Abstract: A bumper attachment (1) for a motor vehicle (3) has: a base attachment part (4) with a front side (5) for installation of a license plate (8) and a rear side (6) for installation of the bumper attachment (1) in a license plate trough (2) of the motor vehicle (3). At least one impact protection element (9, 10) extends from the front (5) of the base attachment part (4) and has a reinforcing insert (11, 12) and a receiving section (13, 14) for receiving the reinforcing insert (11, 12).

Abstract: A bumper beam for a vehicle has two attachment portions (15, 16) with a U-shaped cross section open towards the vehicle. Each attachment portion has a reinforcing member (29) in the form of a hat-profile located within the attachment portion and across the latter, with its webs (31, 32) welded to the webs (13, 14) of the attachment portion. The side flanges (33, 34) of the hat profile have holes (35, 36) for bolts by means of which the side flanges and thereby the bumper beam can be attached to a structural part of the vehicle and the attachment section has holes (41) to allow fastening bolts of this kind to be fastened through these holes.

Abstract: A flat plate nose frame design for a tractor in which a thick, flat structural plate is connected to and forwardly extends from the conventional frame rails of the tractor. The flat plate nose frame design increases vertical clearance under the hood without raising the hood height or reducing ground clearance. The nose plate is contoured to match the exterior contours of the tractor grill and hood eliminating the need for a separate aesthetic component covering the nose plate. The nose plate features a pair of vertically aligned short-height frame plates extending forwardly along the axis from the deep-section frame rails to increase strength in the flat nose plate without significantly increasing vertical height of the nose plate assembly. The flat plate nose frame is capable of withstanding operational loads as well as supporting a weight package or front-mounted implements.

Abstract: Provided is a front structure of a vehicle 1, and the front structure includes a pair of side members 30, a first cross member 10, a bumper 60, upper protruding-plate portions 41, lower protruding-plate portions 42, and a bracket 70. Each of the side members 30 includes an upper plate 31, a lower plate 32, and a vertical plate 33, the upper plate 31 and the lower plate 32 arranged to vertically face each other, the vertical plate 33 connecting the upper and lower plates 31 and 32. The first cross member 10 connects front-end portions 35 respectively of the side members 30. Each of the upper protruding-plate portions 41 extends frontwards integrally from the corresponding upper plate 31. Each of the lower protruding-plate portions 42 extends frontwards integrally from the corresponding lower plate 32 so as to face the corresponding upper protruding-plate portion 41.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an energy absorption device (1) for a bumper arrangement of a vehicle, with a hollow longitudinal section (2) intended for deformation, a rolled-back region (3) adjoining the hollow longitudinal section, and an extension section (4) connected to the rolled-back region. In order to improve an energy absorption device of this type to the extent that obliquely acting accident forces can be absorbed with a high degree of efficiency in as simple a manner as possible, it is proposed, in an initial state prior to energy absorption, to orient the hollow longitudinal section (2) obliquely with respect to the axial direction of the extension section (4).

Abstract: A base-plate-less crashbox is provided for absorbing impact energy, which is suitable for insertion into a corresponding support frame, in particular, a motor vehicle support frame, and has a deformable profile. The base-plate-less crashbox includes, but is not limited to at least one first chamber and a second chamber formed adjacent thereto which are each surrounded by a wall of the profile. One of the chambers is formed such as to be shorter in the direction of insertion so that the other chamber has a protruding portion which is adapted to be inserted into the corresponding support frame in order to realize a coupling between the crashbox and the support frame. The protruding portion has at least one first connecting means for connecting the protruding portion to the support frame.

Abstract: A flip-up bumper assembly for a motor vehicle having a at least one attachment assembly, a support member, a bumper frame, a lift height adjustment member, an extendable member. Additionally, the flip-up bumper assembly may further include a variable height bumper frame and/or a pivot member. The flip up bumper assembly is generally coupled to the motor vehicle. The bumper frame is operably connected to the support member wherein the bumper frame rotates about a pivot point on the support member. The extendable member is coupled to both the attachment member and the bumper frame. The extendable member extends in a generally horizontal direction and causes the bottom of the bumper frame to angularly deflect about the pivot point, resulting in an outward and upward translation. The variable height flip-up bumper assembly of the present invention allows for the use of a plurality of bumper sizes as selected by the vehicle owner.

Abstract: Embodiments of methods for attaching and upper bumper cover and a lower bumper cover to a vehicle comprise providing a vehicle body and a bumper fascia coupled to the vehicle body, attaching the upper bumper cover to the vehicle body at a position at least partially covering the bumper fascia, at a position above the bumper fascia, or combinations thereof, and attaching the lower bumper cover to the vehicle body at least partially cover the bumper fascia, wherein the lower bumper cover is coupled to and disposed underneath the upper bumper cover.

Abstract: A bumper for a motor vehicle includes a cross member which is disposed transversely to a side rail of a motor vehicle frame. A crash box is incorporated between the cross member and the side rail, with set bolts being provided to join the crash box to the cross member in the absence of prepunching.

Abstract: Horizontally elongated member interconnects respective front end portions of a lower frame and a front side frame spaced apart from each other in a width direction of the vehicle body. Impact absorbing section is mounted on a substantially entire front surface of the horizontally elongated member, and a bumper beam is fixedly mounted to the front surface of the impact absorbing section. The impact absorbing section is a cylindrical member having a cross-sectional shape elongated in the width direction and having its outer side wall portion disposed generally on an imaginary extension line of an inner vertical wall portion of the lower frame.

Abstract: A bracket for attaching and aligning a forward-looking radar (FLR) having a front face is disclosed according to one embodiment. The bracket includes a bracket frame having an attachment feature for attaching the FLR to the bracket frame. The bracket also includes a first mounting feature extending from the bracket frame for coupling the bracket face and the first mounting surface of the conveyance to define a first mounting surface angle. The bracket also includes a bracket member extending from the bracket frame. The bracket member includes an end portion disposed proximate to the bracket face and a distal end portion, which includes a second mounting feature for coupling the bracket member and the second mounting surface thereby defining a second mounting surface angle and aligning the FLR front face to an alignment angle.

Abstract: A support member for attaching a vehicle fascia such as a front bumper fascia, to a vehicle frame or other support component is described. The support member includes a bracket at one end of the member and various fasteners for attachment to the vehicle fascia.

Abstract: A target tubular member with flange, such as a bumper stay, has a flange having an outer diameter larger than the diameter of an axial section and is formed by electromagnetic forming without excessive expansion. The tubular member with flange includes an axial member made of a tubular aluminum alloy extrudate and a flange member joined to an end of the axial member. The axial member has an end flange being integrated at its end and having an area smaller than that of the flange member. The flange member has a hole, and a cylindrical hole flange at the edge of the hole. The axial member fits in the hole of the flange member, the end flange is in intimate contact with the flange member, and the outer periphery of a small-diameter portion of the axial member is in intimate contact with the inner periphery of the hole flange. The hole flange is held between the end flange and a protrusion.

Abstract: A bumper-stay structure for a vehicle, provided between a bumper back beam and a side member, for absorbing collision impact, may include a buffer member fixed to a front end of the side member and having a first impact absorbing member slidably absorbing the collision impact while the collision impact is applied to the bumper back beam, a support member, a front end of which is coupled to the bumper back beam and a rear end of which is telescopically mounted to a front end of the buffer member, wherein the rear end of the support member is pressingly coupled by the first impact absorbing member to the buffer member so that the first impact absorbing member maintains pressing contact with the support member while the collision impact is applied to the bumper back beam.

Abstract: An underrun protector mounting structure includes: a chassis frame; a front underrun protector which is disposed at the front or rear of the chassis frame and extended in a lateral direction of the vehicle; a bracket 6 for fixing the front underrun protector to the chassis frame; and a support part interposed between the front underrun protector and the bracket. The support part has a first plate part disposed on the front underrun protector side and a second plate part disposed on the first plate part on the bracket 6 side. The first plate part is formed to be wider in the lateral direction of the vehicle than the second plate part 32. The first and second plate parts are stacked to form a leaf spring shape in a longitudinal direction of the vehicle.

Abstract: A support structure for an exhaust pipe includes left and right side frames disposed on a lower side of a rear floor and a back panel extending downward from the rear floor joined to rear end portions of the side frames. Reinforcing plates join the back panel on a vehicle rear side in positions facing the rear of the side frames. Stays extending in a rearward direction mount to the respective reinforcing plates and support a bumper member. A muffler disposed below the rear floor and on a front side of the back panel or an exhaust pipe connected thereto, is supported on a vehicle body by a hanger rubber. A flange portion that is formed with a reinforcing plate extends rearwardly and perpendicularly therefrom. A hanger rubber mounts to the flange portion to support the muffler or exhaust pipe.

Abstract: The present invention provides a bumper attachment portion structure that can ensure the deformation stroke of a side member when a vehicle impacts such that the vehicle is offset to one side in a vehicle width direction of a bumper. When a load that is equal to or greater than a predetermined value is inputted to a bumper attachment portion during an offset impact, an attachment releasing structure portion in a bumper bracket releases the state of attachment at a vehicle width direction inside part of that bumper attachment portion to thereby cause a point of origin of bending in the bumper attachment portion to be positioned in a vehicle width direction outside part.

Abstract: A bumper of a motor vehicle includes a cross member which is disposed transversely to a side rail of a motor vehicle frame and movable from a standby position in a direction of the motor vehicle. Placed between the cross member and the side rail is a crash box. A coupler maintains a distance between the cross member and the crash box, when the cross member assumes the standby position, and a strut extends at an inclination between the cross member and the crash box to connect the cross member to the crash box. The strut is supported upon the cross member by a linear guide and supported upon the crash box by a swivel joint.

Abstract: An energy absorbing element for a motor vehicle body comprises a tube section that is roll-formed from a steel strip. The cross-section of the tube section has at least one concavity.

Abstract: A system and method for protecting a vehicle and, more specifically, a truck bed is disclosed. A preferred embodiment comprises a system with three parts: a protective bar, one or more joint pieces attached to the protective bar, and one or more brackets attached to the one or more joint pieces. The brackets fit over the back end of the truck bed to hold the protective bar in place, while still keeping the overall system easily removable from the truck bed. Embodiments include both a single bracket as well as multiple brackets. The protective bar prevents cargo from impacting the front of the truck bed or back window while the cargo is being loaded, unloaded, or transported.

Abstract: The invention concerns a device which is based on thermoplastic material for the attachment of a bumper covering at the body of a motor vehicle which includes a base body and a cover plate as well as a security pin for securing the cover plate; the base body and the cover plate are configured as separate components and the security pin when inserted into safety lugs at the base body locks the cover plate in place.

Abstract: A main body of an impact energy absorber is formed by integrally molding a deformable portion and a plurality of deformation controlling portions which are adapted to control the direction of plastic deformation of the deformable portion. The deformation controlling portions have such a configuration and shape that, when a compression load equal to or greater than a predetermined value is input to the main body in a tube axis direction, the deformable portion undergoes plastic deformation in at least one of a radially outward direction and a radially inward direction of the main body concurrently with the compressive plastic deformation in the tube axis direction.

Abstract: An underrun protector mounting structure 3 includes: a chassis frame 4; a front underrun protector 5 which is disposed at the front or rear of the chassis frame 4 and extended in a lateral direction of the vehicle; a bracket 6 for fixing the front underrun protector 5 to the chassis frame 4; and a support part 7 interposed between the front underrun protector 5 and the bracket 6. The support part 7 has ribs 46 projected toward the bracket 6 and extended along the lateral direction of the vehicle. The bracket 6 has a plurality of rib receiving parts 30 which are formed approximately parallel to each other in a vertical direction of the vehicle with a space therebetween and which fit to the ribs 46. A mounting height of the support part 7 relative to the bracket 6 is set by selecting and fitting one of the plurality of rib receiving parts 30.

Abstract: An interface joint for a motor vehicle is provided that serves as a node to connect a longitudinal motor compartment frame rail, an energy absorbing device, referred to as a crush box, and an engine cradle. The interface joint is a unitary component having a plate portion, first and second flange portions, and an engine cradle attachment portion. The first flange portion extends longitudinally from the plate portion and is adapted for engagement with the crush box. The second flange portion extends longitudinally from the plate portion opposite the first flange portion and is adapted for engagement with the frame rail. The engine cradle attachment portion extends between the flange portions and is adapted for attachment to the engine cradle.

Abstract: Disclosed is a length-variable bumper capable of adjusting the length of a vehicle body to lengthen a time interval over which momentum changes upon collision. The length-variable bumper includes a bumper member primarily absorbing collision energy, a collision energy absorbing member foldable in a longitudinal direction, and an operation unit configured to transit the collision energy absorbing member to an unfolded state when a vehicle speed is a predetermined level or more and to transit the collision energy absorbing member to a folded state when the vehicle is the to predetermined level or less. The collision energy absorbing member has one end connected to a frame of the vehicle and the other end connected to the bumper member and configured to be deformed upon collision to secondarily absorb the collision energy.

Abstract: A vehicle body assembly for on-line painting includes a polymeric fender and a polymeric bracket adhesively bonded to the fender. The bracket includes finger-like extensions received by an edge flange of the fender. The bracket includes a tab extension extending from an opening of the bracket engaging a support structure frame member for limited thermal expansion deformation of the fender. The adhesive a resin component and a curative component providing an initial partial cure for handling of the bracket and fender and a subsequent more fully-cured condition following high temperature baking in the on-line painting process. The assembly can also include fasteners securing the bracket to the fender to limit peeling separation of an adhesive connection provided by the adhesive.

Abstract: The bumper system for a vehicle body includes a vehicle body bumper beam of a hollow construction with an impact buffer member arranged in the front side. The impact buffer member is provided with a collision wall part, side wall parts and joint flanges and is integrally formed by a metallic material, the collision wall part and the side wall parts forming a sectional shape of approximately U-shape which embraces the bumper beam. The joint flanges are joined with the flanges protruding from the rear wall of the bumper beam and support the impact buffer member from the rear wall side of the bumper beam.

Abstract: A front section of a motor vehicle body encompasses a bumper and bumper bracket that are designed to retreat during a collision while absorbing energy and momentum, a fresh air passage and a sealing element situated behind the bumper for modulating the throughput of the fresh air passage, which can be dragged along by the retreating bumper or bumper bracket. The sealing element has situated upstream from it a gap that allows the bumper and bumper bracket to retreat without simultaneously taking the sealing element with it.

Abstract: A front fender for an automobile; the fender is provided with an external element; with a supporting trestle, which supports the external element, presents a rigid horizontal supporting bar, and is adapted to be rigidly connected to a frame of the automobile; and with horizontal sword, which on one side is protrudingly mounted on the horizontal supporting bar and on the opposite side is rigidly secured to the external element at an upper portion of the external element itself.

Abstract: A system for protecting a head lamp of a motor vehicle includes at least one headlamp protector device. The at least one headlamp protector device is adapted to be coupled to a bumper beam and adapted to be coupled to a crush can. The at least one headlamp protector device extends beyond the end of the bumper beam to protect the head lamp during an impact event.

Abstract: A connection structure for hollow members, which is highly durable and can be produced at low cost, is provided. An insertion hole 12 is formed in at least one wall portion 11 of a pair of opposed wall portions 11 and 11 of a first hollow member 10. A sleeve 30 for preventing biting of a peripheral edge portion 12a of the insertion hole 12 into the outer peripheral surface of a second hollow member 20 is fixed to the first hollow member 10 with the sleeve 30 inserted in the insertion hole 12. A peripheral wall portion 22 of the second hollow member 20 inserted in the sleeve 30 is expanded with the second hollow member 20 inserted in the sleeve 30, so that the peripheral wall portion 22 of the inserted portion of the second hollow member 20 is pressed against and fixed to the inner peripheral surface of the sleeve 30.

Abstract: A reinforcement tube assembly for a fastener in a vehicle body structure is provided. The reinforcement tube assembly includes a reinforcement tube and a locator. The locator is affixed to the reinforcement tube. The reinforcement tube is operatively configured to receive a fastener and is operatively configured be installed at least partially within a vehicle body structure. The locator includes at least two mounting surfaces operatively configured to engage with a vehicle body structure. The locator includes at least two mounting surfaces operatively configured to engage with the vehicle body structure.

Abstract: A crash box for installation between a bumper beam and a side rail of a motor vehicle includes an outer tube, and an inner tube which is held inside the outer tube, with the outer and inner tubes being movable in relation to one another. At least one of the inner and outer tubes is provided with a coat of varnish at least in a contact area between the outer pipe and the inner pipe.

Abstract: A front part structure of a vehicle body is provided. A suspension frame disposed posterior to a front-side component in a longitudinal direction of the vehicle. An apron side member extends in the longitudinal direction. An apron lower member extends in the longitudinal direction, connects the front-side component and the suspension frame and is disposed below the apron side member. A first shock absorbing portion is provided in a front end portion of the apron side member. A second shock absorbing portion is provided in a front end portion of the apron lower member such that the second shock absorbing portion is disposed below the first shock absorbing portion.

Abstract: A protector assembly for attachment to a vehicle such as a truck. The assembly includes a base member which is permanently attached to the truck and a cushion member which is retained adjacent the base member by retainer. The cushion member is slidable relative to the base member between the retention position and a release position whereby in the release position the cushion member is no longer retained by the retainer. The cushion member includes a mounting portion formed from a relatively hard material which engages the retainer, and a working portion formed from a relatively soft resilient elastomeric material.

Abstract: A bumper fixture is interposed between an extended-directional end portion of a bumper and an auto body as to extend the extended-directional end portion of the bumper mounted on the auto body to form a part of a wheel house. The bumper fixture includes a mounting portion mountable to an extended-directional outer end wall of the bumper on one extended-directional end portion of the bumper, and the mounting portion is elastically deformable by a greater than predetermined load. A bumper mounting structure includes the bumper fixture such that an extended directional outer end wall of the bumper is mounted on the mounting portion.

Abstract: An interface joint for a motor vehicle is provided that serves as a node to connect a longitudinal motor compartment frame rail, an energy absorbing device, referred to as a crush box, and an engine cradle. The interface joint is a unitary component having a plate portion, first and second flange portions, and an engine cradle attachment portion. The first flange portion extends longitudinally from the plate portion and is adapted for engagement with the crush box. The second flange portion extends longitudinally from the plate portion opposite the first flange portion and is adapted for engagement with the frame rail. The engine cradle attachment portion extends between the flange portions and is adapted for attachment to the engine cradle.

Abstract: A crashbox is provided for connecting a bumper carrier and a longitudinal beam in a frame structure of a motor vehicle. The crashbox has a section that is compressible in a longitudinal direction and a first fixing element for attachment to the longitudinal beam and a second fixing element for attachment to the bumper carrier at opposite ends of the section. The first fixing element is in the form of a spigot member that is insertible into a cavity in the longitudinal beam and a support strut extends between two rigid side flanks of the spigot member through an internal cavity of the spigot member.

Abstract: A bumper mounting system (10) for locating and installing a bumper (14) on a vehicle having a chassis and a hood (18) includes a chassis support member (42) pivotally mountable to a portion of the vehicle hood (18) and adjustably mountable to a portion of the vehicle chassis. The system also includes a bumper mounting member (46) mountable to both an interior portion of the bumper (14) and a portion of the chassis support member (42). The system further includes a first bumper support feature (114) formed on the chassis support member (42) and a second bumper support feature (118) formed on the bumper mounting member (46). The second bumper support feature (118) is engageable with the first bumper support feature (114) to at least temporarily position the bumper (14) relative to the hood (18).

Abstract: A bumper attachment device is provided for attaching a bumper to a vehicle body disposed between the body and the bumper. A bumper support which can support the bumper and an attachment insert that can be rotatably attached to a securing part secured to the body are provided. The attachment insert has an insertion part inserted into and through a through hole in the bumper support, the insertion part is inserted into and through the through hole, and the insertion part is turned in the through hole while supporting the bumper support; in this way, a part of the attachment insert is caused to abut a part of the bumper support, and through that abutment, the position of the bumper support relative to the body is adjusted.

Abstract: An arrangement for mounting a front bumper extension to a truck includes a bracket having a mounting flange for mounting to a frame rail of a truck, and an upper flange and lower flange forming a pocket at a front end of the bracket for mounting a bumper center section. The bumper center section may be configured for a single tow pin with an aperture formed at a center of the bumper center section, or for dual tow pins with apertures formed to align with the pockets of respective right and left brackets.

Abstract: Disclosed is a profiled element (66) which is designed as a hollow profiled support section and is used for fastening a bumper to longitudinal beams (30) of a vehicle. Said profiled element (66) is assigned to a longitudinal beam (30) made of steel as an insertable section for the interior (32) of the longitudinal beam (30). The final edge (67) of at least two opposite walls (68) of the insertable section of the profiled element (66), which is made of a light metal material, is attached inside an insertion member (70) which, as a separation layer, prevents adjacent surfaces that are made of light metal and iron-carbon alloys from corroding. The insertable section is inserted into the longitudinal beam (30) along with the insertion members (70).

Abstract: A bumper beam is fastened to a bumper beam (11) of a vehicle (13) with intermediate crash boxes (12). Each crash box comprises a left member (20) and a right member (21) formed of sheet metal, which are jointed together and have top portions (24,25) overlapping each other and bottom portions (22,23) overlapping each other to form double-sheet tabs (34,35). These tabs extend out over the top and bottom surfaces of the bumper beam and are fastened to these surfaces.

Abstract: A carrier support arrangement that attaches to a vehicle between a rear bumper crash bar and mounting pads that are provided at the rear of the body of the vehicle. The carrier support is formed of a transverse support bar that has a modified hollow tubular beam construction, with attachment lands its ends. Tubular socket members receive attachment rods of the associated carrier. The tubular beam construction if formed of an upper member and lower member welded together. The web portions of the beam have a series of triangular cutouts, leaving a series of diagonal struts. This construction achieves a weight savings without sacrifice of strength or torsion resistance.

Abstract: A bumper system includes primary and secondary structural cross beams, at least one having an S-shaped cross section with forwardly-facing (or outwardly-facing) top concavity. The beams include different arrangements of stiffening ribs in concavities formed by the S-shaped cross section for impact and bending strength. In one form, the beams are made of polymeric material. The beams may include integrally formed crush cans for attachment to the vehicle frame, or alternatively can be attached to vehicle frame rail tips by separate metal crush cans and brackets.

Abstract: The invention relates to a bumper cross-member including an elongated body having a three-dimensional configuration formed from several metal sheet elements joined together by welding and shaped. The three-dimensional configuration has a non-uniform open transversal section along the body. The method includes joining several metal sheet elements together by welding in order to produce a flat tailored blank and shaping the tailored blank to produce the body. Shaping is carried out by hot or cold stamping. The several metal sheet elements can be joined either mutually adjacent or overlaid by different welding techniques, they can be of different of identical thicknesses and of the same type or different types of steel.

Abstract: A bumper beam has a hat shaped profile and is turned with the crown (12-14) towards the vehicle and has a lid (17) that gives the bumper beam a closed profile. The bumper beam has two mountings (20, 21) that usually are adapted to be fitted to the side rails of the vehicle. The mountings (20, 21; 40) consist of a plate formed from one piece that has two standing sides (23, 24; 43, 44) and from these out-turned flanges (25, 26) with holes (28) for mounting to the vehicle, where the standing sides have cut-outs (27) adapted for the bottom and sides of the bumper beam and are welded to these.

Abstract: A vehicle bumper assembly includes a bracket for mounting to an interior of a vehicle, the bracket defining a protrusion portion to engage with one end of a bumper cover and an elastic clip coupled to the bracket, wherein the elastic clip is adapted to contact the bumper cover of the vehicle. A finger protection assembly for a vehicle is provided wherein the assembly includes a bracket for mounting to an interior of a vehicle, the bracket defining a protrusion portion to engage with one end of a bumper cover and an elastic clip coupled to the bracket, the clip adapted to contact the bumper cover of the vehicle, wherein the elastic clip is capable of deforming to prevent injury to the finger inserted between a rear door and the bumper cover.

Abstract: A bumper-stay structure for a vehicle, provided between a bumper back beam and a side member, for absorbing collision impact, may include a buffer member fixed to a front end of the side member and having a first impact absorbing member slidably absorbing the collision impact while the collision impact is applied to the bumper back beam, a support member, a front end of which is coupled to the bumper back beam and a rear end of which is telescopically mounted to a front end of the buffer member, wherein the rear end of the support member is pressingly coupled by the first impact absorbing member to the buffer member so that the first impact absorbing member maintains pressing contact with the support member while the collision impact is applied to the bumper back beam.

Abstract: A vehicle bumper and a method for making a vehicle bumper formed of first and second members. Each of the first and second members are formed of substantially similar first and second U-shaped members positioned such that the respective sidewalls of the first and second U-shaped members are positioned adjacent one another. The bumper including a plurality of apertures therein formed by cutouts extending inward from the peripheral edge of each of the first and second U-shaped members.