Abstract: A photovoltaic system includes an inverter, a controller, and at least two converters. An input terminal of each of the at least two converters are connected to a corresponding photovoltaic module, and output terminals of the at least two converters are connected in series and connected to an input terminal of the inverter. The controller is configured to set a voltage limiting value of at least one of the at least two converters, so that an output voltage of the at least one converter is less than or equal to the voltage limiting value when the converter works in a voltage limiting mode. The voltage limiting value of the at least one converter is proportional to an open circuit voltage of the photovoltaic module connected to an input terminal of the converter. Open circuit voltages of different photovoltaic modules vary with different parameters or models of the photovoltaic modules.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an islanding detection method for an inverter and a corresponding apparatus. The islanding detection method includes: step A1: obtaining a parameter of an output voltage of a three-phase AC system and a steady-state value corresponding to the parameter within a period of time; step A2: obtaining a disturbance signal based on the parameter and the steady-state value; step A3: superimposing the disturbance signal on at least one reference value of a droop control; and step A4: detecting the parameter added with the disturbance signal, and determining that island occurs in response to the parameter greater than an upper limit or less than a lower limit.

Abstract: A power supply system includes a plurality of sweep modules that is connected to a main line. Each sweep module includes a switching element that switches between connection and disconnection between a battery module and the main line and is formed of a MOSFET. A failure detecting device of the power supply system includes a temperature detecting unit configured to detect temperatures of the plurality of sweep modules and a failure determining unit configured to determine whether a difference between a temperature of one sweep module selected from the plurality of sweep modules and a reference temperature which is determined based on the temperatures of other sweep modules is greater than a predetermined threshold value.

Abstract: A semiconductor device and a power-off method of the semiconductor device, the semiconductor device including a first power source group including first and second power sources, a second power source group including a third power source and a power sequence controller. The power sequence controller performs power-on operations and power-off operations of the first to third power sources. The power sequence controller starts a power-off operation of the first power source group at a first time, and starts a power-off operation of the second power source group when the power voltage of the first power source group becomes a first voltage or when a first reference time has passed from the first time.

Abstract: Examples of the disclosure include a power system comprising an input to receive input power, an output to provide power to a load, a sensor configured to provide load information indicative of power drawn by the load, a plurality of power modules, each having a power module input configured to be coupled to the input, and a power module output configured to be coupled to the output, and a controller coupled to the power modules and the sensor, and being configured to control the power modules to provide power to the output, receive the load information from the sensor, select, based on the load information, at least one power module to maintain in an active state to provide power to the output, and deactivate each power module other than the at least one power module based on selecting the at least one power module to maintain in the active state.

Abstract: Unique systems, methods, techniques and apparatuses of hybrid power plants are disclosed. One exemplary embodiment is a hybrid power plant system including a plurality of hybrid generation units each including an AC collection bus, an AC power source, an AC-AC power converter coupled to the AC power source and AC collection bus, a DC power source, a DC-AC converter coupled to the DC power source and the AC collection bus, an energy storage device, and a power transformer coupled to the AC collection bus and structured to receive AC power from the AC collection bus, step up a voltage of the received AC power, and output medium voltage AC (MVAC) power.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a plurality of photovoltaic modules including at least a first and a second photovoltaic module having outputs connected in series by a bus. A voltage detection circuit detects a bus voltage at an output of the bus, to provide an indicator of detected bus voltage to the first photovoltaic module, and to provide the indicator of detected bus voltage to the second photovoltaic module.

Abstract: Devices and methods for electrically decoupling a solar module from a solar system are described. In one embodiment, a solar system includes a string of a plurality of solar modules coupled with an inverter through a DC power line. An AC input is coupled with the DC power line. A device is also included and is configured to provide a closed circuit for one of the plurality of solar modules if an AC signal voltage from the AC input is present on the DC power line, and is configured to provide an open circuit for the one of the plurality of solar modules if no AC signal voltage from the AC input is present on the DC power line.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a controller, a switching block, and a three-phase bidirectional AC/DC converter. The switching block has a first interface connected to a power grid, a second interface connected to an electric motor, and a third interface connected to the three-phase bidirectional AC/DC converter that includes first, second, and third single-phase AC/DC conversion modules, and which have inputs and outputs joined at an output node, and a respective transformer configured to provide electrical isolation. In a first mode of operation, the switching block connects the power grid to the AC/DC converter for charging a battery connected to the output node and disconnects the electric motor. In a second mode of operation, the switching block disconnects the power grid and connects the electric motor to the AC/DC converter which is controlled to convert DC power drawn from the battery to energize the electric motor.

Abstract: A universal analog cell that has electronic circuits that can be configured with a processor using a program designed for connection to one or more of a large range of various sensor and actuator types. The cell may have just a few terminals, for example four terminals, that can be configured for a wide range of components. A sensor or actuator which inherently requires several terminals may be implemented using all the terminals of the cell, but the cell may also support multiple input or output features as long as each of these features requires less than all terminals of the cell.

Abstract: A power transistor driving apparatus includes: a field-effect type transistor; an insulated gate type bipolar transistor, which is connected to the field-effect type transistor in parallel; a first driving circuit generating a first gate voltage to turn on the insulated gate type bipolar transistor, the first gate voltage applied to a gate of the insulated gate type bipolar transistor; a second driving circuit adjusting a second gate voltage to turn on or off the field-effect type transistor, the second gate voltage applied to a gate of the field-effect type transistor; a detection circuit detecting whether the insulated gate type bipolar transistor is turned on when the first driving circuit generates the first gate voltage. The second driving circuit generates the second gate voltage to turn on the field-effect type transistor when the detection circuit detects that the insulated gate type bipolar transistor is turned on.

Abstract: There is provided a commercial refrigerator vehicle for the transport of refrigerated produce, the commercial refrigerator vehicle comprising a wheeled chassis, a cab, an internal combustion engine, a refrigerator compartment on the wheeled chassis, and a refrigerator system for controlling interior temperature of the refrigerator compartment. The refrigerator system includes a refrigerator unit, a dedicated rechargeable electrical energy storage device housed in the cab, a vehicle battery pack chargeable directly or indirectly via the internal combustion engine and a charger for the electrical energy storage device. The charger preferably includes a controller for monitoring an activation status of the internal combustion engine and electrically disconnects the vehicle battery pack from the dedicated rechargeable electrical energy storage device when the internal combustion engine is deactivated. There is further provided a method of charging the refrigerator system via the electrical energy storage device.

Abstract: Electrical systems and related operating methods are provided. One exemplary electrical system includes a sensing arrangement coupled to an electrical grid interface to measure an electrical characteristic of the electrical grid interface, a power conversion module having an output coupled to the electrical grid interface, and a control module coupled to the sensing arrangement and the power conversion module. The control module determines an estimated frequency of the electrical characteristic based on a measured value of the electrical characteristic from the sensing arrangement, adjusts a commanded reactive power for the power conversion module to increase a difference between the estimated frequency and a reference frequency, operates the power conversion module in accordance with the adjusted reactive power command, and thereafter initiates a remedial action when the difference between the estimated frequency and the reference frequency exceeds a threshold amount.

Abstract: Charging circuit includes: DC input terminal; battery terminal; system terminal; first transistor; second transistor; gate controller for controlling turning on/off of first transistor; charging controller for controlling gate voltage of second transistor to control charging of secondary battery; overcurrent protection circuit for comparing an input current flowing in DC input terminal and first transistor with threshold current having multiple steps of values, and vary gate voltage such that on-resistance is increased when input current reaches threshold current; low-voltage detection circuit for comparing voltage at DC input terminal with predetermined threshold voltage, and decrease threshold current of overcurrent protection circuit by one step when voltage of DC input terminal is below predetermined threshold voltage; and DC power detecting unit for determining, when threshold current is at minimum value and voltage of DC input terminal is below threshold voltage, that DC power source is not connected to

Abstract: An integrated module of an OBC and an inverter includes: an OBC primary side circuit and a plurality of transformers converting, when 3-phase alternating current (AC) voltages are received from a fuel station, the 3-phase AC voltages in form and level and transmitting the converted voltages into a secondary side; and an inverter switch turned off in a charge mode in which a high capacity vehicle battery is charged, to rectify an output voltage of a secondary side of each of the plurality of transformers by a body diode included in each switching element for an inverting function.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a chassis, an engine coupled to the chassis, a primary electrical system, and an auxiliary electrical system. The primary electrical system is configured to power one or more electrical loads associated with operation of the vehicle when the engine is running. The primary electrical system includes a primary alternator and a primary battery. The auxiliary electrical system includes an auxiliary alternator configured to generate electrical power, a battery system electrically coupled to the auxiliary alternator and configured to store at least a portion of the electrical power generated by the auxiliary alternator, and an inverter coupled to the battery system. The inverter is configured to at least one of (a) charge the battery system, (b) power a direct current load, and (c) power an alternating current load.

Abstract: An electrical power infeed module for modular electrical power systems selectively provides power to one or more electrical outlets in the system from a single power source, regardless of the number of power sources are engaged by power infeed modules in the system. The power infeed module includes a power infeed cable, a power output cable, and an electrical circuit disposed between the power infeed cable and the power output cable, the electrical circuit being operable to selectively connect the power output cable to the power infeed cable if the power infeed cable is connected to a first power source and the power output cable is not already electrically energized by a second power source. The circuit includes an electrical switch, a sensor for detecting whether the power output cable is electrically energized, and a controller for operating the switch in response to a signal from the sensor.

Abstract: Automatic voltage switching circuits for providing a higher voltage of multiple supply voltages are disclosed. In one aspect, an automatic voltage switching circuit is configured to generate a compare signal indicating which of a first supply voltage and a second supply voltage is a higher voltage. The automatic voltage switching circuit is further configured to generate first and second select signals based on the compare signal, wherein the first and second select signals are in a voltage domain of the higher voltage. Transistors corresponding to the first and second supply voltages control switching the output voltage to the higher voltage in response to the first and second select signals. Biasing the back-gates of the transistors using the output voltage reduces or avoids forward biasing in the body diodes of the transistors, thus reducing the possibility of the output voltage causing interference on a power supply corresponding to a non-activated transistor.

Abstract: In an active mode, a VDD line receives an internal power supply voltage from an external regulator. A VDD_RAM line receives an internal power supply voltage from an internal regulator. A PMOS switch includes a first PMOS transistor having a source and an N-type well connected to the VDD line, and a second PMOS transistor having a source and an N-type well connected to the VDD_RAM line and a drain connected to a drain of the first PMOS transistor. The first PMOS transistor is controlled based on a control command from a system control circuit and a voltage of the VDD_RAM line. The second PMOS transistor is controlled based on the control command and a voltage of the VDD line.

Abstract: A power supply circuit includes a first power supply for a normal power mode, a second power supply for a power saving mode, which is connected in parallel with the first power supply, a controller to which power from the first power supply and power from the second power supply are supplied via a common connection point, and a switch element which is connected between an output terminal of the first power supply and the connection point and controls power that is supplied to the controller, wherein the switch element includes a diode between a source terminal and a drain terminal of the switch element, the drain terminal of the switch element is connected to the first power supply side to prevent current flowing from the connection point toward the first power supply, and the source terminal of the switch element is connected to the connection point side.

Abstract: An area electric power system includes a number of direct current power sources, and a number of inverters operatively associated with the number of direct current power sources. Each of the number of inverters is structured to provide real power and controlled reactive power injection to detect islanding. An output is powered by the number of inverters. A number of electrical switching apparatus are structured to electrically connect the number of inverters to and electrically disconnect the number of inverters from a utility grid. A number of devices are structured to detect islanding with respect to the utility grid responsive to a number of changes of alternating current frequency or voltage of the output.

Abstract: An independent power system provides electrical power to an electric submersible pumping system positioned in a well that produces petroleum products. The independent power system includes a generator and an engine connected to the generator. The engine is preferably provided with combustible gases from the petroleum products of the well. The independent power system further includes an integrated control system that is connected to the electric submersible pumping system and the generator. The independent power system is configured to balance the loads created by the electric submersible pumping system with the output from the electrical generator.

Abstract: A photovoltaic power generation system is discussed. The photovoltaic power generation system includes a solar cell module including a plurality of solar cell groups divided into groupings of the plurality of solar cell groups, each of the plurality of solar cell groups including at least one of one solar cell row which a plurality of solar cells are electrically connected, and a plurality of signal control units connected to the plurality of solar cell groups, respectively, wherein the each of the plurality of signal control units track a maximum power based on the current and the voltage output from each of the plurality of solar cell groups and outputs the maximum power.

Abstract: A power management and distribution (PMAD) system includes first and second power supplies, first and second loads and a matrix of solid state power controllers (SSPCs) connected between the first and second power supplies and the first and second loads. The matrix is configured to selectively supply each of the first and second loads with a plurality of different power levels based on on/off states of the SSPCs of the matrix.

Abstract: A photovoltaic system includes: a photovoltaic generator comprising strings that each includes one or more photovoltaic cells; a power converter; switches; and a controller. The power converter is configured to convert direct current (DC) power provided by the photovoltaic generator into alternating current (AC) power, and to output the AC power. Each switch is associated with one of the strings and is configured to connect the associated string to the power converter when set to a first setting, such that power generated by the first string can flow to the power converter. Each switch is also configured to disconnect the string from the power converter when set to a second setting. The controller is configured to control the power provided by the photovoltaic generator by selectively connecting the strings of the photovoltaic generator to the power converter by controlling the settings of the switches.

Abstract: A turbo charger generator (1) generates power with a generator (7) by driving a gas turbine (3) and a compressor (6) with exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine (2). The generated AC power is supplied to an electric power system (12) via a power conversion unit (8). The power conversion unit (8) has a converter (13) for converting AC power into DC power, a unit (18) for estimating a rotor rotation angle ? based on a rotor magnetic flux, and a control unit (15) for coordinate-converting AC current into DC current by using the rotor rotation angle ? as the reference, and controlling the output DC power of the converter (13) such that the magnitude of the DC current is maintained at a target DC current value.

Abstract: A connection device for detecting connection status is used for detecting that an electrical connector is inserted in upside up position or upside down position. In the connection device, first connecting terminals are disposed on a first side while second connecting terminals are disposed on a second side. When the electrical connector is connected to the connection device, the terminals, which do not establish connection with the electrical connector, contact with a metal housing of the electrical connector. Therefore, at least two of these terminals are short circuited. Through determining which group of the first connecting terminals and the second connecting terminals is short circuited, a control module determines that the electrical connector is inserted in upside up position or upside down position.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, there is provided a power-fluctuation reducing apparatus in a power generation system to control a converter connected to the power generation system and connected to secondary batteries. The power-fluctuation reducing apparatus includes adjusting direct current voltages output from the secondary batteries, respectively, detecting the directing current voltages output from the secondary batteries, respectively, controlling to adjust the direct current voltages output from the secondary batteries to make the direct current voltages uniform, based on the detected direct current voltages, and controlling the converter to reduce power fluctuations in the power generation system.

Abstract: A load control device includes: a main switching unit which has a main switch element connected in series to an AC power source and a load and controls the supply of power to the load; a manipulation switch that outputs a start-up signal for starting at least the load; a control unit which controls the opening and closing of the main switching unit; a first power source unit supplying a stable voltage to the control unit; and a second and a third power source unit each supplying power to the first power source unit. The load control device is characterized in that upon receiving the start-up signal, the control unit outputs an initial drive signal, for closing the main switch element, to the main switching unit before a power source supplying power to the first power source unit is switched from the second to the third power source unit.

Abstract: A wireless power transmission unit according to the present invention transmits power wirelessly from a power transmitting section 100 to a power receiving section 200 through a resonant magnetic field. The unit includes: the power transmitting section 100, which resonates at a resonant frequency f0; at least one relay section 300, which can resonate at a frequency that is selected from multiple frequencies including the resonant frequency f0; and a resonance control section 600 that outputs information that specifies a resonance condition to be imposed on the relay section 300 according to the arrangement of the power receiving section 200 and that makes the relay section 300 resonate on the resonance condition that has been specified in accordance with that information.

Abstract: A system for integrating a wind power generation with a wave power generation includes a wind power generation device, a wave power generation device and a power integration device. The wind power generation device generates a first voltage. The wave power generation device generates a second voltage. The power integration device integrates the first voltage with the second voltage.

Abstract: Devices and methods for electrically decoupling a solar module from a solar system are described. In one embodiment, a solar system includes a string of a plurality of solar modules coupled with an inverter through a DC power line. An AC input is coupled with the DC power line. A device is also included and is configured to provide a closed circuit for one of the plurality of solar modules if an AC signal voltage from the AC input is present on the DC power line, and is configured to provide an open circuit for the one of the plurality of solar modules if no AC signal voltage from the AC input is present on the DC power line.

Abstract: A photovoltaic power generation system is discussed. The photovoltaic power generation system includes a solar cell module having a plurality of solar cell row groups, a plurality of sensing units respectively connected to the plurality of solar cell row groups, a plurality of amplification units respectively connected to the plurality of solar cell row groups, and a signal control unit that detects currents output from the solar cell row groups in response to sensing signals output from the sensing units, controls a plurality of control signals applied to the amplification units based on the decided signal states, tracks a maximum power based on a voltage and a current output from the solar cell module, and outputs the maximum power.

Abstract: A vehicle powering wireless receiver for use with a first electromagnetic resonator coupled to a power supply. The wireless receiver includes a load configured to power the drive system of a vehicle using electrical power, and a second electromagnetic resonator adapted to be housed upon the vehicle and configured to be coupled to the load, wherein the second electromagnetic resonator is configured to be wirelessly coupled to the first electromagnetic resonator to provide resonant, non-radiative wireless power to the second electromagnetic resonator from the first electromagnetic resonator; and wherein the field of at least one of the first electromagnetic resonator and the second electromagnetic resonator is shaped using a conducting surface to avoid a loss-inducing object.

Abstract: With a method whereby reactive power is changed from a fluctuating output to a constant output by a frequency rise or fall monitor circuit stage level being exceeded, and an isolated operation is detected, a problem occurs with a small scale grid in that, as the frequency is liable to fluctuate due to a load fluctuation, there is liable to be a false detection of an isolated operation. In contrast, an abnormal frequency stage detection can be performed such that the frequency at a point when the rising edge of a reactive power fluctuation is detected, and the frequency at a point when the falling edge is detected, are detected sequentially, and an abnormal frequency stage detection is recognized when the order of the difference between the current detection value and the previous detection value is “increase”, “decrease”, “increase”.

Abstract: An operating control device for adjusting the power of a heating device has a rotary knob that has an off position in which said rotary knob is deactivated, and a working position into which said knob can be brought to adjust the power. The working position is predetermined by a lock-in position, and the rotary knob can be rotated over a working angle of a rotation range in at least one direction of rotation from the working position counter to a counterforce that rises as the angle of rotation increases. The operating control device can detect the angle of rotation and uses a control system of the operating control device for adjusting the power. The control system is configured in such a manner that the power is adjusted more rapidly as the angle of rotation increases.

Abstract: A power interchange system for interchanging electric energy between a battery and an electric grid is provided The power interchange system includes a rectifier unit for converting alternating current of the electric grid into direct current for charging the battery; a grid measurement device for measuring an electric parameter of the electric grid, and a controller unit for adjusting the direct current for the charging the battery as a function of the electric parameter of the electric grid. Moreover a method for interchanging electric energy between a battery and an electric grid is provided.

Abstract: A method for controlling a power supply device for at least one electrical machine, having at least one storage device for electric energy (battery) and an inverter equipped with at least one reactor, the inverter having dual functions, being provided for charging (charge operation) the storage device from an in particular stationary power supply system, and for supplying the electrical machine with an alternating current in driving operation. A setpoint charge power is specified for the charge operation, and the reactor current is set accordingly by the inverter. Furthermore, a power supply device is also described.

Abstract: A method includes selectively coupling first and second input nodes of a capacitive bridge to first and second voltages, respectively, and selectively coupling first and second output nodes of the capacitive bridge to first and second output terminals, respectively, during a first phase of a clock cycle. The method further includes selectively coupling the first and second input nodes to the second and first voltages, respectively, and selectively coupling the first and second output nodes to the second and first output terminals, respectively, during a second phase of the clock cycle.

Abstract: A variable capacitance circuit includes: a prescribed node, to which an alternate current signal with a reference potential as a center voltage is applied; a first capacitor connected to the prescribed node; a second capacitor connected between the first capacitor and the reference potential; a third capacitor and a transistor for controlling capacitance, provide between a first node between the second capacitor and the first capacitor, and the reference potential; and a bias circuit which applies a first bias voltage to a second node between the third capacitor and the transistor.

Abstract: A voltage regulator circuit for providing a regulated output voltage is provided. The voltage regulator circuit includes an error amplifier configured to provide a control signal based on at least a portion of a fed-back output voltage and a reference voltage. A first output stage is configured to operate at a first supply voltage and provide the regulated output voltage based on the control signal. At least one second output stage configured to operate at a second supply voltage different from the first supply voltage and provide the regulated output voltage based on the control signal. A switch-over unit is configured to switch over the control signal between the first output stage and the second output stage.

Abstract: A polyphase power management system (PMS) and a method of operating the same. In one embodiment, the PMS includes: (1) a switching unit having a polyphase mains input with a neutral, a backup power input, a rectifier output and an other loads output, (2) a mains monitor/controller coupled to the switching unit and configured to monitor the polyphase mains input and route various phases of the polyphase mains input or the backup power input to the rectifier output and the other loads output based on the number of phases that are nominal at the polyphase mains input.

Abstract: We describe a photovoltaic power conditioning unit for delivering power from multiple photovoltaic panels to an ac mains power supply output, comprising: a dc input for receiving power from multiple photovoltaic panels; an ac output for delivering ac power to the ac supply; a bank of electrolytic energy storage capacitors for storing energy from the dc source for delivery to the ac supply; a dc-to-ac converter coupled to the ac output and having an input coupled to the bank for converting energy stored in the bank to ac power for the ac supply; and further comprising: a plurality of sense and control circuits, one for each capacitor in the bank, wherein each circuit is coupled in series with a capacitor, and is configured to disconnect the associated capacitor from the bank upon detection of a current flow through the associated capacitor of greater than a threshold current value.

Abstract: A protection method in a distributed power system including of DC power sources and multiple power modules which include inputs coupled to the DC power sources. The power modules include outputs coupled in series with one or more other power modules to form a serial string. An inverter is coupled to the serial string. The inverter converts power input from the string and produces output power. When the inverter stops production of the output power, each of the power modules is shut down and thereby the power input to the inverter is ceased.

Abstract: A power regulation system for an electrical grid has a store of electrical energy connected through a first switch to a source of electrical energy. The response time of the store is faster than that of the source. A second switch is connected to the store at one side with the opposite side for connection to the grid. A first controller monitors energy stored in the store and energy available from said source and selectively controls the first switch to close to transfer energy from the source to the store. A second controller monitors energy stored in said store and, on receiving an indication that additional energy is needed in the grid, if the energy stored in the store exceeds a supply threshold, controls the second switch to close to transfer energy from the store to the grid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an HVDC switchyard arranged to interconnect a first part of a DC grid with a second part of the DC grid. By means of the invention, a first part of the DC grid is connected to the busbars of the HVDC switchyard via a fast DC breaker, while further part(s) of the DC grid are connected to the busbars of the HVDC switchyard by means of switchyard DC breakers of lower breaking speed. By use of the inventive HVDC switchyard arrangement, the cost for the HVDC switchyard can be considerably reduced, while adequate protection can be provided. In one embodiment, the fast DC breaker is an HVDC station DC breaker forming part of an HVDC station. In another embodiment, the fast DC breaker is a switchyard DC breaker.

Abstract: Disclosed is a static transfer switch with a modified structure that can selectively supply power from power sources to a load stably and continuously, a power supplying apparatus employing the same, and a switching method thereof. The present invention includes mechanical/electrical contact point switches in parallel to semiconductor switches, and minimizes operation time of the semiconductor switches by turning on/off the mechanical or electrical contact point switches together when the semiconductor switches are turned on/off to reduce a failure rate of the semiconductor switch. Also, the static transfer switch makes a switching unit electrically/mechanically separable from a power source with failure to switch a power supply path and thereby prevent superposition caused by the switching unit. This prevents a problem caused when electrical or mechanical contact point switches simply in parallel, that is, a problem that power sources are turned on simultaneously when the power supply paths are switched.

Abstract: A method of optimizing one or more starting parameters of a solar power generator system and a solar power generator system, wherein the solar power generator system includes a solar panel array and a converter for converting power obtained from the panel array. The method can include measuring an output voltage of the panel array, comparing the output voltage with a starting voltage (Vdc), starting the solar power generator system when the output voltage of the panel array exceeds the starting voltage (Vdc), measuring the obtained power from the solar panel array after a morning start, comparing the obtained power with a known limit value, and changing the one or more starting parameters on the basis of the comparison of power.

Abstract: A fuse box system and method providing for visual and/or remote sensing of interrupted fusing elements is disclosed. The system incorporates LEDs and/or remote sensing apparatus to permit indication of a “blown” fuse and/or circuit protection breaker. This system may be configured for both polarized and/or non-polarized applications and generally provides for indicator illumination when a fuse/breaker is blown. Some preferred embodiments may incorporate current sourcing technologies to permit operation of the system over wide range of system voltages, as well as provisions for wired and/or RF/wireless interrogation of the fuse/breaker status. Alternate embodiments including systems/methods to permit remote sensing of fuse status and/or circuit current monitoring, and may be retrofit within existing fuse/breaker panel systems in some configurations.

Abstract: We describe a photovoltaic power conditioning unit for delivering power from multiple photovoltaic panels to an ac mains power supply output, comprising: a dc input for receiving power from multiple photovoltaic panels; an ac output for delivering ac power to the ac supply; a bank of electrolytic energy storage capacitors for storing energy from the dc source for delivery to the ac supply; a dc-to-ac converter coupled to the ac output and having an input coupled to the bank for converting energy stored in the bank to ac power for the ac supply; and further comprising: a plurality of sense and control circuits, one for each capacitor in the bank, wherein each circuit is coupled in series with a capacitor, and is configured to disconnect the associated capacitor from the bank upon detection of a current flow thorough the associated capacitor of greater than a threshold current value.