Abstract: A locking device for a handle assembly of a motor vehicle door including a base and a handle portion includes a lock cup fixedly secured to the base and having a plurality of teeth. A spool is rotatably coupled to the lock cup and operably connected to the handle portion. The spool has a pawl rotatably mounted thereto and includes a pawl pin extending out therefrom. An inertia element is disposed within the lock cup and is rotatable out of a rest position upon rotation of the spool. The inertia element includes an elongated slot extending between first and second ends for receiving the pawl pin therewithin. A spring extends between the spool and the inertia element. The spring biases the inertia element towards the rest position.

Abstract: A latch assembly for securing a furnace door to a furnace casing includes a latch for placement on an inside of the furnace door; a knob for placement on a front surface of the furnace door; a latch plate for placement between the latch and the knob; and a threaded screw for threadably coupling the knob to the latch. The latch plate supports the weight of the furnace door in a closed position and reduces a pinch force used for rotating the knob.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a sliding door latch having a locked and unlocked position for a sliding door having an open and closed position. The sliding door latch includes a handle assembly with a handle and a locking mechanism. The handle is a first position, wherein the locking mechanism is engaged and the sliding door latch is locked, to a second position, wherein the locking mechanism is disengaged and the sliding door latch is unlocked The locking mechanism may prevent the handle from moving from the second position to the first position when the sliding door is open. The handle is pivotable between the first position and the second position only when the door is closed. Resistance forces may prevent the handle from moving from the second position to the first position when the sliding door is closed without an application of force by a user.

Abstract: An auto cam lock is disclosed here. The disclosed auto cam lock comprises a lock housing assembled with a cam and an actuator; a cam adapted to rotate between an extending position and a retracted position, the cam being adapted to be engaged with and retained by the lock housing when the cam is in the retracted position; a cam resilient means for giving the cam a resilient force adapted to drive the cam to rotate from the retracted position to the extending position; an actuator operatively coupled with the cam, said actuator being adapted to move between an extending position and a retracted position, and said the actuator being adapted to release the cam from the cam's retracted position retained by the lock housing when the actuator moves from the actuator's extending position to the actuator's retracted position; and an actuator resilient means for giving the actuator a resilient force adapted to drive the actuator to move from the retracted position to the extending position.

Abstract: A door assembly is provided with a handle that is movable between a first handle position where the door assembly is unlatched and a second handle position where the door assembly is latched. The handle may also be movable to a third handle position where the door assembly is locked. A hollow conduit is operatively connected to the handle at a first end. A wire is disposed within the conduit and operatively connected to the handle such that the wire translates within the conduit when the handle is moved. A damping material is positioned between an outer surface of the wire and an inner surface of the conduit. The damping material is configured to dampen the motion of the handle. In one example, the damping material is silicone grease.

Abstract: A door handle apparatus for a vehicle is provided with a handle base to be fixed to a door of the vehicle and an operating handle. One end of the operating handle is pivotally coupled to the handle base. On the other end of the operating handle, an operating leg protrudes. The operating leg portion includes a stopper protrusion for butting with a part of the handle base to define a termination of a rotating stroke of the operating handle is provided. The operating leg portion further includes a shake preventing protrusion on a free end side of the stopper protrusion.

Abstract: A vehicle handle (20) having handle joining sections (20e, 20f) joining with a door panel of a vehicle in addition to having a non-contact type detection sensor in a handle interior space (s), and performing at least unlocking of a door in accordance with detection information from the detection sensor, comprises an internal water discharging path (G) communicating between the handle interior space (s) and a handle exterior space (S) and capable of discharging water inside the handle interior space (s) to the handle exterior space (S).

Abstract: A manual unlocking unit for a sliding door is disclosed. The unlocking unit includes a pivotable lever element comprising a plurality of abutments; a cable having a first end connectable to an unlocking device for the sliding door and a second end connected to the lever element, the cable being tensioned to actuate the unlocking device; and an actuating element actable on at least one of the plural abutments for pivoting the lever element. Each of the plural abutments is configured for receiving a tension or pressure actuating force from the actuating element.

Abstract: A lever and mounting plate combination attachable to the exposed vertical surface of a door that includes a latch assembly with a spindle extending horizontally outward from the vertical surface, the lever and mounting plate combination including a main plate mountable onto the door's exposed surface and having a window-like opening extending completely through the plate, a lever having a base part which is coupleable to the spindle and pivotable therewith and has an exposed outer part, and a lever plate fixed to the base part of the lever and pivotable with though lever and with the spindle when it is coupled to the lever, the lever plate closely underlies and contacts said inner surface of the main plate while at all times covering the window, the lever being engagable by a user to rotate the the lever plate and simultaneously rotate the spindle to open the door.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a handle assembly (100) for arrangement on a double-walled door (200) comprising a first door wall (220) and a second door wall (230), and a space (210) between the two door walls. The handle assembly comprises a shaft (130) having a first and a second end and arranged for extending through the two door walls (220, 230), a first handle part (110) for arrangement to the first end of the shaft (130) such that the first handle part abuts an outer side of the first door wall, and a second handle part (120) for arrangement to the second end of the shaft (130) such that the second handle part abuts an outer side of the second door wall. The handle assembly (100) further comprises a distance tube through which the shaft extends, the distance tube comprising a first tube part (150) and a second tube part (160).

Abstract: A roseless trim for a mortise or tubular lock includes through bolts on a bolt circle of less than one inch (25.4 mm). Spindle hubs with a curved slot allow at least one of the through bolts to pass through the spindle hubs. A tubular lock embodiment uses arms with a cutout. The arms function as through bolts when screws attach the arms to mounting plates on opposite sides of the door. Each handle is attached to a corresponding handle base with a bushing. The handle base and small diameter bolt circle cooperate to provide the appearance that the handle extends directly into the door without a rose, escutcheon or any other attachment structure at the base of the handle.

Abstract: A flush mounted, vehicle door handle includes a housing having an outer wall defining an interior recess and a handle pivotally coupled to the housing. A first portion of the handle is configured for pressing on a first side of a fulcrum and a second portion of the handle is configured for pulling on a second side of the fulcrum. The handle is disposed within the interior recess of the housing when positioned in a first, resting position. The first portion of the door handle has a back surface provided for actuating a door latch mechanism of an existing vehicle door when the housing is mounted to a door panel of a vehicle. Thus, when the handle is pivoted about the fulcrum to a second position, the door latch mechanism is actuated causing the door latch mechanism to release the automobile door allowing the door to open.

Abstract: The invention relates to a handle configuration for a door, in particular for a motorized vehicle door, with an outside handle (1) mounted such that it can pivot, which is arranged on the outside on the type of exterior door fuselage (3) that has a concave external handle recess (2), where the outside handle (1) has a first (10) and a second bearing arm (20) arranged on the inside with the first bearing arm (10) mounted around a rotational axis (11), the outside handle (1) has face surfaces (5) in each of the areas of the first (10) and the second bearing arm (20) which face the exterior door fuselage (3) and with a gap (4) that exists between the face surface (5) and the exterior door fuselage (3).

Abstract: A door lock transmission structure includes two inserts and a link component installed in a case, and the two inserts are driven by a key and a door handle respectively. The insert driven by the door handle includes two driving elements for driving one of the inserts to operate, such that the two inserts are driven for a synchronous operation when one of the driving elements is operated, so as to constitute the door lock transmission structure.

Abstract: A retractable handle arrangement comprises a handle movable between stowed, deployed and operative states. That movement is controlled by a mechanism having first and second links each connected to a supporting structure and to the handle. At least one of those links is connected to the supporting structure by a joint defining a pivot axis that is movable is response to movement of the handle between the deployed state and the operative state. That movement of the pivot axis is used to unlatch a door or other closure associated with the handle, for example via a crank acting on a Bowden cable.

Abstract: Door top latch and actuating apparatus, comprising in combination, a mounting bracket configured to attach to a door top, a latch located by the bracket to move up and down, relative to the door top, an actuator rod extending vertically below the latch, and operatively connected to the latch whereby door handle operated vertical movement of the rod moves the latch vertically, and a compression spring associated with the rod for urging the rod and latch upwardly into latching position, the spring accommodating downward movement of the rod and latch, to unlatch the door, and a motion adaptor operatively connected between the rod and latch.

Abstract: A lever latch lock assembly including: a. a lock housing mounted in the door including a lock bolt movable along a first axis, a spindle extending along a second axis generally perpendicular to the first axis, the spindle extending outward at each of the interior and exterior sides of the housing and terminating in opposite ends, and a transmission which converts rotation of the spindle to axial motion the lock bolt, b.

Abstract: A lift and sliding fenestration assembly includes a single or multi lift/slide panel assembly including at least a primary panel and an optional secondary panel, where the primary panel is slidable along a first plane. The fenestration assembly further includes a linkage system operatively coupled with the lift/slide panel assembly, and a handle is coupled with the linkage system. The handle has an open position and a closed position, and the handle is movable between an open position and a closed position. The handle travels in a second plane, and the second plane is transverse to the first plane. In a further option, the primary panel is slidable along the first plane when the handle is rotated and placed in an open position.

Abstract: The combination of an actuator housing assembly and a bolt mechanism assembly adapted to enable attachment and detachment, the assemblies being carried on opposed sides of a panel. The bolt mechanism assembly comprises a sliding bolt assembly one element of which is adapted to latch to a striker.

Abstract: The invention relates to a handle for a movable panel of a vehicle, including: an inertial body (18) capable of assuming a position in which the opening of the handle is blocked; and a part (12) capable of being broken or deformed when a member (6) for controlling the handle is urged with a degree of force exceeding a predetermined threshold, in order to enable the handle to be opened when the body is in the blocking position.

Abstract: In an opening/closing operation device for a vehicle open/close door, a handle and a lever for transmitting an unlock operation force to a latch mechanism are turnably supported by an open/close door, and one end portion of the lever is brought into contact with a contact surface formed in the handle. In the contact surface, at least a portion to be in contact with the one end portion of the lever at an initial stage of the manipulation of the handle is formed in an inclined manner or curvedly: in a way that makes the portion situated more forward in a movement direction, in which the contact surface moves in response to the turn of the handle, as the portion comes closer to a rotary fulcrum of the lever in a direction along a plane orthogonal to the movement direction such that the portion intersects the plane.

Abstract: A door handle stroke change structure includes a latch mechanism, an electric latch drive mechanism, a mechanical latch drive mechanism, and an operation member which operates the electric latch drive mechanism and the mechanical latch drive mechanism. The operation member is moveable among a closed position, a first position at which the electric latch drive mechanism is operated, and a second position at which the mechanical latch drive mechanism is operated. A motion to move the operation member from the closed position to the first position is a same motion as a motion to move the operation member from the closed position to the second position. A movement amount of the operation member from the closed position to the first position is greater than a movement amount of the operation member from the closed position to the second position by the motion.

Abstract: A cylindrical lock includes a retractor (131) mounted between inner and outer operational devices (10, 12) and operably connected to a latch (779). The inner operational device (10) includes an inner chassis (20), an inner spindle (76), and an inner lining (60) made of a material harder than the inner spindle (76). The outer operational device (12) includes an outer chassis (305), an outer spindle (379), and an outer lining (353) made of a material harder than the outer spindle (379). Inner and outer returning devices (38A, 38B) are provided for returning the inner and outer spindles (76, 379). A torsion spring (50A, 50B) of each of the inner and outer returning devices (38A, 38B) is mounted to a push ring (40A, 40B) before assembly with the inner and outer chassis (20, 305), allowing easy assembly of the torsion springs (50A, 50B).

Abstract: The vehicle door handle comprises first and second levers (8, 10) mounted such that they can rotate on a common support (4), these levers being not coaxial and arranged in such a way that the first lever (8) operates the second lever (10) which operates a mechanical link that operates the lock (26).

Abstract: A device for securing the locked position of a car door catch, with an outer part having a shaft and a securing knob which is arranged movably in the shaft and is connected with an actuator element for securing the door. To connect the actuator shaft with the securing knob, a converter element is provided which element transforms a rotary motion of the actuator shaft into a linear motion of the securing knob.

Abstract: The vehicle door handle (2) is arranged in such a way that an inertial mass (18) in the handle passes irreversibly from a rest configuration in which it allows the door to be opened into a locking configuration which it prevents opening and passes from the locking configuration into an unlocked configuration, different from the rest configuration and from the locking configuration, the handle being arranged so that placement of the inertial mass (18) in the unlocking configuration has the effect of it once again being possible for the door to be opened.

Abstract: A locking arrangement comprising: (a) a handle assembly; (b) a primary locking mechanism comprising: (i) a locking bar movable between an extended latching position and a retracted release position, whereby when the locking bar is in the retracted release position the handle assembly is movable between a locked condition and an unlocked condition; and (ii) an actuator means which acts upon the locking bar to move the locking bar between the extended latching position and the retracted release position; (c) a secondary locking mechanism which acts independently upon the locking bar to move the locking bar between the extended latching position and the retracted release position; and (d) at least one biased catch means to releasably retain the locking bar in either the extended latching position or the retracted release position.

Abstract: The invention relates to an outside door grip, in particular for vehicles. The outside door grip exhibits a manually actuated handle, which engages a lock disposed in the door upon actuation. In addition, a pivotable blocking member serving as a mass blockage is furnished, which blocking member is disposed generally in its ineffective disengagement position, wherein the handle remains actuatable, which blocking member moves into an effective blocking position based on the inertia of its mass in case of a crash and thereby blocks the handle. Furthermore a damping device is furnished which takes care that the blocking member remains at least so long in its blocking position in case of a crash, until oscillations caused by the crash and acting on the outside door grip and/or the handle, have decayed so far that an effective actuation of the handle by the oscillations is not any longer possible.

Abstract: A lock assembly includes an escutcheon and a handle pivotably connected to the escutcheon at an interface. The handle includes a projection for engaging a clutch of a slide. A cam is pivotably engaged with the slide and includes a tailpiece adapted for engagement with a locking mechanism. Lifting or lowering the handle actuates the lock.

Abstract: A vehicle having an openable body panel and a latch with a pivotable release lever for holding the panel in a closed position is provided with an actuator for remotely releasing the latch. The actuator comprises a rod coupled at one end to the release lever of the latch. The other end of the 0rod is connected to an element which may include a ball rigidly secured to the end of the force transmitting member that is slidably received within a tubular socket fitted within a hole in the body panel. The element is recessed within the socket so as not to protrude beyond the outer surface of the body panel.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments of an apparatus for securing a structure such as a door, window, hatch, or gate that moves between an open and a closed position relative to a fixed structure to provide or deny access to a compartment, a room, an outdoor area, or a facility. Various embodiments provide a delay in opening the closure of sufficient duration to frustrate a rapid activation that might be desired by a person who is attempting to pass through the closure for some illicit purpose. Typically, hydraulics are used to activate the apparatus and no electrical energy or electronic signals are employed. In one embodiment, a plurality of actuations of a hand lever operates a hydraulic pump that moves a locking bolt from a first position in which a locking bolt is engaged with a recess in the fixed structure (preventing opening of a gate) to a second position in which the locking bolt is disengaged from the recess to permit opening of the gate.

Abstract: A latching system includes a handle mechanism with a housing having a recessed channel, a handle base, and a handle member connected to the handle base. The handle base and handle member are configured to be selectably moveable relative to the housing to define an extended orientation, a first retracted orientation corresponding to an open state of the handle mechanism, and a second retracted orientation corresponding to a closed state of the handle mechanism. The handle base and handle member are further configured to be disposed in the recessed channel and extended in a first direction or a second direction. The handle member is operable for rotation about an axis of rotation to control transition between the open state and the closed state of the handle mechanism. The handle mechanism may include a panel having a lift-slide operation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a handle (2) for an openable body section of a vehicle, including: an actuator (20) such as a lever, which is movably mounted between an inoperative position of the actuator and a position for unlocking the openable body section, and a locking member (36), such as a lock bolt, which is designed to occupy an inoperative position in which same locks the actuator (20) in the inoperative position of the actuator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a sliding door latch having a locked and unlocked position for a sliding door having an open and closed position. The sliding door latch includes a handle assembly with a handle and a locking mechanism. The handle is a first position, wherein the locking mechanism is engaged and the sliding door latch is locked, to a second position, wherein the locking mechanism is disengaged and the sliding door latch is unlocked The locking mechanism may prevent the handle from moving from the second position to the first position when the sliding door is open. The handle is pivotable between the first position and the second position only when the door is closed. Resistance forces may prevent the handle from moving from the second position to the first position when the sliding door is closed without an application of force by a user.

Abstract: A lock assembly for use with a latch movable from an extended position to a retracted position, and the lock assembly includes an interior assembly and an exterior assembly. The interior assembly includes an interior handle manually movable to retract the latch and a locking member manually operable such that the locking member is movable from an unlocked position to a locked position. The exterior assembly includes an exterior handle manually operable to retract the latch when the locking member is in the unlocked position and inoperable to retract the latch when the locking member is in the locked position. The exterior assembly further includes a biasing member that biases the locking member toward the unlocked position. When the locking member is in the locked position, movement of the interior handle to retract the latch causes the biasing member to move the locking member to the unlocked position.

Abstract: In a handle device for a vehicle door, a base member made of a synthetic resin is provided with: a pin support part having a support hole; and a pair of restricting walls which flexes so as to allow a pin to pass through when the pin is inserted into the support hole and which opposes an end part of the pin after insertion of the pin is completed. The pin is formed so as to integrally have: a pin main portion being formed in a round bar shape having a constant diameter and a circular cross-sectional shape and being inserted from one end side through the support hole; and a large diameter portion being coaxially connected to the other end of the pin main portion.

Abstract: The invention relates to a motor vehicle door lock, comprising a circuit arrangement having at least one sensor (5) and a connected control unit (7), wherein the sensor (5) has at least two switching states (“open” and “closed”), which correspond to varying current intensity (I1; I2) at the output of said sensor and are detected by the control unit (7), and the two switching states (“open” and “closed”) of the sensor (5) belong to different current paths (6a; 6a, 6b) of a line network (6) and/or to different voltage states of an output line.

Abstract: An auto-unlock assembly for a tubular lock has a rotating pipe, a rotating mount, a positioning board, a rotating spindle, a limiting mount, an retaining board and a limiting spring. The rotating pipe has a through hole. The rotating mount is connected to the rotating pipe and has two connecting wings. The positioning board is mounted in the rotating mount and has a body and two positioning wings. The rotating spindle is rotatably mounted through the rotating pipe and the positioning board via the rotating mount and has two protruding blocks. The limiting mount is mounted around the rotating spindle and has an acting face, a limiting recess and two mounting recesses. The retaining board is mounted around the rotating spindle, abuts the limiting mount and has a base and two protruding lugs. The limiting spring is mounted around the rotating spindle and abuts the retaining board.

Abstract: A reversible handle device includes a housing, a handle portion rotatably disposed on the housing and rotatable relative to a long axis, a reversible member and a stopping member. The reversible member is connected to the handle portion and rotatable relative to the handle portion. The reversible member has a first slot and a second slot for switching the handle portion to be in a first orientation status or in a second orientation status. The stopping member is disposed on a side of the reversible member in a manner of being movable in a direction parallel to the long axis. The stopping member is biased toward the reversible member in the direction parallel to the long axis, such that the stopping member protrudes into the first slot or the second slot. Accordingly, the handle portion is in the first orientation status or in the second orientation status.

Abstract: The invention relates to the handle (4) of an opening element (2) of a vehicle, comprising a grip part (12) and a flap (14) mounted in such a way that it moves between a position wherein it fills an opening (22) extending in the continuation of the grip part and enabling said grip part to be handled; and a position wherein it frees up the opening.

Abstract: A vehicle door handle device is provided with a handle base, an escutcheon member, and a plurality of connection portions which connect the handle base and the escutcheon member to each other. The plurality of connecting portions include: a first connecting portion including an inclined surface which causes a motion component force toward a frame exterior to be generated in the escutcheon member by a horizontal operating force applied to the escutcheon member, thereby unlocking the first connecting portion; a second connection portion which is unlocked by deforming the escutcheon member using a moveable region in a vicinity of the first connection portion generated by the unlocking in the first connecting portion; and an n-th connection portion which is unlocked by deforming the escutcheon member using the moveable region due to the unlocking in the preceding connection portions.

Abstract: In a vehicle door handle device, an operating member is pivotally supported to a handle base. A door lock device is operated via an operating force transmitting part by a rotation of the operating member from an initial position to an operating position. A connection-retaining member attached to the operating member retains a connection of one end of the operating force transmitting part to the operating member and abuts against a stopper wall surface of the handle base so as to define an operating stroke end position of the operating member. A second stopper is provided on the operating member and abuts against the handle base in an over-stroke position beyond the operating stroke end position.

Abstract: A transmission mechanism adapted to an electro-mechanical lock and for driving a latch assembly to be unlocked is disclosed. The transmission mechanism includes a bottom plate, a pushing member, a clutch member and an electro-actuating member. The bottom plate includes at least one first pushed structure. The pushing member includes at least one second pushed structure. The clutch member abuts against the pushing member. The electro-actuating member is for driving the pushing member to rotate toward a first direction. The at least one second pushed structure cooperates with the at least one first pushed structure to move the pushing member relative to the bottom board, so that the clutch member is pushed with movement of the pushing member to an unlocked position.

Abstract: A device for actuating a lock mounted in a door includes a handle with a bearing extension at one end, which can be installed from the exterior of the door in a bracket mounted in the interior of the door. A two-part electrical control unit has one control unit located in the handle and a second control unit in the vehicle. Electrical wiring with two sections, which are connected to each other by an electrical coupling part and a mating coupling part, extends between the two parts of the control unit. A receptacle for the electrical coupling part is provided in the bearing extension of the handle. The mating coupling part at the end of one section of wiring projects out through the opening in the exterior panel of the door and is fitted into the coupling part of the handle before the handle is installed. When the handle is to be installed, a common structural unit is available, composed of the handle, the coupling part, and the mating coupling part.

Abstract: A hand grip has an arm and a leg. The arm and the leg extend through a door outer panel and are supported by a holder member and a frame member in a freely pivotable manner, respectively. By operating the hand grip in the same direction as when a sliding door is opened, the arm is pivoted relative to the holder member retained at an initial position, so that a full close latch mechanism is unlocked. By operating the hand grip in the same direction as when the sliding door is closed, the leg is pivoted relative to the frame member, while the holder member is pivoted relative to the frame member against urging force of a coil spring, so that a full open latch mechanism is unlocked.

Abstract: A door grip arrangement for motor vehicles with an elongated handle, includes a handle body and a handle cover. A cavity is formed in the handle body. Electronic components are received in the cavity, wherein the electronic components are at least partially cast around with casting compound. Transversely to the longitudinal extent of the handle, at least one dividing wall is arranged in the handle body, so that the dividing wall divides the handle body into several chambers, with at least one cavity being located in each chamber. The cavities are open to a side of the handle which is oriented towards the handle cover. At least one of the chambers receives electronic components which are cast around with casting compound such that the dividing wall forms a boundary for the casting compound.

Abstract: An apparatus for operating an automotive vehicle door includes a pivoting door handle, a stop located exterior to the door and engageable by the handle to limit pivoting of the handle, a moveable door latch having an open state and a closed state, and a cable secured to the handle for transmitting movement of the handle to the latch.

Abstract: A door handle device is provided with: a door handle 9 by which the door of a vehicle can be opened and closed; a mounting bracket 11 for supporting the door handle 9 through a supporting shaft 15 so that the door handle can be swung in the back-and-forth direction with respect to the door 3 of the vehicle; and a switch unit 13, which is arranged between the door handle 9 and the mounting bracket 11, which generates an electric signal for locking and unlocking a door lock provided in the door of the vehicle. A contact portion (an engaging groove 27), with which the supporting shaft 15 comes into contact, is formed in the switch unit 13. When the supporting shaft 15 is inserted into a handle shaft insertion hole 9b and a bracket shaft insertion hole 11a so that the supporting shaft 15 can be engaged with the holes by an engaging grove 27, the switch unit is fixed to the mounting bracket.

Abstract: This invention relates to a cylindrical lock assembly and the combination of the cylindrical lock assembly and bolt assembly. The lock assembly includes a chassis housing an actuator that is rotatable about an axis xx to move a shuttle relative to the chassis. The shuttle operatively engages the bolt assembly to retract the latch bolt. The lock set also includes outer furniture which is adjustable in its position relative to the shuttle to accommodate doors of a range of thickness.

Abstract: A self-presenting handle assembly, comprising a handle portion in operative communication with an axle rotatably mounted in a housing of a rigid support, and an active material in operative communication with the axle or the handle portion, wherein the active material is configured to undergo a change in at least one property upon receipt of an activation signal, wherein the change in at least one property is effective to provide rotation of the axle in a first direction and move the handle in the first direction from a first position to a second position.