Abstract: A motor vehicle has a body with a front section, a floor structure which adjoins the front section, and a floor panel, on the two longitudinal sides of which a sill is in each case arranged. The sills run from an A pillar, adjoining the front section, of the body as far as a C pillar of the body. An inner longitudinal member is on each longitudinal side of the floor panel. A bulkhead is arranged between the front section and the floor structure. Each sill is constructed from an inner C profile and an outer C profile. The first and second profile flanges of the C profiles, arranged in an overlapping manner, are connected, in particular welded, to the inner longitudinal member.

Abstract: Provided is a vehicle equipped with a battery pack. A vehicle equipped with a battery pack includes a floor tunnel and a battery pack. The battery pack includes a first battery accessory, a second battery accessory, and an electrical wiring. The first battery accessory is arranged inside a front tunnel portion of the floor tunnel from below. The second battery accessory is arranged inside a rear tunnel portion of the floor tunnel from below. The electrical wiring extends in a front-rear direction of a vehicle body across right and left second floor cross members, and connects the first battery accessory and the second battery accessory.

Abstract: A vehicle unit installation structure has: a power generating unit that is installed at a front portion of a vehicle; a driving unit that is installed at a vehicle rear side of the power generating unit, and that drives front wheels of the vehicle; and a floor tunnel that is formed at a floor that is disposed at a vehicle rear side of the driving unit, a width of a front end portion of the floor tunnel being greater than a width of at least a rear end portion of the driving unit.

Abstract: A vehicle body structure defines a vehicle longitudinal direction and a vehicle lateral direction perpendicular to the vehicle longitudinal direction and includes a rear sill structure. The rear sill assembly at least partially defines a rear opening of the vehicle body structure. The rear sill assembly extends in the vehicle lateral direction. The rear sill assembly includes a first body panel and a second body panel. The first body panel extends from a first side of the rear opening to a second side of the rear opening. The second body panel overlays a portion of the first body panel. The second body panel has a main section that includes a plurality of recessed rib portions that extend in directions that define an acute angle relative to the vehicle longitudinal direction.

Abstract: A vehicle may include: a floor panel; a rocker extending along a side edge of the floor panel; a rear side member located on a rear side of the rocker and extending along a front-rear direction of the vehicle; and a suspension. The suspension may include a trailing arm; and a bracket connected to the trailing arm via a bush. The bracket may be fastened to the rocker at a first fastening point by a first bolt and fastened to the rear side member at a second fastening point by a second bolt.

Abstract: A projection portion projecting in the same direction as an offset portion is provided between a welding-spot portion and a joining portion joined to a rear side member in a lower back panel. Accordingly, when a tensile force directed outwardly in the vehicle width direction is applied to the lower back panel, the projection portion is extended by the tensile force thus applied and is displaced toward the opposite side of the projecting direction of the projection portion, that is, toward the opposite side of the offset direction. Hereby, a stress applied to the welding-spot portion in an inclined wall portion can be reduced. This makes it possible to restrain weight and cost and to also restrain stresses applied to the welding-spot portion from the lower back panel and a rear floor pan when a load is input from a towing hitch member.

Abstract: A vehicle rear body structure includes left and right rear pillars extending forward and upward from rear lower ends of left and right rear side frames, left and right rear wheel houses provided between the left and right rear side frames and the left and right rear pillars, and left and right damper bases provided at upper parts inside the left and right rear wheel houses. Left and right spaces between left and right top plates of the left and right rear wheel houses and the left and right rear pillars are closed by left and right gussets. The left and right rear pillars, the upper parts of the left and right rear wheel houses, and the left and right gussets are combined in closed cross-sections. The left and right damper bases are surrounded by the left and right gussets through the left and right rear wheel houses.

Abstract: A method for constructing an integrated end structure for a vehicle includes placing a center module for an integrated end structure for a vehicle in a fixture separate from the vehicle, attaching a side bracket to the center module in the fixture to form an assembly, the side bracket configured for holding a light unit of the vehicle, mounting the assembly onto at least a bracket in the vehicle that provides adjustability of the assembly in at least a z-direction, and, after mounting the assembly, mounting a storage compartment module onto the center module and the side bracket.

Abstract: A vehicle body structure defines a cargo area. With a rear door in a closed orientation the rear door blocks access to the cargo area. In an open orientation, the rear door exposes the cargo area. A first cover is supported within the vehicle body structure above and spaced apart from a floor proximate a forward end of the cargo area. The first cover is movable between a retracted orientation exposing the cargo area and an extended orientation at least partially concealing the cargo area. A second cover is attached to the rear door along an interior surface thereof such that with the rear door in the closed orientation and the first cover in the extended orientation, the first cover abuts the second cover such that the first cover and the second cover conceal the cargo area.

Abstract: A vehicle rear structure includes an annular frame, which connects a rear cross member, gussets, rear quarter pillars, upper stiffeners, and a roof arch to one another into an annular shape in a vehicle front view. Each of the upper stiffeners of the annular frame is connected to a damper attachment portion of a rear wheel house by a coupling member.

Abstract: A rear-side reinforcement structure for a motor vehicle body includes at least one side member extending in vehicle longitudinal direction, a shock absorber reinforcement profile and an outer rear end reinforcement profile. The shock absorber reinforcement profile is connected to the side member with a lower front profile section located in travelling direction at the front. The shock absorber reinforcement profile is connected to the rear end reinforcement profile with a rear profile section that is spaced from the side member and facing a rear end of the body. The outer rear end reinforcement profile extends from the rear profile section of the shock absorber reinforcement profile to the side member and with a lower connection section is connected to the side member.

Abstract: A vehicle body structure is provided with: a floor for forming the floor surface of a vehicle body rear section; a rear panel raised from the rear end of the floor; left and right roof side rails extending in the front-rear direction on the upper left and right sides of the vehicle body; and left and right rear pillars extending downward toward the rear of the vehicle body from the left and right roof side rails. The lower end of the left rear pillar is joined to the outer left side section of an intersection section in the widthwise direction of the vehicle body, the intersection section being that at which the floor and the rear panel intersect.

Abstract: A sleeve is attached to a tubular longitudinal bar that extends around a control arm for the rear suspension of a vehicle. The tubular longitudinal bar is generally U-shaped with a first leg attached to a frame rail in front of the control arm and a second leg connected to the frame rail behind the control arm. The first and second legs are joined by a middle portion. A bend is formed between the first leg and the middle portion. The tubular sleeve is attached to the tubular longitudinal bar at the bend and extends partially along the first leg and the middle portion. The tubular sleeve is disposed between the control arm and a fuel tank of a vehicle that is located between the rear wheels of the vehicle.

Abstract: A rear pillar apparatus for a vehicle may include a rear pillar supporting a rear quarter of the vehicle, and a reinforcement member mounted on the rear pillar, wherein the rear pillar has a support vertically supporting the rear quarter, a door-upper portion configured to support a roof between a door and the roof, a rear end extending from the support and connected with a rear side of a vehicle body, and a glass seat formed between the door-upper portion and the rear end configured to mount a rear glass, and wherein the reinforcement member includes an upper reinforcement member integrally mounted on the door-upper portion, the glass seat, and the rear end, in a longitudinal direction of the vehicle body, and a vertical reinforcement member mounted on the support and connected to the upper reinforcement member.

Abstract: A vehicle body includes: an opening that is formed in the rear surface; a rear panel assembly having a closed cross-sectional shape and being located at the lower edge of the opening and extending in the width direction of the vehicle; left and right rear wheel wells located in front of the rear panel assembly; and left and right gussets for panels, the gussets connecting the left and right rear wheel wells and the rear panel assembly. Each of the rear wheel wells forms a portion of each of the inner walls of the vehicle body side sections, and the rear wheel wells have support sections for supporting rear dampers for the left and right rear suspensions.

Abstract: A vehicle body rear structure includes a left and right rear-side frame and a rear panel assembly. The left and right rear-side frames extend in the front-back direction of the vehicle body. The rear panel assembly forms a closed-cross-section section extending in the direction of vehicle width intersecting the rear-side frames, is provided to the back end of the rear-side frames, and configures the bottom of a vehicle body rear opening. The rear panel assembly is provided with a bulkhead that is disposed in the closed-cross-section section at the upper surface of the rear-side frames, and that partitions the interior of the closed-cross-section section with surfaces oriented in the direction of vehicle width.

Abstract: Disclosed is an automotive rear vehicle body structure which comprises a rear subframe (21) provided with right and left side member segments (22). Each of the right and left side member segments (22) has a rear region provided with a rear fixing section (26) attached to a respective one of right and left rear side frames (7), and a front region provided with a front fixing section (25) attached to a vehicle-body cross member (10). A position of the front fixing section (25) of each of the side member segments (22) is set to be located inward of the respective one of the rear side frames (7) in a vehicle width direction, and each of the side member segments (22) is provided with an arm support section (28) configured to pivotally support a suspension arm (32), at a position rearward of the front fixing section (25).

Abstract: An understructure for a motor vehicle includes two side members and multiple cross members fastened to the side members in each case via adapters. The adapters each include two identical shells which are each connected at the face end to a cross member and side member and to one another alongside.

Abstract: A rear structure of a car body includes: a rear pillar extending vertically at the rear part of the car body; a member extending from a vertically middle position of the rear pillar to the front side of the car body; a rear wheel housing disposed at a lower side of the member; and a stiffener having a lower end coupled to the rear wheel housing and an upper end coupled to the member. At least in a rear part of the member to which the upper end of the stiffener is coupled, a rear lower end of the rear part is sloped so that the rear lower end can be higher than a front lower end of the rear part.

Abstract: Structure of a vehicle body rear part in which a back door opening section around which a closed cross-sectional structure is provided wherein the vehicle body rear part includes rear lamp house panels, a back panel section and a back door opening section arranged to incline obliquely such that a lower part is located further toward a vehicle back than an upper part. In the structure, a tail end member extending along a vehicle width direction is coupled to lower side corner portions of the closed cross-sectional structure located on both the left and right sides of the back door opening section, swelling sections extending further outward than the lower side corner portions of the closed cross-sectional structure are provided on both the left and right sides of the tail end member, and the swelling sections are joined to the rear lamp house panels and the back panel section.

Abstract: A number of variations may include a product including a rocker end plate attached to at least one of a rocker, a rear rail or an outer stamping for a vehicle rear rail.

Abstract: A vehicle rear body structure includes rear floor panels, rear wheel housings, and rear side extensions. The rear side extensions each have a first joined portion that is joined to a breadthways outer end of each of the rear floor panels, a second joined portion that is joined to an rear end of each of the rear wheel housings, a side portion that is an uprising slanted portion extending from the rear end of the first joined portion to the second joined portion, a surface portion surrounded by the first joined portion, the second joined portion, and the side portion, and an extending portion joined to a flange portion of a rear pillar, wherein the side portion is configured to have higher stiffness or strength than at least the surface portion.

Abstract: A rear subframe comprises: a pair of right and left side member segments; and a front cross member segment and a rear cross member segment each coupling the side member segments together. The rear cross member segment has: a central portion; and a front branch portion and a rear branch portion branched forwardly and rearwardly from each of vehicle-widthwise outer ends of the central portion, while extending in the vehicle width direction. Each of the side member segments has a bent portion with its axis extending in a curved manner between a coupling portion between the front branch portion and the side member segments, and a coupling portion between the rear branch portion and the side member segments. The bent portion has a wall thickness set to be less than that of a region of the side member segment located forward of the bent portion.

Abstract: Disclosed is an automotive rear vehicle body structure which comprises a rear subframe (21) provided with right and left side member segments (22). Each of the right and left side member segments (22) has a rear region provided with a rear fixing section (26) attached to a respective one of right and left rear side frames (7), and a front region provided with a front fixing section (25) attached to a vehicle-body cross member (10). A position of the front fixing section (25) of each of the side member segments (22) is set to be located inward of the respective one of the rear side frames (7) in a vehicle width direction, and each of the side member segments (22) is provided with an arm support section (28) configured to pivotally support a suspension arm (32), at a position rearward of the front fixing section (25).

Abstract: A floor panel, a rear end member which is provided at a rear portion of the floor panel and extends in a vehicle width direction, and a rear end trim which covers a surface on a baggage-compartment side of the rear end member are provided. A step portion is formed at a connection portion connecting an upper portion of the rear end member and a lower portion of the rear end member which is positioned in front of and below the upper portion. An opening is formed at the step portion. An attachment portion, by which the rear end trim is attachable to the rear end member, is provided at the rear end trim. This attachment portion is configured to be inserted from above into the opening for engagement.

Abstract: A structure of a rear package tray for a vehicle, which is mounted on body panels which vertically stand at both sides of a floor panel and positioned between an interior room and a trunk room of a vehicle. The structure includes: a side member mounted on the body panel with a front side member which is positioned at a relatively front side, and a rear side member which is positioned at a relatively rear side, coupled to each other; an upper member disposed at an upper side of the side member in a horizontal direction of a vehicle body; and a support member having one side connected to the upper member and the other side connected to the side member with an inclination to be spaced apart from a connection portion of the side member and the upper member. A reinforcing flange protrudes in a horizontal direction along one side edge of the support member.

Abstract: A structure for a vehicle body rear portion has a rear pillar (21), a rear wheel arch (15), a damper stiffener (22) which is connected so that the load of the damper (18) transmitted through the rear wheel arch (15) is dispersed to the rear pillar (21), and a brace (23) which is connected from the rear wheel arch (15) to the rear pillar (21). The brace (23) has a front surface section (31) which faces forward, a side surface section (32), and a rear surface section (33) which faces the front surface section (31). A front ridge line section (35) and/or a rear ridge line section (36) reaches the rear pillar (21) from the rear wheel arch (15).

Abstract: A vehicle body rear structure includes a left and right rear-side frame and a rear panel assembly. The left and right rear-side frames extend in the front-back direction of the vehicle body. The rear panel assembly forms a closed-cross-section section extending in the direction of vehicle width intersecting the rear-side frames, is provided to the back end of the rear-side frames, and configures the bottom of a vehicle body rear opening. The rear panel assembly is provided with a bulkhead that is disposed in the closed-cross-section section at the upper surface of the rear-side frames, and that partitions the interior of the closed-cross-section section with surfaces oriented in the direction of vehicle width.

Abstract: A vehicle body rear structure includes an upper back cross-sectional portion which forms a skeleton that is elongated in a vehicle width direction, a bracket package tray which is located on a vehicle rear side of the upper back cross-sectional portion and joined to the upper back cross-sectional portion, a roof side inner which is located on a vehicle top side of a wheel house, a roof side outer which is located outside an extended portion and the roof side inner in a vehicle width direction and which has a front end portion which is joined to the upper back cross-sectional portion and a rear end portion which is joined to a bracket package tray, and a bulk which couples the roof side outer and the upper back cross-sectional portion.

Abstract: Provided is a construction machine which comprises an upper slewing body including: a frame bottom plate formed with an downward opening; an undercover detachably attached to the frame bottom plate to close up the opening; and a connection member for connecting the undercover to the frame bottom plate. The undercover includes a cover-forming member made of a single plate fabricated to have a base portion extending along a lower surface of the frame bottom plate and a bulging portion bulging upwardly from the base portion to be inserted into the opening. The base portion has a contact area in an outer edge region thereof to make contact with the lower surface of the frame bottom plate from the lower side thereof. The connection member connects the bulging portion to a region of the frame bottom plate, the region located above the lower surface of the frame bottom plate.

Abstract: A mounting part is provided for body attachment parts (6, 8, 9, 10) in the automotive field, such as paneling elements, lamp casings for lamp units, etc. The mounting part has at least one first, body-side fastening arrangement (22) and at least one second, attachment-part-side fastening arrangement (26, 28). At least one flow cross section (30) is provided for fluidically connecting the atmosphere to a cooling device (11).

Abstract: In a side vehicle body structure of a vehicle, which is provided with a shoulder anchor part 2 for a seat belt, a shoulder reinforcement 9 of the shoulder anchor part 2 extends to the joint portion of a side body outer panel 7 and a quarter panel 8, and the shoulder reinforcement 9, the side body outer panel 7, and the quarter panel 8 are jointed together in the state in which the three elements are lapped together.

Abstract: A vehicle body rear structure that is able to rotatably support a tailgate at a left hinge attachment section of a rear outer panel with a left hinge member therebetween. The left hinge member is provided with: a vehicle-body-side hinge section affixed to the left hinge attachment section; and a door-side hinge section connected rotatably to the vehicle-body-side hinge section. A left rear combination lamp is provided to the rear outer panel in a manner so as to cover the vehicle-body-side hinge section from the outside of the vehicle body.

Abstract: The invention relates to a vehicle body structure having a body reinforcement behind the second row of seats, the body reinforcement including a beam assembly which is formed from two opposite longitudinal side beams (9, 10), a floor crossbeam (4) and two vertical side beams (5, 6), of which in each case a left-side longitudinal side beam (9), an associated end of the floor crossbeam (4) and a left-side vertical side beam (5) are connected at a left-side nodal point (11) and, correspondingly, the second longitudinal side beam (10) is connected to the other end of the floor crossbeam (4) and the second vertical side beam (10) at a right-side nodal point, and, at the two nodal points, corner reinforcements being fitted for increased stiffening in the transverse plane of the floor crossbeam (4) and the vertical side beams (5, 6).

Abstract: A floor panel, a rear end member which is provided at a rear portion of the floor panel and extends in a vehicle width direction, and a rear end trim which covers a surface on a baggage-compartment side of the rear end member are provided. A step portion is formed at a connection portion connecting an upper portion of the rear end member and a lower portion of the rear end member which is positioned in front of and below the upper portion. An opening is formed at the step portion. An attachment portion, by which the rear end trim is attachable to the rear end member, is provided at the rear end trim. This attachment portion is configured to be inserted from above into the opening for engagement.

Abstract: In a side vehicle body structure of a vehicle, which is provided with a shoulder anchor part 2 for a seat belt, a shoulder reinforcement 9 of the shoulder anchor part 2 extends to the joint portion of a side body outer panel 7 and a quarter panel 8, and the shoulder reinforcement 9, the side body outer panel 7, and the quarter panel 8 are jointed together in the state in which the three elements are lapped together.

Abstract: A mounting structure for an automotive exterior member includes a mounting portion projecting from a rear side of a lower garnish so that a clip engaged by an outer panel of a tailgate is retained by the mounting portion. The mounting portion includes a base end portion on the side of the main body of the lower garnish and a projecting end portion on the side of the outer panel connected to the base end portion via a connecting portion which ruptures at the time of a crash at the lower garnish. The base end portion and the projecting portion are displaced along the projecting direction at the time of a crash. Therefore, a non-serious crash does not cause the base end portion to abut the outer panel or the projecting end portion to abut the main body of the lower garnish, and damage is limited to the deformation of the exterior member.

Abstract: Structure of a vehicle body rear part in which a back door opening section around which a closed cross-sectional structure is provided wherein the vehicle body rear part includes rear lamp house panels, a back panel section and a back door opening section arranged to incline obliquely such that a lower part is located further toward a vehicle back than an upper part. In the structure, a tail end member extending along a vehicle width direction is coupled to lower side corner portions of the closed cross-sectional structure located on both the left and right sides of the back door opening section, swelling sections extending further outward than the lower side corner portions of the closed cross-sectional structure are provided on both the left and right sides of the tail end member, and the swelling sections are joined to the rear lamp house panels and the back panel section.

Abstract: A motor vehicle body is provided with at least one rear-end side member, on the lower side of which a reinforcing element for the connection of a rear axle arrangement is arranged. The reinforcing element includes, but is not limited to a connecting portion spaced from the side member with at least one through-opening for mounting an axle fastening element. The connecting portion supports itself on the side member via at least one support element penetrating the intermediate space between side member and connecting portion.

Abstract: A rear structure of a car body includes: a rear pillar extending vertically at the rear part of the car body; a member extending from a vertically middle position of the rear pillar to the front side of the car body; a rear wheel housing disposed at a lower side of the member; and a stiffener having a lower end coupled to the rear wheel housing and an upper end coupled to the member. At least in a rear part of the member to which the upper end of the stiffener is coupled, a rear lower end of the rear part is sloped so that the rear lower end can be higher than a front lower end of the rear part.

Abstract: A rear structure for a vehicle is provided, the structure including (i) a pair of single piece rear torque boxes; (ii) a pair of rocker panels mechanically coupled to the rear torque boxes; (iii) a pair of rear rails mechanically coupled to the rear torque boxes; and (iv) at least one cross-member interposed between and mechanically coupled to the rear torque boxes.

Abstract: The motor vehicle front assembly (10) according to the invention comprises a first relatively deformable trim element (12), and a second relatively deformable trim element (14), separate from the first (12). The front assembly (10) comprises a rigid fastener element (18) for fastening trim elements (12, 14) to the body shell of the vehicle, the fastener element (18) comprising: fastener means (62) for fixing the fastener element (18) to the body shell of the vehicle; fastener means for fixing the first trim element (12) to the fastener element (18); and fastener means for fixing the second trim element (14) to the fastener element (18); the fastener element (18) forming a one-piece assembly.

Abstract: A vehicle body includes: an opening that is formed in the rear surface; a rear panel assembly having a closed cross-sectional shape and being located at the lower edge of the opening and extending in the width direction of the vehicle; left and right rear wheel wells located in front of the rear panel assembly; and left and right gussets for panels, the gussets connecting the left and right rear wheel wells and the rear panel assembly. Each of the rear wheel wells forms a portion of each of the inner walls of the vehicle body side sections, and the rear wheel wells have support sections for supporting rear dampers for the left and right rear suspensions.

Abstract: A vehicle body rear structure comprises a rear wheelhouse inner panel (13) which is provided with a seat striker (38) which disengages from an engagement part (16a) of a folding seat back (16). The rear wheelhouse inner panel (13) includes a wheelhouse extending part (13B) which extends integrally upward from the upper end of a wheelhouse base (13A). A stiffener (36) is attached to the wheelhouse extending part (13B). The wheelhouse extending part (13B) and the stiffener (36) form a dogleg-shaped closed section. The seat striker (38) is attached to a bracket (37) provided on the stiffener (36).

Abstract: A vehicle rear body part includes a rear side member provided on both sides of a rear floor and a lower part of a back door opening section higher than the rear side member. The rear floor is divided into a main rear floor panel and left and right side rear floor panels with the rear side member placed therebetween. In the rear side member, rear side member upper panels are configured to close an opening in an upper part and joined to flanges on both the left and right sides. Upright sections are provided at rear ends of the rear side member upper panels. The upright sections are joined to a lower part of the opening section. The upper panels, the rear side member, and the floor panels and are joined in three layers in the flanges of the upper panels.

Abstract: A vehicle frame assembly includes a first frame member and a separate second frame member having an end portion connected to an end portion of the first frame member. A frame patch is interposed between and connected to the respective end portions of the first and second frame members. The frame patch together with the respective end portions of the first and second frame members defines a tri-layer patch configured to divide an input load applied longitudinally to the vehicle frame assembly into multiple force vectors which distribute the input load across a wide area of the vehicle frame assembly.

Abstract: A battery 4 and a toolbox storage portion 5 are provided in a laterally arranged state on a reverse side of a seatback 2 of a vehicle, a toolbox 9 stored in the toolbox storage portion 5 is exposed when the seatback 2 is tilted forward, and an emergency stop switch 10 of the battery 4 is exposed so as to be operable when the toolbox 9 is removed from the above toolbox storage portion 5.

Abstract: A rear underbody is provided for a vehicle with a rear frame structure, a floor structure forming the floor for the footwell of the vehicle and with a termination structure delimiting the footwell to the rear. It is provided that the rear frame structure extends at least partially forward and beyond the termination structure.

Abstract: The connecting structure of a center filler and a quarter member of a vehicle may include a lateral junction portion formed at a front end of the quarter member, the lateral junction portion coupling with one side surface of the center filler in a direction substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the vehicle. The connection structure may further include a longitudinal coupling portion formed in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle coupled with an outer quarter member of the quarter member, a trim coupling portion substantially the same length as the longitudinal coupling portion coupled with trim, and a connection portion connecting the longitudinal coupling portion and the trim coupling portion to each other, wherein the lateral junction portion extends at a front end of the longitudinal coupling portion, and the lateral junction portion is bent substantially perpendicular to contact to the center filler.

Abstract: A vehicle rear structure is provided that can efficiently transmit input loads, and ensure sufficient durability against any input load that may be repeatedly applied in normal usage during the life cycle of a vehicle. A representative configuration of a vehicle rear structure according to the present invention is a vehicle rear structure for supporting, at the rear of a vehicle, an opening and closing body that can be opened and closed, including: a back panel disposed in an area extending from a lower end of the opening and closing body to the bottom of the vehicle; and a striker bracket provided substantially at the center in the width direction of the vehicle on a vehicle front-side of the back panel and extending from the vicinity of an upper end of the back panel to the vicinity of a lower end thereof.