Abstract: A method for operating a braking system for a motor vehicle, including a service brake unit and the service brake unit is activated to generate a brake force on a wheel axle of the motor vehicle at least temporarily as a function of a setting of an operating element. The generation of the brake force is performed using a calibration data set stored in a control unit of the braking system. An identifier stored in the operating element is transmitted to the control unit and used for a compatibility check. If the compatibility check is successful, a configuration of the operating element takes place and a generic data set stored in the control unit is used as the calibration data set and an operating element-specific data set stored in the operating element is transmitted to the control unit and used as a calibration data set after the transmission.

Abstract: A supervising device for monitoring the operation of an anti-slip device is described; the supervising device is arranged to: acquire estimated instantaneous linear speeds associated with axles controlled by the anti-slip device; compare the estimated instantaneous linear speeds with a linear reference speed; monitor the state of the pressures to the brake cylinders; determine whether the anti-slip device is working correctly, depending on predetermined trends of each of the estimated instantaneous linear speeds associated with the axles in the slipping phase, with respect to the reference linear speed, in association with each of the pressures to the brake cylinders associated with the axles adjust the preloaded time value in at least one of the timing devices when the supervising device determines that the anti-slip device is not working correctly.

Abstract: A device for a hydraulic actuating system, e.g., a motor vehicle brake, a clutch or a gear selector, may include the following components arranged in one housing, forming a main module: at least one pressure supply device driven by an electric motor drive, and a valve arrangement comprising at least one solenoid valve. The device may further include an electrical control unit (ECU) and valve output stages and sensors. The main module may be electrically and/or hydraulically connected to at least one further system component, which system component may include and actuating device and a travel simulator.

Abstract: A hydraulic unit of an electronic control brake system is disclosed. The hydraulic unit of the electronic control brake system includes a modulator block having a plurality of accommodating bores in which a plurality of valves and pressure sensors coupled to a master cylinder to control braking hydraulic pressure supplied towards vehicle wheels are installed. Passages connecting between the accommodating bores are formed in the modulator block, and the passages are formed to be divided into two layers.

Abstract: A method for operating a braking device of a vehicle, including a main braking system, and a backup braking system. The braking device includes a main braking system control unit, and a backup braking system control unit. The method includes detecting an error of a brake function of the braking system, locating the error inside the braking device, classifying the error with regard to the corresponding brake function and the braking system, and transferring a brake function detected as erroneous for the main braking system to the backup braking system in the event that the error concerns solely the main braking system, so that the brake function may still be carried out with the aid of the backup braking system.

Abstract: A parking brake device has at least one first connection line for connection to a compressed air source and at least one second connection line for connection to a compressed air source. At least one first compressed air output line for direct and/or indirect connection to a spring brake actuator, and at least one further redundant compressed air output line for direct and/or indirect connection to a redundant brake system, are provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of controlling a heavy-duty vehicle in a slope when the vehicle has come to a standstill due to service brakes of the vehicle having applied a service brake force, the method comprising determining a total brake force required for maintaining the vehicle at standstill, activating at least one park brake for providing a park brake force, gradually increasing the park brake force, and, while the park brake force is gradually increased, gradually reducing the service brake force while maintaining the sum of the service brake force and the park brake force at least equal to the determined total brake force.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a brake controller for a towed vehicle braking system, including a housing or a loom, including an input connector for electrical connection to a towing vehicle and an output connector for electrical connection to a towed vehicle.

Abstract: A trailer mounted proportional brake controller for a towed vehicle and a method of controlling the brakes of a towed vehicle is described. The brake control unit may control the brakes of a towed vehicle. The brake control unit may include a power control unit and a hand control unit. The power control unit may be connected to the brakes of the towed vehicle and the power control unit may be capable of selectively controlling the brakes of the towed vehicle based on a set of braking parameters. The hand control unit may be configured to remotely communicate with the power control unit. The hand control unit may be capable of transmitting information to the power control unit to adjust at least one of the braking parameters and receiving information from the power control unit.

Abstract: Method for monitoring the braking of the wheels of an aircraft in which the braking of the wheels of the aircraft is controlled by a wheel braking controller actuating the wheel brakes of the aircraft based on both a deceleration regulation request and a thrust reverser deployment request.

Abstract: The present disclosure in some embodiments provides a vehicle braking apparatus including wheel brakes for providing a braking force to one or more front and rear wheels, a first actuator including a first hydraulic circuit supplying braking force to at least some of wheel brakes, a first master cylinder adjusting hydraulic pressure of the first hydraulic circuit, and a first motor, a second actuator including a second hydraulic circuit supplying a braking force to at least a remainder of the wheel brakes, a second master cylinder adjusting hydraulic pressure of the second hydraulic circuit, and a second motor, an EPB generating a braking force on rear wheels, a regenerative braking system generating a regenerative braking force, and an ECU for controlling at least one of the first actuator, second actuator, electronic parking brake, or regenerative braking system upon determining whether the first actuator and the second actuator malfunction.

Abstract: A method for defining at least one characteristic curve which, in a pressure-actuated brake system of a vehicle, represents a relationship between a brake pressure and a brake demand), and for operating a pressure-actuated brake system of a vehicle, in which at least one brake cylinder can be supplied with a pressurized medium under a brake pressure, and in which the brake pressure is formed based on at least one such characteristic curve, and to a pressure-actuated brake system of a vehicle in which at least one brake cylinder can be supplied with a pressurized medium under a brake pressure.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to an electronically controlled pneumatic brake system for a utility vehicle, including a front-axle brake circuit with a single-channel front-axle modulator for the control of first and second front-axle service brake actuators, wherein first and second front-axle ABS valves are provided; a rear-axle brake circuit with a single-channel rear-axle modulator for the control of first and second rear-axle service brake actuators, wherein first and second rear-axle ABS valves are provided; a braking-value sensor which has an electrical terminal for the provision of an electronic brake demand signal; and a central electronic control unit which receives the electronic brake demand signal and controls the front-axle and rear-axle modulators. Here, it is provided that the central electronic control unit is formed as a structural unit with the rear-axle modulator and/or the front-axle modulator.

Abstract: A hydraulic motor vehicle braking system includes a first functional unit, a second functional unit and a switching device. The first functional unit comprises at least one first valve arrangement designed to optionally connect or disconnect at least one first wheel brake associated with a first axle to or from an existing hydraulic pressure, and at least one second valve arrangement designed to optionally connect or disconnect at least one second wheel brake associated with a second axle to or from an existing hydraulic pressure. The second functional unit comprises at least one second electrical brake pressure generator, by means of which a brake pressure can be generated on at least the at least one second wheel brake, and a second control system which is designed to control the at least one second electrical brake pressure generator for a brake pressure regulation on at least the at least one second wheel brake in the event of a failure of the first functional unit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electronic parking brake device for a vehicle, in particular a utility vehicle. As a function of at least one operating state of a towing vehicle parking brake supply line and/or a trailer parking brake supply line, a towing vehicle parking brake control valve is activatable by a control unit in such a way that a towing vehicle parking brake supply line can be deaerated or aerated by the towing vehicle parking brake control valve. By manually actuating a trailer parking brake control element, a trailer parking brake control valve is activatable by the control unit in such a way that a trailer parking brake supply line can be deaerated or aerated by the trailer parking brake control valve. The present invention also relates to a method for operating the above electronic parking brake device for a vehicle.

Abstract: A vehicle control device include a processor. The processor is configured to monitor a primary power source and a secondary power source for anomalies, the primary power source and the secondary power source supplying electrical power to a plurality of drive devices configured to control deceleration and steering of a vehicle, and in a case in which an anomaly has been detected in at least one of the primary power source or the secondary power source as a result of the monitoring, control the vehicle by supplying electrical power to a drive device having a lower electrical power consumption amount among the plurality of drive devices.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for warming vehicle tires prior to a vehicle launch event. In one example, a method may include, in response to an initiation of a burn out event while locking non-driven wheel brakes, adjusting a spinning of driven wheels based on vehicle performance parameters measured during a previous vehicle launch. In this way, a vehicle controller may control the tire warming to increase tire traction while reducing tire wear.

Abstract: Embodiments herein are directed to an emulator assembly. The assembly includes a housing with a cavity, a pedal arm, an elongated member, a carrier, an end plate and a compressible member. The pedal arm is at least partially received in the cavity and has a pedal pad on one end. The elongated member extends and couples to the pedal arm on one end and couples to a carrier on an opposite other end. The end plate is spaced apart from the carrier. The compressible member is positioned in the space between the carrier and the end plate. When the pedal pad is depressed, the elongated member moves the carrier in a direction towards the end plate which drives the carrier into the compressible member such that the compressible material compresses to generate a force feedback onto a foot positioned on the pedal pad.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a powerplant, such as an engine, configured to power front and rear wheels, and a controller. The controller is programmed to, brake a first of the front wheels and a first of the rear wheels while powering a second of the front wheels and a second of the rear wheels to warm those tires, and subsequently brake the second front wheel and the second rear wheel while powering the first front wheel and the first rear wheel to warm those tires.

Abstract: A brake control unit includes a processor, a first high side driver and a second high side driver. The processor sends signals to the first high side driver and the second high side driver. The first and second high side drivers process the signals independent of each other. The processor diagnoses faults and locations of faults based on feedback from the high side drivers. The first high side driver controls the braking of a first trailer brake. The second high side driver controls the braking of a second trailer brake.

Abstract: It is an object to make a wire harness for connecting a vehicle body-side device and a wheel-side device suited to routing in a small space, and improve its flex resistance. A wire harness for connecting a vehicle body-side device and a wheel-side device includes: a first wiring member; and a second wiring member, and at least part of an outer path portion of the first wiring member, and at least part of an outer path portion of the second wiring member are separated from each other outside a vehicle body.

Abstract: An electropneumatic trailer control-valve unit for a vehicle, including a storage port for coupling a store of compressed air for a trailer, a brake-pressure port, a brake-pressure pilot-control unit configured to output at least one first control pressure, a brake-pressure main-valve unit configured to receive the at least one first control pressure and to output a brake pressure at a brake-pressure port, a trailer operating-pressure port configured to receive a trailer operating pressure, and a pneumatically switched trailer protection valve with a protection-valve control port which is connected to the trailer operating-pressure port for receiving the trailer operating pressure, wherein the trailer protection valve switches from a first switching position into a second switching position if the trailer operating pressure exceeds a predetermined first threshold value, and wherein the trailer operating pressure is a supply control pressure.

Abstract: A braking system for a motor vehicle includes a hydraulic service brake for braking the motor vehicle in driving operation, an electric parking brake for holding the motor vehicle at a standstill, and an electronic control system for automatically controlling the parking brake and the service brake. The electronic control system may be adapted to activate the parking brake, with the service brake activated, after the motor vehicle has been braked to the standstill via the activated service brake, and to at least partly deactivate the activated service brake after the parking brake has been activated. The electronic control system may also be adapted to deactivate the activated parking brake following operation of an accelerator pedal of the motor vehicle.

Abstract: An electrified vehicle includes a controller programmed to implement performance mode control of first and second electric machines and wheel brakes associated with wheels of respective first and second axles to provide a braking force to a first axle while providing torque to the second axle to intentionally spin the tires of the second axle to provide a peelout and associated heating or smoking of the tires to improve traction and provide a visual display of power. The maneuver may be repeated for the first axle by providing torque to the first axle while applying braking force to the second axle. A sequential maneuver that spins tires of the first axle followed by tires of the second axle may be performed by specified manipulation of the brake pedal and accelerator pedal.

Abstract: An on-board brake system mounted in an autonomous vehicle comprises a brake unit, a first brake actuator and a second brake actuator for driving the brake unit, and a main ECU for controlling drive of the first and second brake actuators; the second brake actuator is an accumulating actuator; and when an emergency stop switch is depressed, the main ECU operates only the second brake actuator or operates the second brake actuator with precedence over the first brake actuator.

Abstract: A brake control device controls a hydraulic brake that generates hydraulic braking force and an electric parking brake that generates parking braking force different from the hydraulic braking force. The brake control device comprises: a detection unit that detects a parking brake operation for causing the electric parking brake to generate the parking braking force; and a control unit that causes the electric parking brake to generate the parking braking force when the hydraulic braking force per wheel generated by the hydraulic brake, after decreasing below the minimum first braking force per wheel required for maintaining the vehicle stop state only by the electric parking brake, is less than the first braking force, in association with the parking brake operation having been performed in a state where the stop state is maintained only by a hydraulic brake operation for causing the hydraulic brake to generate the hydraulic braking force.

Abstract: A method for monitoring an electric motor of a hydraulic brake system for a motor vehicle, wherein a first torque and a second torque are calculated and compared with one another. A fault can be detected on the basis of the comparison. The invention also relates to an associated electronic control module, to an associated hydraulic brake system and to an associated non-volatile computer-readable storage medium.

Abstract: An aircraft includes a processor, an airframe, a pitch attitude flight control surface coupled with the airframe, a nose wheel coupled with the airframe, main wheels coupled with the airframe, and a brake system coupled with the main wheels. The processor is programmed to determine that the aircraft has entered a braking segment of a landing phase of a flight of the aircraft while the aircraft is on a ground surface and to command the pitch attitude flight control surface with a nose up command during the braking segment in response to determining that the aircraft has entered the braking segment. The nose up command causes the pitch attitude flight control surface to generate a downforce that increases traction between the main wheels and the ground surface due to a weight shift from the nose wheel to the main wheels and directly due to the downforce on the main wheels.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a brake system including (a) a brake stack, (b) a force member moveable between a retracted position and an extended position in response to a brake command, wherein the force member contacts the brake stack in the extended position, and wherein the brake system includes a running clearance defined by a distance between the brake stack and the force member in the retracted position, (c) a sensor in communication with the brake stack to measure a force between the force member and the brake stack in response to the brake command, and (d) a brake control unit configured to determine a running clearance brake command defined as a percentage of a maximum braking force that causes the force member to contact the brake stack, wherein the running clearance brake command is determined based on the force measured by the sensor for a plurality of brake commands.

Abstract: An electronically controllable pneumatic brake system includes a service brake control module for controlling a first and a second service brake circuit, and a trailer control module with a trailer brake pressure connection point for connection to a trailer brake pressure coupling head. The trailer control module outputs a trailer brake pressure via the trailer brake pressure connection point. Upon a malfunction of the first and/or second service brake circuit, the first service brake pressure is controlled depending on the trailer brake pressure; and the second service brake pressure is controlled depending on the trailer brake pressure specified by the trailer control module; and/or the parking brake pressure is controlled directly or depending on the trailer brake pressure specified by the trailer control module. Upon a malfunction of the trailer control module, the trailer brake pressure is controlled depending on the first service brake pressure.

Abstract: The system provides for the control of a railway train for the transport of goods, comprising a plurality of wagons a master locomotive at the head of the train and one or more slave locomotives distributed along the train. The train is equipped with a pneumatic brake pipe which extends along the whole train. The master locomotive is equipped with a master control system for controlling the train, and the at least one slave locomotive is equipped with a slave control system subordinated to the master control system. The master and slave systems can communicate with each other via a radio channel. Each slave system is designed to control traction apparatuses, apparatuses for controlling the pressure in the brake pipe and apparatuses for applying the emergency brake of the corresponding slave locomotive, and for retransmitting signals indicating the status of these apparatuses of the slave locomotive to the master system.

Abstract: A method for setting an idling speed of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, in which the idling speed of the internal combustion engine is increased if a predetermined power request within an on-board power system of the motor vehicle is detected, wherein a generator for electrically supplying the on-board power system is driven by the internal combustion engine, and wherein the internal combustion engine is connected to a transmission of the motor vehicle, wherein the connection between the internal combustion engine and the transmission is disconnected, and/or a predetermined braking force is made available by means of at least one brake of the motor vehicle if the predetermined power request is detected.

Abstract: The braking control device generates braking force by operating an electric motor to press a friction member against a wheel-fixed rotary member. The braking control device includes: a wheel speed sensor detecting wheel speed; a rotation angle sensor detecting a motor rotation angle; a drive circuit driving the motor; and a controller controlling the drive circuit. The controller sets a current limit circle within d-axis/q-axis current characteristics of the motor based on specifications of the drive circuit, calculates a voltage limit circle within the d-axis/q-axis current characteristics based on the rotation angle, executes slip suppression control for reducing the degree of wheel slip based on the wheel speed, calculates d-axis and q-axis target current values based on intersection points of the current limit circle and the voltage limit circle when execution of slip suppression control begins, and controls the drive circuit based on the d-axis and q-axis target current values.

Abstract: A master pressure control device of an electric booster sets an upper limit of current supplied to an electric motor in accordance with an operation amount of an input member to a current limit value A when a condition for limiting the driving of the electric motor is satisfied due to a decrease of voltage of a vehicle power source. The master pressure control device sets the upper limit of the current supplied to the electric motor in accordance with the operation amount of the input member to a current limit value B when the condition for limiting the driving of the electric motor is cancelled due to restoration of the voltage of the vehicle power source to normal while a brake pedal is operated. The current limit value B is larger than the current limit value A used when the driving of the electric motor is limited.

Abstract: Methods and systems for controlling the parking brakes of a vehicle are provided. The system comprises a first brake unit; a second brake unit; a third brake unit; a fourth brake unit; a first controller powered by a first power source; a second controller powered by a second power source and communicatively coupled to the first controller via a first and second communication link; and a third controller powered by the first power source and communicatively coupled to the first controller via a third communication link and to the second controller via a fourth communication link, wherein the second controller, based at least in part on a signal received from the first controller, operates the first brake unit and the fourth brake unit, and the third controller, based at least in part on the signal received from the first controller, operates the second brake unit and the third brake unit.

Abstract: An automatic parking control device includes an automatic parking controller that carries out automatic parking control, and a park-by-wire controller in which a park lock is automatically engaged when automatic parking is completed at a target stopping position by the automatic parking control. The park-by-wire controller determines whether a system abnormality would occur, in which the park-by-wire system does not operate normally during the automatic parking control. The automatic parking controller prohibits the starting of the automatic parking control upon determining that the system abnormality would occur before the automatic parking control is started.

Abstract: A trailer mounted proportional brake controller for a towed vehicle and a method of controlling the brakes of a towed vehicle is described. The brake control unit may control the brakes of a towed vehicle. The brake control unit may include a power control unit and a hand control unit. The power control unit may be connected to the brakes of the towed vehicle and the power control unit may be capable of selectively controlling the brakes of the towed vehicle based on a set of braking parameters. The hand control unit may be configured to remotely communicate with the power control unit. The hand control unit may be capable of transmitting information to the power control unit to adjust at least one of the braking parameters and receiving information from the power control unit.

Abstract: Brake system of a motor vehicle having front wheels and rear wheels having a hydraulic service brake device. The system further includes an electrically actuatable pressure-providing device, wherein the pressure-providing device is connected to the first and second wheel brakes, comprising a parking brake device having electric-motor-actuatable wheel brakes at the rear wheels, and an electronic open-loop and closed-loop control unit, wherein in a hydraulic fallback operating mode of the brake system, in the case of a brake pedal actuation by a vehicle driver, only the first wheel brakes are connected to the master brake cylinder and supplied with pressure by the driver by the master brake cylinder, while the rear wheels are braked by the electric-motor-actuatable wheel brakes.

Abstract: A method for operating an automated locking brake in a motor vehicle includes setting a defined deceleration of the vehicle with the locking brake during a locking brake process, shutting-off activation of the locking brake when a shut-off condition has been satisfied, and taking into account at least one predicted value of the locking brake process in the shut-off condition.

Abstract: An apparatus for operating an electric parking brake of a vehicle includes a generator and a control device. The generator is designed to provide energy for supplying the electric parking brake of the vehicle with energy, and the control device is designed to activate the generator for supplying the electric parking brake with energy depending on a result of a monitoring of an energy supply to the electric parking brake.

Abstract: A motor vehicle system comprising a first electric parking brake actuation unit assigned to a first vehicle wheel, and a second electric parking brake actuation unit assigned to a second vehicle wheel. The system further comprises a first control unit which includes at least one first microprocessor and which is designed to control at least the first electric parking brake actuation unit and an anti-lock and/or vehicle stability control system. A second control unit of the system comprises at least one second microprocessor and is designed to control at least the second electric parking brake actuation unit and an electric braking power generator and/or an automatic transmission. In some variants, a separate parking brake control unit can be dispensed with as the braking brake control function is shared between control units that can be used for other purposes.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an electronic brake system using an integrated sensor, which includes a hydraulic block configured to distribute and supply a fluid to a wheel brake, and having a through-hole penetrated at both sides thereof, a sensor module installed at one side of the hydraulic block having the through-hole, for sensing a linear displacement of a brake pedal and a position of a motor, and an electronic control unit installed to a side of the hydraulic block opposite to the sensor module, in order to determine a movement distance of the pedal, based on the linear displacement of the pedal sensed by the sensor module, and control rotation of the motor depending on the linear displacement of the pedal.

Abstract: A brake controller has a control dial with a series of full color LEDs arranged around the dial. The dial with its LEDs is in a module mounted on the dash of the towing vehicle and connected by a cable to a main module mounted out of sight. The dial is a rotary encoder pushbutton mounted on the same circuit board as the LED chips. Status information is output using the LEDs primarily based on color. Substantially all setting input is provided solely by user manipulation of the dial, pushing the dial in to change setting input mode, with the value of the input reflected in the number of LEDs being lit in a color corresponding to the brake controller setting being changed, as the user rotates the dial either clockwise or counterclockwise to change setting values.

Abstract: A braking system includes a brake actuator, a control valve, a control assembly, at least one pressure sensor, and at least one flow sensor. The control valve is disposed to direct hydraulic fluid to the brake actuator at a rate corresponding to a magnitude of a control signal. The at least one flow sensor and the at least one pressure sensor, in communication with the control assembly, are disposed between the control valve and the brake actuator and configured to measure a respective flow rate and pressure of the hydraulic fluid to the brake actuator. The control assembly is configured to ramp the control signal from a first signal level to a second signal level at a predetermined rate of change. The control assembly is configured to determine a flow-based position of the brake actuator based on the flow rate.

Abstract: A method for detecting a fail of an electronic parking brake may include: detecting, by an electronic control unit (ECU), a current applied to a motor during a parking operation of an eDIH parking brake, and detecting a current inflection point at which the slope of the current is changed, the slope of the current having started to rise in a load generation section following a no-load section after a starting current of the motor was generated; and comparing, by the ECU, the current value of the detected current inflection point to a current value of a preset reference current inflection point, and recognizing that a fail occurred during the parking operation of the eDIH parking brake, when the current value of the detected current inflection point is different by a preset error range or more from the current value of the reference current inflection point.

Abstract: An electric motor-driven parking brake of a motor vehicle can be released in an emergency by applying emergency current from a parallel emergency current source to the motors controlling the parking brake. The direction of the emergency current is selected to reverse the motors, i.e., release the parking brake.

Abstract: A method for operating a brake system with an automated parking brake for a motor vehicle, includes detecting a defined fault. The method further includes activating a parking mode of the parking brake automatically when the defined fault is detected. The automated parking brake is operable in different operating modes, a first operating mode corresponding to a drive mode and a second operating mode corresponding to the parking mode.

Abstract: A system of automation components, having a control unit, having a memory area which includes a parameter data record, and a key memory, which is able to be connected to the control unit via an unambiguously allocatable, electrically conductive connection. The key memory is location-bound, in particular able to be spatially fixedly allocatable to a specific point in a system as a whole, the key memory having at least one non-volatile memory area, including an unambiguous item of identifying information. The control unit is able to read out the identifying information. The system also includes an external data memory, which is able to be directly accessed, and data is able to be exchanged between the control unit and the external data memory.

Abstract: A method for decelerating a robot axis arrangement having at least one output link includes steps of applying a braking force on the output link with a brake and, in so doing, controlling a driving force of a drive that acts on the output link, and/or controlling the braking force on the basis of a dynamic variable of the output link, wherein the dynamic variable is a function of the braking force.

Abstract: An electric-brake controller includes an antilock controller configured to control a pressing force of an electric brake. The electric brake includes a pressing member that is advanced by rotation of an electric motor in a forward direction to press a friction member against a brake rotation member. The electric brake includes a return spring that applies a spring force such that the pressing member is moved away from the brake rotation member. The antilock controller includes a pressing-force reducer that reduces the pressing force. The pressing-force reducer includes: a reverse-rotation-current supplier that supplies reverse-rotation current for rotating the electric motor in a reverse direction for a reverse-rotation-current supply time; and a forward-rotation-current supplier that supplies forward-rotation current, for rotating the electric motor in the forward direction, to the electric motor after the reverse-rotation current is supplied for the reverse-rotation-current supply time.