Abstract: A system and method for biasing one or more arrays of photovoltaic modules. An array of biasing photovoltaic modules is coupled to an array of photovoltaic modules to be biased. The coupling may be via a current regulating device. The array of biasing photovoltaic modules and current regulating device provide a forward bias current to the array of photovoltaic modules to be biased. The array of biasing photovoltaic modules includes more photovoltaic modules than the array of photovoltaic modules to be biased.

Abstract: An electrical system architecture has at least two sources of electrical power, each delivering power to an individual AC bus. The individual AC buses are connected by a tie bus. A first source of electric power delivers power into a first AC bus, and the first AC bus delivers power to a first set of users. A supply current sensor is between the first source of power and the first AC bus. A tie bus output sensor senses output power from the AC bus being delivered onto the tie bus. A plurality of user output current sensors sense current passing to each of the plurality of users. A control is operable to compare a sensed current in the supply current sensor, and sum the current in the tie bus output sensor, and the plurality of user output sensors. If the sum of the output sensors differs by more than a predetermined amount from the current sensed by the supply sensor, the control identifies a fault. The first AC bus is then disconnected from the tie bus.

Abstract: A current supply arrangement with p first current supply devices and a second current supply device, n first transformers having a secondary winding with several taps. The secondary windings of each first transformer in each first current supply device are connected with one another via a power controller at a first node. The first node together with a tap for a reference potential of the at least one secondary winding of the first transformer, to which the first current supply device is connected, forms a first output, to which a series connection of loads, in particular polysilicon rods in a reactor for producing polysilicon according to the Siemens process, are connected, wherein the second current supply device has at an input with n terminals and q converter groups for converting n-phase AC current into m-phase AC current and the input is connected with the q converter groups.

Abstract: A solar power system includes a solar cell module, a main system and at least one sub system. The solar cell module includes at least one first solar cell unit and one second solar cell unit coupled in series. The first solar cell unit is configured to have an available maximum output current greater than that of the second solar cell unit. The main system is electrically coupled to the solar cell module and simultaneously supplied with electrical power by the first solar cell unit and the second solar cell unit both. The at least one sub system is electrically coupled to the solar cell module and supplied with electrical power by the first solar cell unit only. A solar cell module and a power providing method thereof are also provided.

Abstract: Generally, systems, devices, and methods for a generalized architecture for power and networking in robotic systems is presented. On a robotic chassis, a branching cable harness routes multiple power connections and communications interfaces from an onboard computer and multiple power supplies to various locations on the chassis. Each branch carries all the power and communications connections that are needed by various peripherals, and all the branches terminate with identical connectors. A custom patch cable for each peripheral, such as a camera, taps the appropriate power and communications interfaces from the branches for the peripheral. The peripherals can be relocated on the chassis by unplugging their respective patch cables from the central cable, relocating, and then plugged the patch cables into the nearest branch.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are power management systems for controlling recorded electrical demand by isolating loads from a utility distribution grid connection. The loads are isolated when an energy storage system (ESS) is placed in series between the loads and the grid, with a charger that keeps the ESS from depleting and a power converter that provides energy to the loads from the ESS. A system controller may be enabled to manage the charging of the ESS by the charger relative to a consumption metric. In some embodiments, the loads are categorized, controlled, or curtailed by the controller and may be isolated from other loads. Some embodiments include bypass features or bimodal connections. Additional methods of control to prevent depletion of the ESS are also set forth. Systems herein can prevent or limit demand charges, protect the utility grid from backflow and other dangers, and raise the customer's effective utility service limit.

Abstract: A charging device includes a power conditioning device configured to be coupled to an electric power source by an electrical distribution bus. The power conditioning device is further configured to receive alternating current (AC) volt-amperes from the electric power source, convert a first amount of the AC volt-amperes received into direct current (DC) power, and supply the DC power to at least one load. The charging device also includes a controller coupled to the power conditioning device. The controller is configured to determine a second amount of volt-amperes that the charging device has a capacity to supply in addition to the DC power supplied, and control the power conditioning device to supply volt-amperes reactive to the electrical distribution bus using at least a portion of the second amount of volt-amperes.

Abstract: A DC power supply system and a control method, which can continue charging of a storage battery with a constant current even if an assist current is needed due to, for example, overload during charging of the storage battery and can suppress a current output from the storage battery as much as possible.

Abstract: A system for charging at least one energy reservoir cell in a controllable energy reservoir which serves to control and supply electrical energy to an n-phase electrical machine where n?1. The controllable energy reservoir has n parallel energy supply branches that each have at least two energy reservoir modules, connected in series, that each encompass at least one electrical energy reservoir cell having an associated controllable coupling unit, and are connected to a reference bus and to a respective phase of the electrical machine. As a function of control signals, the coupling units interrupt the respective energy supply branch, bypass the respectively associated energy reservoir cells, or switch the respectively associated energy reservoir cells into the respective energy supply branch.

Abstract: An SNMP network comprises a power manager with an SNMP agent in TCP/IP communication over a network with an SNMP network manager. The power manager is connected to control several intelligent power modules each able to independently control the power on/off status of several network appliances. Power-on and load sensors within each intelligent power module are able to report the power status of each network appliance to the SNMP network manager with MIB variables in response to GET commands. Each intelligent power module is equipped with an output that is connected to cause an interrupt signal to the network appliance being controlled. The SNMP network manager is able to test which network appliance is actually responding before any cycling of the power to the corresponding appliance is tried.

Abstract: A power distribution system includes a plurality of power sources for generating power. Also included is at least one power routing element in operable communication with each of the plurality of power sources, the at least one power routing element being configured to selectively receive power from the plurality of power sources. Further included is at least one load in operable communication with the at least one power routing element, wherein the at least one power routing element controllably determines which of the plurality of power sources to selectively receive power from.

Abstract: A vertical-mount network remote power management outlet strip embodiment of the present invention comprises a long, thin outlet strip body with several independently controllable power outlet sockets distributed along its length. A power input cord is provided at one end, and this supplies AC-operating power to relays associated with each of the power outlet sockets. The relays are each addressably controlled by a microprocessor connected to an internal I2C-bus serial communications channel. The power-on status of each relay output to the power outlet sockets is sensed and communicated back on the internal I2C-bus. A device-networking communications processor with an embedded operating system translates messages, status, and controls between the internal I2C-bus and an Ethernet port, and other external networks.

Abstract: A power management device can include a power management device housing, a power input associated with the power management device housing, and a plurality of power outputs associated with the power management device housing. At least certain power outputs can be connectable to one or more electrical loads external to the power management device housing and to the power input. In some embodiments, a communications bus can be associated with the power management device housing and one or more power control sections can also be associated with the power management device housing. In some embodiments, one or more power control sections can communicate with the communications bus and with one or more corresponding power outputs among the plurality of power outputs. In some embodiments, a power information display can communicate with the communications bus.

Abstract: A power supply device includes a power distribution unit (PDU) and a plurality of power supply units (PSUs). The PSUs are all electrically connected to the PDU and structurally integrated therewith. The PDU receives an external three-phase alternating current (AC) voltage and transforms the three-phase AC voltage into three types of single-phase AC voltages having different phases. Each of the PSUs receives one of the three types of single-phase AC voltages, regulates the received single-phase AC voltage, and outputs the regulated single-phase AC voltage for supplying electric power.

Abstract: An auxiliary equipment system includes at least one auxiliary load bus configured to receive electric power having a voltage within a first voltage tolerance range. The auxiliary equipment system also includes at least one electric power supply conduit coupled to at least one electric power source. The electric power supply conduit is configured to transmit electric power having a voltage within a second voltage tolerance range. The second voltage tolerance range is greater than the first voltage tolerance range. The auxiliary equipment system further includes at least one controlled series transformer coupled to the auxiliary load bus and to the electric power supply conduit. The controlled series transformer is configured to receive electric power having a voltage within the second voltage tolerance range and transmit electric power having a voltage within the first voltage tolerance range.

Abstract: A transient voltage suppression circuit includes a voltage suppression circuit, a switch activation circuit, and a solid-state switch. The switch activation circuit is configured to selectively supply a switch activation signal. The solid-state switch is electrically connected in series with the voltage suppression circuit, is coupled to receive the switch activation signal selectively supplied by the switch activation circuit, and is configured, in response to the switch activation signal, to switch from an OFF state to an ON state.

Abstract: Methods and mechanisms to simultaneously regulate two or more supply voltages provided to an integrated circuit by a voltage regulator. In an embodiment of the invention, a voltage regulation message exchanged between the integrated circuit and the voltage regulator includes an identifier indicating two or more supply voltages selected from a plurality of supply voltages provided to the integrated circuit by the voltage regulator, where the voltage regulation message relates to the indicated two or more supply voltages. In another embodiment, the voltage regulation message indicates a desired supply voltage level to which the indicated two or more supply voltages are to transition.

Abstract: A network can comprise a power manager with a network agent in communication over a network with a network manager. The power manager can be connected to control several intelligent power modules each able to independently control the power on/off status of several network appliances. Power-on and load sensors within each intelligent power module can report the power status of each network appliance to the network manager with variables in response to commands. Each intelligent power module can be equipped with an output that is connected to cause an interrupt signal to the network appliance being controlled. The network manager can test which network appliance is actually responding before any cycling of the power to the corresponding appliance is tried.

Abstract: A semiconductor integrated circuit includes: a plurality of domains each supplied power supply voltage from corresponding one of a plurality of power supply units; and a plurality of operation control units each connected to corresponding one of the plurality of domains and controlling an operational state of the corresponding domain, wherein each of the domain transmits a operation change request to the corresponding operation control unit, the operation change request representing a request for a change of the operational state with a change in current value of the domain, and the operation control unit calculates a current change rate of the domain resulted from the change of operational state upon receiving the operation change request, and transmits a response signal approving the change of operational state to the corresponding domain in case of the current change rate is within a specified value.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a central processing unit (CPU), a number of power supply units (PSUs), a north bridge, a south bridge, and a baseboard management controller (BMC). The number of power supply units (PSUs) supplies power to the CPU. Each PSU has a rated power. The north bridge is connected to the CPU. The south bridge is connected to the north bridge. The BMC is connected to the CPU by the north and south bridges. The BMC detects power supply states of each PSU and controls the north bridge to adjust a power consumption of the CPU according to the power supply states of the PSUs.

Abstract: A novel circuit scheme and control includes a plurality of identical DC-DC converters with an optimal modulation/harmonic controller and a load balancing portion or process in an integral and systematic design methodology. The modulation/harmonic controller can be configured to control the individual modules in an optimal and coordinated way in the time domain so as to substantially reduce or eliminate a large amount of high-frequency input current harmonics, thus reducing EMI, weight, and size and increasing redundancy. The load balancing portion or process can balance the loads on the converters in real time or offline.

Abstract: A power distribution system comprises a power supply, a plurality of loads connected to one of the power supply and ground and a plurality of pulse generators, each pulse generator connected to each of the plurality of loads, configured to generate pulses to connect the plurality of loads to the other one of the power supply and ground at predetermined frequencies.

Abstract: Power is provided to one or more devices in a system that includes a hierarchical power smoothing environment having multiple tiers. In response to a peak in power usage by the one or more devices, power is provided from a first power smoothing component in a first tier of the multiple tiers. Additionally, power is provided to the one or more devices from power smoothing components in each of other tiers of the multiple tiers if the power smoothing component in a next lower tier of the multiple tiers is unable to provide sufficient power for the peak in power usage. If the power smoothing components in the multiple tiers are unable to provide sufficient power for the peak in power usage, then performance of at least one of the one or more devices is reduced in response to the peak in power usage.

Abstract: A vertical-mount network remote power management outlet strip embodiment of the present invention comprises a long, thin outlet strip body with several independently controllable power outlet sockets distributed along its length. A power input cord is provided at one end, and this supplies AC-operating power to relays associated with each of the power outlet sockets. The relays are each addressably controlled by a microprocessor connected to an internal I2C-bus serial communications channel. The power-on status of each relay output to the power outlet sockets is sensed and communicated back on the internal I2C-bus. A device-networking communications processor with an embedded operating system translates messages, status, and controls between the internal I2C-bus and an Ethernet port, and other external networks.

Abstract: The invention provides a subsea pressure boosting system feasible for operation at subsea step out lengths above 40 km and by control merely from a dry topside or onshore location. The system is distinctive in that it comprises: at least one subsea power step out cable, arranged from a near end at a dry location onshore or topsides to one or more subsea loads such as subsea pumps or subsea compressors at a far end, at the near end at least one source for electric power is connected and the cable is dimensioned for operation at a frequency different from the operation frequency of the connected subsea loads in order to handle the Ferranti effect and electric losses, and at least one passive electric frequency transformer, operatively connected between the subsea step out cable far end and the subsea loads, said transformer is located in a pressure vessel and transforms the operation frequency of the subsea step out cable to a frequency feasible for operation of the connected loads.

Abstract: A technique for power feeding of a common element of an access network from subscribers of the access network connected to the common element through subscriber lines being electric wires or optical fibers, the method comprises providing the subscribers with respective local power sources, and powering the common element from the one or more local power sources by selectively and/or dynamically combining power conducted there-from through the subscriber lines, thereby allowing at least partial operation of the common element.

Abstract: A portable electronic device includes a battery, a central processing unit (CPU), and voltage converting circuit. The battery includes an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) and a signal terminal connected to the EPROM. The CPU includes a read/write control terminal. The voltage converting circuit includes a first power terminal connected to a first power supply, a second power terminal connected to a second power supply, a first port connected to the read/write control terminal through a 1-wire bus, and a second port connected to the signal terminal.

Abstract: A multidirectional electrical power protection system, includes a first power supply and at least a second power supply with each supply being configured for supplying power to a main bus circuit; a first load bus electrically connected to the first power supply and at least the second power supply, at least a second load bus electrically coupled with each of the first power supply and at least the second power supply, the first load bus and the second load bus configured for energizing devices connected to the respective first and second load bus; and at least one smart contactor in coupled with the main bus circuit, the at least one smart contactor being configured for sensing a first current flowing in a first direction through the main bus circuit and for sensing a second current flowing in a second direction through the main bus circuit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for powering up an integrated circuit having a plurality of power domains each coupled to receive power from one of a plurality of power sources, where each power domain includes an internal power detector which senses the power of a plurality of power domains (VDD1, VDD2, VDD3, . . . , VDDn) and compares them to a reference voltage to generate a combined power good (PG) signal. The PG signal is combined with an external system power ok signal at a plurality of AND gate circuits which are respectively powered by the plurality of power domains, thereby generating a plurality of power status signals (POWER_OK) on the destination power domains.

Abstract: A redox battery energy storage system including multiple energy storage stacks having multiple reactor cells is disclosed. Each of the energy storage stacks may include an integrated DC/DC converter configured to convert an output voltage of the stacks to a higher output voltage. The output of the DC/DC converts may be coupled in parallel to an energy storage system output bus. By configuring the energy storage system in this manner, inefficiencies and losses caused by shunt electrical currents in the systems may be decreased.

Abstract: An energy storage means for a drilling rig has a source of power, an AC bus connected to the source of power, a DC bus, a load connected to the DC bus, a rectifier connected to the AC bus and to the DC bus for converting AC power from the source of power to DC power to the load, and an energy storage system connected to the DC bus. The energy storage system can be batteries, capacitors or combinations thereof. A diode is connected between the energy storage means and the DC bus so as to supply power to the load when the DC voltage is less than a DC source voltage. The energy storage system has a nominal voltage slightly lower than a voltage of a AC-to-DC conversion by the rectifier.

Abstract: A variable speed compression system that is driven by a variable frequency high speed motor that receives power from a high frequency generation unit that is driven by a high speed gas turbine is provided. The speed of the turbine may be varied to control the output frequency of the high frequency generation unit, thus controlling the output of the compression system by controlling the speed of the turbine driving the generation unit.

Abstract: A system for selectively regulating current flow to a plurality of electrical devices, being at least partially operative by wireless remote control and including a control assembly connected to at least a first power input and a second power input. The control assembly includes a plurality of outlet sections, each including at least one outlet structured to electrically connect an electrical device to either the first or second power inputs. A timing assembly is operatively structured for time based regulation of current flow from one of the power inputs to one of the outlet sections, wherein another outlet section includes switching capabilities structured to selectively establish a current flow connection with either the first or second power input. A receiver assembly is operatively connected to at least the timing assembly and structured for wireless, operative activation with a remote transmitting unit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system for wirelessly powering an item. A source is configured to send wireless power. A target is configured to receive the wireless power and convert the wireless power to a useable power. A component is connected to and configured to receive the useable power from the target. When the component receives the usable power, the component activates. Also disclosed is an assembly including a system for wirelessly powering a component and a structure for supporting the system and an item.

Abstract: According to a first aspect, the invention relates to a device 1 for saving electric energy providing at least one override operating mode. With the invention it is possible to handle in a particularly optimized way the power supply of appliances such as for example video recorders, decoders, appliances comprising a rechargeable battery, computers, appliances entering the category of large or small electric domestic appliances. According to a second aspect, the invention relates to a configurable device, a system comprising such a device and a configuration method particularly suitable for allowing configuration by the general public of devices comprising at least one microprocessor and a non-volatile memory.

Abstract: A device and method for a generator power module. The power module includes an end generator module and an interior generator module that together form a substantial enclosure. The power module may also include a switchgear module. A base may support the modules and may supply common fuel to each of the generators. The enclosure may include a control system to coordinate the generators as a unit in parallel to a utility grid and to control each generator's power output in response to a power load demand. In other embodiments, the enclosure includes a series of drawer air intake louvers to move air into the enclosure. A method of operating the power module includes activating the generators and controlling the control system to individually operate a generator in the block of generators in response to a power load demand.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a power management system comprising at least one power management subsystem. Each power management subsystem comprises a first power module coupled to a first load and comprising at least one first power supply for supplying power to the first load; a second power module coupled to a second load and comprising at least one second power supply, wherein at least one second power supply is retractably installed in the second power module and selectively coupled to the second load; and a pass-through module comprising at least one pass-through unit retractably installed in the second power module to replace with the at least one second power supply and selectively connecting the first power module to the second load for allowing the first power module to supply power to the second load.

Abstract: This invention generally relates to cable compensation, and is particularly applicable to cable compensation for an AC-DC voltage converter. In one embodiment, a cable compensation apparatus for compensating voltage drop of a cable connected between an electrical power supply and an electrical device comprises: a first capacitor; a timer circuit to time a predetermined time period; a current source to supply to said first capacitor during substantially said predetermined time period a first current substantially proportional to an output current outputted by the power supply to the cable; and a control circuit to adjust an output voltage outputted by said power supply to said cable dependent on a voltage on said first capacitor. The compensation in some embodiments is programmable by means of a discrete capacitor component.

Abstract: A power system for actively maintaining operation includes a power supply unit electrically connected to a commercial power source, a back panel electrically connected to the power supply unit and an ON/OFF control unit. The power supply unit has an OFF state and an operating state to convert the power provided by the commercial power source for outputting. The back panel converges the output of the power supply unit and provides a driving power. The ON/OFF control unit has an input detection terminal electrically connected to the commercial power source to detect whether the commercial power source supplies power and at least one operation signal terminal to output an operation signal upon judging that the commercial power source supplies power to drive the power supply unit to enter the operating state.

Abstract: A power supply includes multiple power cells and a master control system in communication with each of the power cells. The master controller includes a control processor configured to receive power cell control information and a host in communication with the control processor wherein the host is configured to receive command and status information.

Abstract: A power supply potential detecting circuit detects a power supply potential of a second circuit block when a first circuit block shifts from a power supply shutdown state to a power supply feeding state or shifts from the power supply feeding state to the power supply shutdown state. Then, an operation control circuit temporarily stops a function of the second circuit block when the first circuit block shifts from the power supply shutdown state to the power supply feeding state or shifts from the power supply feeding state to the power supply shutdown state and then recovers the function of the second circuit block based on a detection result outputted from the power supply potential detecting circuit.

Abstract: A direct current bus management system can include a power management and distribution unit, having a source management section, a bus management section coupled to the source management section, a load management section coupled to the bus management section, a DC bus coupled to the power management and distribution unit, a plurality of DC sources coupled to the source management section and a plurality of loads coupled to the load management section, wherein the bus management section is configured to reconfigure excess DC power on the DC bus from the DC inputs from the plurality of DC sources based on a plurality of priorities, a plurality of feedback signals and a plurality of system parameters.

Abstract: Systems and methods for a multichannel power supply are disclosed. The multichannel power supply includes a front end circuit configured to receive an input voltage and to provide a regulated front end direct current (DC) voltage. A multichannel source circuit is coupled to the front-end circuit. The multichannel source circuit includes a controller, a reference voltage circuit, and a plurality of source circuits. Each source circuit in the plurality of source circuits represents a distinct output channel of the multichannel power supply. The multichannel source circuit is configured to generate a constant current output for each source circuit in the plurality of source circuits. Each load in a plurality of loads is connected to a corresponding source circuit in the plurality of source circuits and is configured to receive the corresponding constant current output via the corresponding source circuit.

Abstract: A battery pack power system includes a plurality of modular, portable, battery modules having various capacities that can be mixed and matched with one another to suit any of a wide variety applications or provide the desired power to any of a wide variety of loads at off-grid locations. The individual battery modules are stackable or otherwise nestable or connectable with one another to permit multiple users to each separately transport a module to a desired location and then combine the modules to assemble the battery power pack. One or more flexible connectors are provided for electrically chaining the assembled battery modules to one another and that permit only one-way, correct-orientation connection of the battery modules to one another, and have no exposed electrically conductive surfaces. An inverter module is connectable to any one of the battery modules, and operates to deliver 110 VAC in a first mode and 220 VAC in a second mode to provide electrical power to a wide variety of electrical loads.

Abstract: Provided is an energy and power management integrated circuit (IC) device. The energy and power management IC device includes a plurality of energy conversion devices for harvesting energy from respective energy conversion sources and converting the energy into electric energy, an energy management IC (EMIC) for converting the electric energy converted by the energy conversion devices into stable energy, a storage device for storing the energy or power converted by the EMIC, a power management IC (PMIC) for receiving and distributing the power stored in the storage device, and a plurality of output load devices for consuming the power distributed by the PMIC. Accordingly, it is possible to harvest energy in an environmentally friendly way and semi-permanently use the energy without changing a battery.

Abstract: A renewable energy management system includes a load center that enables current flow into a renewable energy system generated from one or more sources and facilitates consumption of generated energy by one or more devices in the renewable energy system, and a smart meter that tracks energy flow in and out of the load center to measure energy consumption and energy production for the renewable energy system. The system also includes an energy manager in communication with the smart meter and at least one of the devices, wherein the energy manager signals the at least one of the devices to function as an energy storage device for storing excess renewable energy generated by the renewable energy system.

Abstract: Systems and methods for governing a signal waveform of a signal flowing through a component of a power transmission system that includes a plurality of switch-mode power processors and may be a polyphase system. At least one of current and voltage is integrally monitored at each of a plurality of locations on the power system and is characterized relative to specified constraints. When a monitored voltage or current is outside of the specified constraints, the voltage or current is modified by changing at least one of the time delay or phase characteristics of at least one of the source, load and transmission elements on the power transmission system.

Abstract: A renewable power transmission overlay for generating electrical power of regional extent includes three types of generators for generating electrical power from wind, solar radiation and biomass, along with a plurality of region-wide transmission facilities with each region-wide transmission facility having at least one collection facility for collecting electric power from at least one of the generators for generating electrical power. Inter-regional transmission facilities are included which selectively couple the electric power generated by at least two of the types of electrical generators and at least one substation electrical facility is coupled to each of the collection facilities of the region-wide transmission facilities for downloading the electrical power generated to a local electrical transmission grid which, preferably, firms the electric power that is generated, transmitted and downloaded to the local electrical transmission grid.

Abstract: The operation and/or power of a plurality of energy loads and/or energy supplies configured to supply power to the energy loads are managed in a coordinated manner. The coordinated control over the energy loads and/or energy supplies may enable the execution of missions including a one or more objectives by energy loads with an enhanced efficiency, autonomy, and/or effectiveness. Aspects of the planning and/or management of execution of the missions may be automated according to predetermined rules and/or criteria.

Abstract: Disclosed in an active power management architecture, including a remote power management system having a database; a power distribution unit communicated with the remote power management system through an internal network; a plurality of electronic devices each includes a power supply unit; and a plurality of transmission cables respectively connected to the power distribution unit and the power supply units of the electronic devices for outputting power of the power distribution unit to the power supply units. The information of the power supply units is transmitted from the power supply units to the power distribution unit through the transmission cables in compliance with a power line communication protocol, and the power distribution unit is configured to transmit the information to the database, such that the remote power management system gives an instruction to the power distribution unit to control the power distribution unit and the power supply units.