Abstract: A crashbox is provided for connecting a bumper carrier and a longitudinal beam in a frame structure of a motor vehicle. The crashbox has a section that is compressible in a longitudinal direction and a first fixing element for attachment to the longitudinal beam and a second fixing element for attachment to the bumper carrier at opposite ends of the section. The first fixing element is in the form of a spigot member that is insertible into a cavity in the longitudinal beam and a support strut extends between two rigid side flanks of the spigot member through an internal cavity of the spigot member.

Abstract: A motor vehicle deformable front spoiler. The vehicle includes a chassis, the chassis including an outer wall and a deformable sealing bulkhead. The outer wall includes an upper edge extended by an inner edge. The deformable sealing bulkhead links the inner edge and the chassis extending in a curve towards the outer wall. The deformable sealing bulkhead is configured to fold back on itself while being laterally offset towards the outer wall when the front spoiler is dented towards the frame under effect of an impact. The deformable sealing bulkhead includes two substantially parallel side walls curving towards the outer wall, so as to guide laterally the front spoiler when the front spoiler is dented.

Abstract: A bumper beam arrangement comprises a bumper beam fastened in two crash boxes (12,13). The crash boxes are vertically higher than the bumper beam, and the bumper beam is fastened vertically off set in the crash boxes. The portions of the crash boxes that are not covered by the bumper beam extend forwards to the front end of the bumper beam profile.

Abstract: A bumper structure for a motor vehicle includes a cross member, and a crash box placed between the cross member and a longitudinal member, with the crash box having an attachment zone. Bolts extend through walls of the attachment zone and the longitudinal member for securing the crash box to the longitudinal member by forcing the attachment zone against the wall of the longitudinal member. The attachment zone undergoes hereby locally an elastic or plastic deformation for realizing a self-centered disposition of the crash box in relation to the longitudinal member. The walls of the attachment zone and the longitudinal member extend at a tolerance distance before the crash box is secured to the longitudinal member.

Abstract: An energy management system comprising a longitudinally extending beam including a first beam portion and a second beam portion. A first one of the first beam portion and the second beam portion has a first face, a first side wall and a second side wall. A second one of the first beam portion and the second beam portion has a second face. The first side wall has a first U-shaped section spaced from the first face and the second side wall has a second U-shaped section spaced from the first face. The first side wall rolls to enlarge the first U-shaped section and the second side wall rolls to enlarge the second U-shaped section during an impact force directed against the first face of the first beam portion or the second face of the second beam portion.

Abstract: A modular energy absorber 10 that is tunable. It comprises one or more energy absorbing modules 12. The energy absorbing modules have means for coordinating energy absorbing units 16 of the one or more modules. The means 14 for coordinating position and support the units in relation to each other before, during and after relative motion between an incident object and the energy absorber. A crushable member 16 is provided that has an upper perimeter 22, a lower perimeter 24 and an intermediate wall 26 extending therebetween. It also includes a number (m) of breaches defined therein before impact. A method for configuring the modular energy absorber is also disclosed.

Abstract: A bumper with an attachment member to be made thereon for the purpose of mounting the bumper onto longitudinal beams of a vehicle, is such that section walls acting as compressive and tensile struts and a pair of flanking walls joining them form a hollow section. The attachment member is in the form of a hollow section exhibiting at least one side wall and two transverse walls following on therefrom with a length of hollow section with the longitudinal beam. The hollow section is in the form of a push-fit length matching the inner cross-section of the longitudinal beam. The other end region of the attachment member is provided with collar-type parts projecting from their end edges and aligned approximately parallel to the transverse walls. In a use position, the collar-type parts of the attachment member are aligned with the flanking walls of the bumper and are releasably attached to it. The bumper is bolted to the collar-type parts of the attachment member.

Abstract: An underrun energy-absorbing structure (14) (“structure”) for a vehicle (10) includes a rail member (16), a deformable crush tube (18), and a plate (20). Rail member (16) is formed from an inboard panel (22) and an outboard panel (24). Crush tube (18) is sandwiched between inboard panel (22) and outboard panel (24) and extends perpendicularly from rail member (16). Plate (20) is adjacent to crush tube (18) and extends perpendicularly from rail member (16). Plate (20) is supported by crush tube (18) during a vehicle collision.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polymer energy absorber and a bumper system for motor vehicles, said system absorbing the kinetic energy released during collisions with motor vehicles. According to the invention, polymer energy absorbers are integrated into a bumper system.

Abstract: A modular energy absorber 10 that is tunable. It comprises one or more energy absorbing modules 12. The energy absorbing modules have means for coordinating energy absorbing units 16 of the one or more modules. The means 14 for coordinating position and support the units in relation to each other before, during and after relative motion between an incident object and the energy absorber. A crushable member is provided that has an upper perimeter, a lower perimeter and an intermediate section extending therebetween. It also includes a number (m) of breaches defined therein before impact. A method for configuring the modular energy absorber is also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a shock absorbing and indicating bumper. The bumper includes, a spherical shaped body with a surface mountable to a corner of a device to which shock is to be absorbed. The bumper includes a crushable conical member engaged with a conical recess of the spherical shaped body, the crushable conical member having a hole therethrough from the vertex to the center of the base, and a shell with a substantially hollow semispherical shape slidably engaged with a surface of the spherical shaped body. The bumper further includes a rigid shaft with a first end fixedly attached to a central portion of the hollowed side of the shell and a second end pivotally engaged with the spherical shaped body at substantially the center of the spherical shaped body, the shaft extending through the hole in the crushable member and aligned thereby.

Abstract: The invention provides an impact absorbing member of a motor vehicle which can correspond to an energy caused by a low impact value (5 kN or lower) as well as absorbing an energy caused by a high impact value (20 kN or higher) at a time of being collided with and brought into contact with the other motor vehicle or the other body, can secure a desired impact absorbing performance even in the case that a thickness of an impact absorbing member is limited, is particularly excellent in an impact absorbing performance just after an impact is applied, and is excellent in a functionality and a styling characteristic which can maintain a high impact absorbing performance. An impact absorbing member (1, 11) of a motor vehicle is interposed between a bumper facia (2, 12) and a vehicle body so as to absorb an impact, and is constituted by a bumper beam (3, 13) arranged in a side of the vehicle body, and a hollow body (4, 14) arranged in a side of the bumper facia (2, 12).

Abstract: An energy absorbing device includes a longitudinal extending tubular outer shell assembly tapered from a smaller end to a larger end so that upon the imposition of a longitudinal applied force on the ends thereof the tubular outer shell will collapse progressively from the smaller end toward the larger end. At least one reinforcing web is located within the tubular structure and is shorter in length than the tubular structure and has an end spaced from the one smaller end of the tubular structure that first collapses so that the web is subjected to progressive energy absorbing collapse only after the tubular outer shell assembly has begun to collapse. One or more such webs can be employed to sequentially and progressively collapse and deform to absorb the longitudinal applied force in a preferred manner.

Abstract: A modular energy absorber 10 that is tunable. It comprises one or more energy absorbing modules 12. The energy absorbing modules have means for coordinating energy absorbing units 16 of the one or more modules. The means 14 for coordinating position and support the units in relation to each other before, during and after relative motion between an incident object and the energy absorber. A crushable member is provided that has an upper perimeter, a lower perimeter and an intermediate section extending therebetween. It also includes a number (m) of breaches defined therein before impact. A method for configuring the modular energy absorber is also disclosed.

Abstract: A bumper for a motor vehicle includes a cross member which is disposed transversely to a side rail of a motor vehicle frame, and a crash box which is connected between the side rails and the cross member. The crash box is configured in fold construction from a metal sheet and has a sidewall which exhibits a roof-shaped structure. The sidewall includes at least one wall section which is inclined in relation to the horizontal midsection transverse plane of the crash box.

Abstract: An adaptive crash structure of a vehicle body or chassis of a motor vehicle includes a first metal casting and a second metal casting. A deformation element in the form of a metal casting for absorbing energy interconnects and forms with the first and second metal castings a single piece construction through a casting process. The deformation element is comprised of a plurality of funnel-shaped wedge bodies which are disposed in succession, with neighboring wedge bodies being connected through intervention of a predetermined breaking web. Each wedge body is defined by a diameter, wherein the diameters of the wedge bodies are sized to allow the wedge bodies to move telescopically into one another when a limit stress is reached and the predetermined breaking webs rupture so as to effect a tight intergrip of the telescoping wedge bodies in a self-locking manner.

Abstract: A bumper for a motor vehicle includes a cross member disposed transversely to side rails of a motor vehicle frame and having a U-shaped cross section with a wall and two legs extending from opposite ends of the wall. The cross member is supported via integral crash boxes against the side rails. Each crash box has a cross member proximal end which abuts against the wall of the cross member, and includes vertical legs and horizontal legs to define a casing-like configuration. The wall of the cross member is formed in an area of the cross member proximal end of the crash box with a depression which extends in a direction of the crash box, with the vertical legs of the crash box joined at the cross member proximal end to the wall of the cross member, and with the horizontal legs of the crash box spaced from the wall of the cross member by a distance.

Abstract: An impact-absorbing member includes tabular ribs extending in a direction orthogonal to an impact load input direction, and disposed spaced apart in the impact load input direction and parallel to one another; and a load transmitting member connected with width-wise opposite ends of the respective tabular ribs to extend between the tabular ribs on a diagonal with respect to the impact load input direction, for transmitting to each of the tabular ribs an impact load in a form of tensile load directed in a lateral direction, wherein differing levels are established for at least one of: tensile stiffness in the plurality of tabular ribs per se; and transmission efficiency of the tensile load by the load transmitting member, so that load-deformation characteristics of some of the plurality of tabular ribs differ in the impact load input direction.

Abstract: An underrun energy-absorbing structure (14) (“structure”) for a vehicle (10) includes a rail member (16), a deformable crush tube (18), and a plate (20). Rail member (16) is formed from an inboard panel (22) and an outboard panel (24). Crush tube (18) is sandwiched between inboard panel (22) and outboard panel (24) and extends perpendicularly from rail member (16). Plate (20) is adjacent to crush tube (18) and extends perpendicularly from rail member (16). Plate (20) is supported by crush tube (18) during a vehicle collision.

Abstract: A vehicle bumper structure (3) includes a pair of left and right crush cans (10), a bumper beam (20), an energy absorbing member (30) and a bumper face (35). Each of the crush cans (10) has an outside wall (17) and an inside wall (18), the inside wall (18) having higher longitudinal stiffness than the outside wall (17). When a full-wrap collision occurs at a speed below a specified speed limit, neither of the two crush cans (10) crushes but the energy absorbing member (30) and the bumper beam (35) warp and absorb impact energy. When an offset collision occurs at a speed equal to or above the specified speed limit, on the other hand, one of the crush cans (10) sufficiently crushes and absorbs impact energy in a reliable fashion.

Abstract: An energy absorbing tubular structure is formed of a molded or extruded polymer. The tube has a quadrangular cross-section with rounded corners. The walls of tube are corrugated with alternating convex and concave corrugations surfaces having a continuous constant radius, preferably with no flat spots. The corrugated walls have a constant thickness. The corrugations progressively deform during impact thereby providing a near perfect square wave force vs. deflection energy absorption curve at any predetermined nearly constant force level. The tube may be filled with polymer foam to vary the impact performance of the structure.

Abstract: A bumper system having a bumper running transverse to the longitudinal direction of a vehicle and at least one connecting element mounted thereon for the purpose of attaching the bumper to a vehicle, in particular to a longitudinal beam of a passenger car. The connecting element is a multi-chamber extruded section of metal with longitudinal axis running in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle. The connecting element is in the form of a safety element which, under impact, absorbs impact energy by compressive deformation. For the purpose of connecting a towing device, an attachment member is provided that is situated in one of the hollow chambers of the connecting element.

Abstract: Provided is a collision energy absorbing apparatus capable of mitigating loads to the car body proper, passengers and the like by adding a structure combining a prescribed static strength and collision energy absorption performance to an energy absorbing body of the collision energy absorbing apparatus. In a limited inner space of a car body, a cover 80 that covers energy absorbing bodies 51, 52 combines a prescribed static strength and collision energy absorption performance. The cover 80 prevents irregularities, such as the breakage of cylindrical bodies of aluminum alloy, i.e., the energy absorbing bodies 51, 52 in each of the stages of transportation, storage, assembling and the like of the collision energy absorbing apparatus 50.

Abstract: A bumper structure for the front and rear area of a motor vehicle includes a bumper cross member and a crash box which is placed between the cross member and an end of a side rail. The crash box is configured in the form of a hollow body made of two sheet-metal shells which overlap one another in an overlap zone and are interconnected, at least in sections thereof, through material union. The cross member is detachably secured to the crash box by a bolted connection having at least one bolt which extends in upright direction of the motor vehicle and is arranged in the overlap zone of the crash box. Force introduction from the cross member into the crash box is hereby improved.

Abstract: An energy-absorbing underrun protection system for a vehicle. The energy-absorbing underrun protection system is comprised of a deformable construction adapted for deforming along a longitudinal axis to absorb crash energy. This deformable construction has a torque arm member extending substantially perpendicularly therefrom for receiving an impact load offset from the longitudinal axis and bending the deformable construction toward the impact load.

Abstract: A crash cushion including a cushion filled with material; and a back plate including at least one recess communicating with a back of the cushion such that material from the cushion fills the recess; wherein the back plate is configured so that when a force is applied to said cushion, the material within the at least one recess breaks a portion of the bumper plate and exits the recess. A crash cushion including a cushion filled with material; a back plate, including at least one opening communicating with a back of the cushion such that the material from the cushion is capable of filling the recess; and at least one valve; wherein the at least one valve is configured so that when a force is applied to the cushion, a portion of the material within the cushion opens the valve and exits the cushion.

Abstract: A crash energy absorption member formed from a tubular body for absorbing impact energy by buckling when it receives an impact load in the axial direction from one end in the axial direction. It has a transverse cross-sectional shape along at least a portion in the axial direction which is a closed cross section having a plurality of vertices in which there is no flange on the outside of the closed cross section, and in a region of at least one side of a basic cross section formed from the largest outline obtained by connecting a portion of the plurality of vertices by straight lines, a groove which is recessed towards the inside of the outline is provided in a location other than at an end point of the side. Thus, the crash energy absorption member can achieve a prescribed amount of shock absorption by stably buckling in the axial direction without bending and without an increase in weight due to the addition of a partition or due to an increase in plate thickness.

Abstract: An automobile front body structure including a front side frame and a lower frame. A front end of the front side frame and a front end of the lower frame are arranged in parallel in the direction of the vehicle width and are connected to one another.

Abstract: A truck mounted attenuator (TMA) is constructed to minimize length during use in a horizontal position and height in a vertical transport position, as well as to minimize wind resistance and buffeting at highway speeds. A modular construction is employed, so that only damaged portions of the TMA can be removed and replaced in the field after a vehicle impact. The TMA comprises a plurality of outwardly curved tubular structural members which are designed to buckle upon application to the TMA of forces resulting from vehicular impact. The rigid tubes buckle at a high initial force, then proceed to crush at a lower force once the sides have buckled outwardly sufficiently to protect vehicle occupants during the critical first two feet of travel after impact. This design also provides increased protection for errant vehicles which impact the TMA device from an angle (i.e. “coffin corner” impact).

Abstract: A bumper beam mounting structure for absorbing an impact at a bumper beam and mounting members thereof in a vehicle minor collision is provided. The mounting structure has the mounting members attached to curved portions of right and left curved ends of the bumper beam. The mounting members are attachable to vehicle body members. The mounting members are in a right triangular shape in a plan view. A sloping portion corresponding to the hypotenuse is formed with a depressed portion for absorbing an impact.

Abstract: A bumper beam includes a metallic center beam mounted with a plurality of vertical members each integrally crossed by a horizontal member. A plastic outer beam encompasses an external side of the center beam and a plurality of ribs are mounted at the outside of the plastic outer beam. The bumper beam features of a bumper beam needed in times of a low speed collision and a high speed collision between the vehicle and a pedestrian. As a result, injuries to the pedestrian can be reduced during the low speed collision and an impact absorption performance of the vehicle can be maximized during the high speed collision. Thereby, safety of the pedestrian and occupants inside the vehicle are increased.

Abstract: A crash box for installation between a longitudinal member and a bumper cross member of a motor vehicle, includes a sheet metal body having a deformation member which extends anteriorly of an end surface of the longitudinal member and whose maximum crumpling capability defines the energy absorption of the crash box. In prolongation of the deformation member is an attachment member which is engaged in the longitudinal member and detachably secured by bolts therein. Formed in a transition zone between the deformation member and the attachment member, is a stop which is configured in the form of an outwardly directed material protuberance or outwardly directed thickened area of the sheet metal body and bearing against the end surface of the longitudinal member.

Abstract: A shock absorbing structure for a vehicle comprises a bumper reinforcement extending in a vehicle width direction, a pair of side members extending in a longitudinal direction of the vehicle, a pair of crash boxes provided between the pair of side members and the bumper reinforcement, and the crash box including a crash box body being hollowed in a vertical direction so as to have a first opening, a second opening and side walls, wherein the bumper reinforcement is attached to one end of the crash box body, and a side member attachment flange is integrally formed at the other end of the crash box body, and a load adjusting plate fixed to the crash box body so as to cover at least one of the first opening and the second opening of the crash box body and to sandwich the side walls of the crash box body.

Abstract: An apparatus for adjusting the rigidity of vehicle body can appropriately control the rigidity of a vehicle body. An apparatus for varying rigidity includes a plurality of (e.g. three) plate-like members comprising shape-memory alloy, and a plurality of (e.g. two) connecting-disconnecting members that are detachably connected to the plate-like members. Each connecting-disconnecting member includes a base member that detachably connects to the plurality of plate-like members via a connecting member fitted to each plate-like member, a plurality of pairs of pin guides and movable pin members that are fitted to the base member, and a plurality of (e.g. two) actuators that are controlled by an unillustrated controller.

Abstract: Impact damper assembly for an automobile, in particular for supporting a bumper 5 on an automobile chassis, with an inner tube 2 movably arranged in an outer tube 3, wherein both tubes 2, 3 have an approximately mutually parallel taper 16, 19, wherein the taper 19 of the inner tube 2 is encompassed by the taper 16 of the outer tube 3, and wherein at least one of the two tubes 2, 3 can be deformed during the movement by the taper 16, 19 of the two tubes. The invention is characterized in that the impact damper assembly includes an additional deformable stiffening element 22.

Abstract: A front bumper structure for a vehicle, which protects not only the vehicle and passengers in the vehicle when the vehicle collides with another vehicle or object, but also a pedestrian when the vehicle collides with a pedestrian. Since a lower reinforcing member is protruded directly from a bumper cover and at most two carrier-connected portions are formed on the bumper cover, the front bumper structure reduces its weight due to the omission of any stiffener, reduces the production costs due to the reduction in material costs, decreases the man-hours in the manufacturing of the front bumper structure, and increases the safety of the pedestrian due to the use of a horizontal reinforcing rib rigidly supporting the corner portions of the bumper cover.

Abstract: A pedestrian protection apparatus particularly adapted for motor vehicle front end structures for mitigating injuries of pedestrians struck by the vehicle. The apparatus incorporates a front grill which is moveable between extended and retracted positions. While it is in its extended position, the grill is designed to absorb energy from a pedestrian impact to reduce pedestrian injuries. The position of the grill is controlled by an actuator which responds to control inputs such as vehicle speed.

Abstract: A crash box for a motor vehicle includes an attachment portion which engages a longitudinal member of the motor vehicle and is secured thereto by at least one screw bolt which extends through a spacer sleeve. The spacer sleeve is securely fixed to the attachment portion and has two threaded portions of opposite pitch. Inserted from opposite sides of the spacer sleeve are tolerance compensating bolts, which are each provided with an inner rotary catch for interaction with an outer thread of the screw bolt. When the screw bolt is screwed in, the tolerance compensating bolts are thus moved apart until abutting against opposite inside wall surfaces of the longitudinal member. The screw bolt engages hereby a nut on an outside of the longitudinal member so that the attachment portion is now held without clearance on the longitudinal member by a head portion of the screw bolt and one of the tolerance compensating bolts, and by the other one of the tolerance compensating bolts and the nut.

Abstract: A bumper system for an automobile vehicle includes, in an exemplary embodiment, a beam and an energy absorber coupled to the beam. The beam has a top surface and a bottom surface, and is configured to attach to the vehicle. The energy absorber includes a body having a first side and an opposing second side, a plurality of crush lobes extending from the first side, and a plurality of vertical translational crush lobes extending from the second side. The second side faces the beam, and each vertical translational crush lobe engages the top surface or the bottom surface of the beam.

Abstract: An energy-absorbing device (34) with a reduced initial peak load (50) for enhancing the management of crash energy in an end structure (30?) for a vehicle (30). The energy-absorbing device (34) has a deformable construction adapted for progressively folding along a longitudinal axis (60) under an oscillating crash load (34?). The oscillating crash load (34?) is comprised of a mean load (48) and a peak load (50) that is in close proximity to the mean load (48).

Abstract: The invention provides a motor vehicle bumper comprising: a shield presenting a first impact zone situated substantially at the same height as the knee of an adult pedestrian and, immediately below said first zone, a second impact zone situated substantially at the height as the tibia of an adult pedestrian; a beam placed behind the shield substantially at the same height as the knee of an adult pedestrian, in register with and at a certain distance from the shield; and interposed between the beam and the shield, at least one block made of a compressible material, the block having a front end disposed beside the shield and a rear end disposed beside the beam, and having a cross-section that increases from its front end towards its rear end. The front end of the block is disposed in register with the second impact zone of the shield.

Abstract: A vehicle bumper system includes a beam and a thermoformed energy absorber positioned on a face of the beam. The thermoformed energy absorber has a plurality of elongated crush boxes thermoformed from a base flange. Crush boxes near a center of the beam are up to about three inches deep, and as a result have side walls that are stretched when thermoformed, while crush boxes near ends of the beam are much shorter and hence not as thin. As a result, the center area has a softer impact intended to reduce pedestrian injury during impact.

Abstract: A single-sided crash attenuation cushion system having an impact head and three stage energy absorption mechanism. The energy absorbing mechanism has a mandrel for deforming thin-walled tubes in a controlled collapse to absorb impact forces from a colliding vehicle. The third stage of the absorption mechanism includes an additional deformable compressible tube between the fixed-object hazard and the thin walled tubes.

Abstract: A mounting structure for a bumper rail of a front end module carrier for a vehicle includes an upper horizontal member that supports an upper portion of the carrier; a lower horizontal member that supports a lower portion of the carrier; left and right vertical members and that are formed with fastening holes and connect respective left and right sides of the upper and lower horizontal members to each other to support side portions of the carrier; and a bumper rail formed to be convexly curved forward and fixedly fastened to side rail members located at rear ends of the left and right vertical members and by bolts through the fastening holes. Each of the fastening holes includes a seating hole portion that receives and confines the bolt therein and a guide hole portion laterally extending from the seating hole portion.

Abstract: A vehicle body frontal structure includes a bumper face extending in a widthwise direction of a vehicle, a bumper beam disposed behind the bumper face and extending in the widthwise direction of the vehicle; and an energy absorbing member disposed between the bumper face and the bumper beam, formed in a hollow cross sectional shape of which a rear portion is left open, and having an open edge portion that is joined to the bumper beam, so as to deform and absorb collision energy when the collision energy in a rearwards direction of the vehicle is applied to the bumper face. The open edge portion includes cutaway portions which leave portions of the open edge portion as joining leg portions to the bumper beam, and the joining leg portions are provided with deformation guide portions which, in the initial period of deformation by the collision energy, cause the open edge portion to tilt in a predetermined direction.

Abstract: A bumper system includes a tubular beam and a thermoformed energy absorber with crush boxes formed into a base flange, such as by vacuum or thermal forming processes. The crush boxes have planar energy-absorbing sidewalls a depth of about 10 mm to 35 mm, wall thicknesses of about 1 mm to 3 mm, and are formed from polyethylene or other thermoform materials having a memory. The base flange can include thermoformed features engaging recesses in the beam, and is combinable with injection-molded or foam energy absorbers for design flexibility. In one form, the energy absorber includes a thermoformed first sheet forming crush boxes and a second sheet bonded to the first sheet to define apertured air pockets. Related methods of manufacture and impacting are also included.

Abstract: A bumper assembly for a vehicle and the corresponding vehicle comprising said bumper assembly are described. The assembly comprises: at least two crash boxes; a cross member made of a first plastic material which, during use, extends over a distance at least corresponding to that between the crash boxes; and at least two substantially indeformable connecting devices connected to said cross member for rigidly fixing said cross member to said chassis of the vehicle, wherein said at least two substantially indeformable connecting devices are connected to the cross member at positions corresponding to the crash boxes. In a preferred embodiment, the crash boxes and the connecting devices are made of plastic material.

Abstract: A universal heavy-duty bumper and mounting system is provided which is adapted to be attached to a HMMWV H1 A1 or A2 configured vehicle. The system includes a rightside and leftside universal mounting bracket and a bumper adapted to be received and attached by the bumper brackets such that the bumper transversely spans both brackets in a perpendicular orientation. The system may further include a couple pairs of heavy-duty universal swivel attachment brackets for receiving accessories, each adapted to be mounted on a front fascia plate of the bumper. The system may further include an upright main support bar disposed within a gap defined by each pair of swivel attachment brackets, wherein each support bar is adapted to rotate from an upright position to a lowered position.

Abstract: An underride protection bumper for a trailer is provided which functions as two separate bumpers during different stages of impact to provide optimal energy absorption, impact vehicle ride-down and underride protection characteristics. Another underride protection bumper provides a support member extending diagonally inboard to counteract inboard-directed forces on trailer attachment member, thereby absorbing impact energy and minimizing underride of an impacting vehicle.

Abstract: A bumper assembly has a cross beam formed with an outer vertical web and two horizontal sides extending inward from upper and lower edges of the web, and two vehicle frame members having support ends spaced inward from and vertically offset from a center of the cross-beam web. Respective crash boxes each formed as a horizontally extending tube have an outer end engaging the bumper cross beam and an inner end fixed to the frame members. The outer ends of the crash boxes are vertically offset from the respective inner ends. The inner ends of the crash boxes bear outward generally only on the web and on one of the sides of the cross beam. The other of the sides of the cross beam is generally out of engagement with the crash boxes.