a fitting and a locking plate engaged with a nonmovable part of the fitting and bolted to the support plate. When the rotatable portion of the fitting is tightened against the nonmovable part, the torque is transmitted through the locking and support plates to the stationary support instead of being transmitted into the conduit connected to the nonmovable or rigid part of the fitting. The locking plate has an edge defined in the configuration of a segment of a socket pattern which matches and mates with the profile of the rigid part of the fitting.

Abstract: A novel pipelock comprising a first pair of rings facing each other axially, with the inner diameter of each ring at the outer face being smaller than the inner diameter of each ring at the inner face, each of said first pair of rings comprising at least two circumferential parts, means to restrain longitudinal movement of facing circumferential parts outwardly from each other, at least one second ring comprised of at least two circumferential parts connected to each other, outwardly surrounding said first pair of rings, and constraining outward radial movement of said first pair of rings.

Abstract: A roof flashing and method of making same in which both the collar and base member of the flashing are made of elastomeric material. The base member is molded first and has an opening therein surrounded by a stepped flange provided with a series of circumferential slots therein. The collar is molded onto the base member during a subsequent molding operation in which the material of the collar is injected through the slots and completely around the top, bottom and inner side edge of the flange to form a series of closed loops thus providing a positive mechanical lock between the collar and base member. Also, the heat of the elastomeric material of the collar during the second stage molding process causes some melting of the elastomeric material of the base member whereby the collar and base are also fused together.

Abstract: A device preventing the unscrewing of two bodies (2, 3), and in particular of two lengths of a turbodrill, joined end-to-end in threaded union, said device comprising a blocking part (4) which immobilizes the two bodies by means of teeth. The blocking part (4) is provided with two series of teeth, one of which series engages with the teeth of one body and the other with the teeth of the other body.

Abstract: An insulated drill collar gap sub assembly for a toroidal coupled telemetry system including a first annular sub member (150) operable to be connected at one end to a drill collar and a second annular sub member (156) operable to form a part of a drill collar sub. The first and second annular sub members have interconnecting structural members (54, 58) operable to structurally interfere. The interconnecting structural members are dimensioned to form a continuous gap (160) between mutually opposing surfaces and a dielectric material (162) fills the gap to electrically isolate the first annular sub member with respect to the second annular sub member. A bearing member (164) is positioned between the first annular member and the second annular member and is coated with a dielectric insulation (166) to facilitate the formation of a drill collar gap sub assembly of structural and electrical integrity.

Abstract: A mechanical coupling is disclosed wherein similarly pitched and profiled but oppositely threaded threads are provided for two couplings incorporating an anti-rotation member such as a tongue-and-groove or a drill hole and dowel pin.

Abstract: A drill string joint of the type shown and described in Rassieur U.S. Pat. No. Re. 26,938, in which the coupling surfaces are tapered.

Abstract: An extruded metal pipe coupling for coupling end-to-end aligned pipes comprises a main body forming a coupling band terminating in opposed connecting flanges directed radially outwardly of the main body. Fasteneras pass through apertures in the connecting flanges and are tightened to draw the connecting flanges together. The free edges of the connecting flanges have abutment surfaces which abut each other upon tightening of the fasteners to provide a fulcrum about which continued tightening is effective to impart increased tensioning to the main body. The abutment surfaces roll or slide with respect to one another. The coupling is useful in conjunction with other elements for imparting leak resistance to the coupling joint.

Abstract: A fluid check valve having a cylindrical tubular body member which is symmetrical and is adapted to receive a pair of opposed head members which have suitable coupling ends formed thereon. The head members may be threaded on to the body or secured to the body with pins that prevent transmission of uncoupling torque to head retaining nuts engaged with the body. A valve closure disc is mounted on a removable support ring retained in a counterbore formed in the valve body by one of the head members. A valve seat surface may be integrally formed on a transverse face of one or both of the head members or may be provided as a separate seat insert threadedly mounted on the head members. The head members may be interchanged to accommodate particular coupling arrangements. The seat surface on the downstream head member is protected by a removable wear ring, or a removable wear ring insert is mounted in the head member in place of the seat insert.

Abstract: A tension connector, and offshore platform mooring system embodying the connector, characterized in that the connector can be made up remotely and released remotely. The connector comprises a male connector member, typically attached to a string of pipe which serves as a mooring element, and a female connector member, typically secured to an anchoring base at the bottom of a body of water. The connector is made up simply by inserting the male member downwardly into the female member by manipulating the pipe string. Advantageously, two remote release means are provided, one operating hydraulically, the other by manipulation of the pipe string.

Abstract: A pipe coupling device particularly adapted for receiving and holding in sealing engagement with a pair of opposed ends of first and second pipe sections, a coupling element or valve member also having opposed end portions. The coupling device includes a pair of opposed sets of valve holders, each set including a pipe flange connectable to the end of a corresponding adjacent pipe section, inner valve guide members for slidably receiving the opposite end portion of the valve member, and an annular gasket between each of the sets of end flange members and guide members. The two sets of valve holders are secured together by a pair of transversely spaced upper tie rods and a lower tie rod to permit the free insertion of the valve member between the upper tie rod and into operative position within the respective guide members.

Abstract: A liquefied gas filling device for dwelling related liquefied gas (LPG) containers is disclosed. The device of the present invention comprises a box like container including an interior wall with the container enclosing a receptacle. The container includes a hinged door with a lock to prevent unauthorized access to the container interior. The receptacle bulkhead is mounted to the interior wall and includes a threaded outlet end with a pair of opposed flats formed thereon removing a portion of the thread. The outlet end snugly engages a complementary opening formed in the interior wall wherein the flats prevent rotation of the receptacle. The outlet end terminates at a shoulder which abuts the interior wall, and a jam nut threadingly engaging the outlet end holds the shoulder in abutment with the interior wall with the receptacle locked against rotation with respect to the interior wall.

Abstract: An instant hot water dispenser has an upper plastic tank section connected to a lower brass tank section by a safety clamping arrangement which includes outturned tabs on the upper plastic tank section which interfit in notches in the brass lower tank section and a retainer ring located between the plastic tabs and outturned metal flanges on the brass tank section. An O-ring seal between the plastic upper tank and the brass tank provides a fluid seal. Various of the plumbing connections are integrally molded with the plastic top and expansion chamber cover which is separated from the main water tank by a common wall or partition. An aspirator opening in an integrally formed plastic stem in the expansion chamber cover aspirates water from the expansion chamber as incoming cold water passes the aspirator opening.

Abstract: An end pipe (18) of a tractor exhaust system is adapted for connection to an upright outlet pipe (12) from an exhaust muffler (10) so that when the end pipe (18) or muffler (10) is to be replaced, the pipes (18, 12) can easily be separated. This is achieved by ensuring that only very small areas of the pipes (18, 12) contact each other.The end pipe (18) has an insert (20) therein which has a lower converging frusto-conical portion (24) which acts as a seating for a converging end (14) of the outlet pipe (12). A ring (28) with a convex inner face (in cross-section) is also provided in the end pipe (18) near its lower end. This ring (28) contacts the outer surface of the outlet pipe (12). In this way, the outlet pipe (12) is maintained out of contact with the end pipe (18), except at the ring (28), and the converging end (14) of the outlet pipe.

Abstract: Coupling structure to connect sections of a compound drill stem. The drill stem has concentric passages, one connected to a fluid source to provide fluid in an area being drilled and another connected to a vacuum source to carry off the fluid and accompanying cuttings from the drilling area. In the preferred embodiment, the coupling structure includes a housing with a prismatic surface that telescopically cooperates with a similarly shaped surface of at least one of the drill stem sections to effectively transmit torque through the compound stem.

Abstract: A solenoid actuated water control valve incorporates a molded plastic valve body which includes an inlet portion defining an inlet chamber and having a plurality of parallel spaced holes for receiving a set of screws. A drawn sheet metal tubular fitting includes a circular flange portion which is connected to a generally cylindrical internally threaded coupling portion by a polyagonal or hexagonal portion. A generally rectangular retaining bracket includes a skirt portion which surrounds the inlet portion of the valve body and is secured by the screws to the valve body. The bracket also includes a tubular socket portion which closely surrounds and mates with polyagonal portion of the fitting to prevent relative rotation.

Abstract: This is concerned with a cord grip for use with various types of electrical cord and more specifically involves a compression chamber with a distortable grommet which has independent gripper elements that are socketed into the grommet so that the gripper elements perform a compound closing action on the cord with the result that the cord grip has great flexibility as to the range of sizes and types of cords it will accept and as to the type of gripping action it will perform on different sizes of cords.

Abstract: An artillery shell is provided comprising two sections having complementary oupling members for connecting the sections together. The complementary coupling members include at least two locking assemblies which can be engaged to prevent relative axial movement of the coupled sections or disengaged to permit the disconnection of the sections. As a result, the sections can be connected and disconnected for different mission requirements and for inspection purposes.

Abstract: A connection device of fixed point type between a pipework component and a support, which device is capable of absorbing the forces applied to the pipework in every direction in both normal operation and under emergency conditions. The device assures the connection, at a fixed point, of pipework equipped with a sleeve and a frame anchored to a structure. The sleeve includes two opposite shoulders applied against two parallel and opposite bearing surfaces on the frame, and at least one prismatic bearing surface consisting of at least two small plane faces parallel with the axis of the pipework. The frame comprises at least one prismatic seating consisting of small plane faces parallel with the axis of the pipework, arranged to be equal in number to the small faces of the bearing surface so as to form in cross-section a polygon similar to the polygon formed by a cross-section of the bearing surface, which engages with slight clearance in the seating so as to prevent rotation of the pipework.

Abstract: A housing assembly for a writing instrument is provided comprising a long, hollow barrel member and a ferrule member assembled in end-to-end relationship to afford an inner chamber for a reservoir of marking fluid. A writing nib projects from the ferrule and extends into the reservoir.The ferrule member and the barrel member have adjacent skirt portions in telescoping assembled relation, the skirt portions, when moved longitudinally one into the other, afford latching means, sealing means and means for constraining relative rotation between the assembled ferrule member and the barrel member, thereby providing a securely sealed and easily assembled housing for a writing instrumemt.

Abstract: A housing assembly for a writing instrument is provided comprising a long, hollow barrel member and a ferrule member assembled in end-to-end relationship to afford an inner chamber for a reservoir of marking fluid. A writing nib projects from the ferrule and extends into the reservoir.The ferrule member and the barrel member have adjacent skirt portions in telescoping assembled relation for normally mechanically urging the ferrule and barrel together in axial alignment. Additionally, the skirt portions, when moved longitudinally one into the other, afford fastening means, sealing means and means for constraining relative rotation between the assembled ferrule member and the barrel member thereby providing a securely sealed and easily assembled housing for a writing instrument.

Abstract: A flexible pipe adapted for connection in a drill string, having sufficient wall thickness in order to withstand forces imposed by drilling a well. The flexible pipe has a plurality of improved, essentially circumferential cuts, each cut being through the wall thickness of the pipe. The cuts provide a pipe having a plurality of dovetail teeth and complimentary recesses on each end of the intermediate segments. The teeth on one segment are positioned in the recesses and interlocking with the teeth of the adjacent segment. Each side of each tooth consists of two reversed, intersecting semicircles. The tooth and recess interlock has sufficient clearance to form a joint which has limited relative movement in any direction between the segments.

Abstract: An assembly for connecting a tubular conduit to an apertured wall of a non-metallic enclosure including a tubular insert seated in the aperture and a threaded, rotatable, hollow hub member arranged to be received by an externally projecting portion of the tubular insert. The closed end of the hub member adjacent the enclosure rests against a compressible resilient ring for sealing engagement and being further adopted for rotatable engagement with respect to the enclosure by means of an interposed washer made of a material having relatively low coefficient of friction with respect to the hub member. The components of the assembly are held together by means of a laterally extending lip formed at the distal end of the insert after assembly of the cooperating elements to the enclosure.

Abstract: A quick connectable manually separable fluid conduit coupling includes a tubular male member having a tapered forward portion including a sealable bearing surface, and a radially inwardly directed shoulder adjacent the rearward part of the forward portion and adjoining a recessed circumference. A female sleeve includes plural stiff, yet resilient, substantially parallel, circumferentially disposed fingers. Radially inwardly extending lips on the fingers have latching surfaces for automatically snapping behind and grasping the shoulder of the male member upon assembly, and further have wedge surfaces radially outwardly movable by axial motion of the tapered forward portion of the male member into the female sleeve during assembly.

Abstract: A connector for medico-surgical tubing has a plastics body with a male Luer tapered forward portion that is shaped for engagement with a coupling member having a cooperating Luer tapered bore. The body has a rear portion of prismatic shape and square cross-section that is embraced by a square aperture in a rear flange of a locking ring. The locking ring has a cylindrical portion which extends axially of the connector and which has an internal screw thread for engaging cooperating projections on the coupling member. The locking ring is thereby free to slide axially along the prismatic portion of the connector body but is prevented from rotation relative to it. The rear of the Luer tapered portion projects above the surface of the prismatic portion to limit forward displacement of the locking ring.

Abstract: An improvement in an accessory for a garden hose and the like in which an end of the hose is to be connected with a supplementary fitting characterized by a centerpiece adapted to sealingly receive the end of the hose, a gripper for moving longitudinally into gripping relationship with the hose, a turnbuckle for drawing the gripper into gripping relationship with the hose responsive to relative rotational movement of the turnbuckle with respect to the gripper and rotation prevention means to prevent relative rotational movement between the gripper and the centerpiece.

Abstract: The cylindrical sections of a gas turbine engine are provided with flanges at each end for bolting the sections to one another. Each flange includes a series of strengthening ribs of arcuate configuration extending axially outward from the center of the wall thereof between the several bolts needed to join the adjacent sections together. The ribs serve to eliminate the need for at least 2 out of 3 bolts while effectively maintaining the required stiffness and sealing capability.

Abstract: First and second pipes supported substantially vertically in a subsea location with a breech block connector connecting the pipes together, the said breech block connector comprising male and female elements, one of which has longitudinally extending circumferentially spaced lugs thereon and the other of which has at least one longitudinally extending stop positioned to engage one of the lugs to limit relative rotation of the members when making up the connection, a longitudinally movable latch member on the other breech block element resiliently biased in a position to engage one of said lugs on the side opposite the stop to prevent relative rotation of the breech block elements in a direction to disconnect them, and a hydraulic cylinder having a piston and piston rod therein connected to the latch member, with biasing means applied to the piston to bias the latch into engagement with the lug and means for applying hydraulic fluid under pressure to both ends of said hydraulic cylinder.

Abstract: A novel casing torque hanger means for supporting the upper end of a string of casing from the upper end of a riser pipe which is supported by a floating vessel such as a Vertically Moored Platform. It includes a cylindrical member having a torque resistant spool below a casing hanger bowl. The casing string to be supported is provided with a casinghead mandrel at its upper end for engaging said torque resistant spool.

Abstract: A threaded coupling in which the connecting threads are carried on a replaceable sleeve which snap locks onto the end of the primary member such that the thread unit may easily be assembled on or removed from the primary member and replaced when worn or damaged.

Abstract: A fluid-tight wall lead-through device for cables or the like comprising a bushing forming a packing-box and gland assembly for tightly enclosing a said cable in sealing relationship, said bushing extending through a hole of said wall and being secured within said hole by means of a clamping member; wherein the improvement consists in that said bushing of said device is provided with end teeth forming levers, one end of which is bearing onto the wall and the other end tightly encloses a deformable sealing packing which is adapted to be deformed by said teeth upon a pivotal motion thereof, through a lever action against said wall, when said clamping member is tightened.

Abstract: An elongated, integrally-formed member simulating natural wood bark along one surface is provided with snap-fit interlock means for interconnecting, both longitudinally and laterally, with one or more like members for selectively increasing length and/or cross-sectional size to best accommodate the height and size of one or more vine or vinelike climbing plants to be supported. Each member is of arcuate cross-sectional shape to simulate natural wood bark board strips, and is adapted to lateral inter-fitting connection with one, two or three additional members for selective increase in cross-sectional size as required.