Abstract: A circuit interrupting device for providing protection against surge currents is constructed to operate very rapidly. A surge current generates a magnetic field in coils which deflects an electron beam which normally travels from a cathode to an anode to complete an electric circuit.

Abstract: An ion source for emitting an efficient radiation of ion beam having a rectangular cross section includes a set of parallel electrodes to which a microwave power is supplied to generate a microwave electric field in an electrode gap. A DC magnetic field is applied in a direction along the opposing surfaces of the electrodes to provide a microwave discharge in the electrode gap in cooperation with the microwave electric field crossing therewith. The electrode gap or discharge space has a rectangular cross section perpendicular to a direction along which ions produced by the microwave discharge are extracted as an ion beam with a side of the cross section corresponding to the distance between the electrodes being shorter than its side crossing therewith. This allows the efficient generation of the ion beam having the rectangular cross section through one or more extraction electrodes which include rectangular slits corresponding in pattern to the above-mentioned cross section.

Abstract: A xenon lamp equipped with magnets attached to the outside of the tube of the xenon lamp at the positions of the electrodes so that metal vapor and other volatile matter emitted from the electrodes at the time of glow discharge is attracted onto the inner wall of the tube at the positions of magnets due to the magnetic field of the magnets, whereby blackening and white turbidity on the light-transmitting part of the wall of the xenon lamp are avoided.

Abstract: A magnetically focused coaxial triode structure includes a central longitudinal cathode, an intermediate control electrode around the cathode, and an outer tubular anode. The control electrode supports the inner cathode and is mounted on insulating spacers at the ends. Axial transverse slots along the control electrode provide openings for the electron beam. The anode has flat longitudinal water cooling channels connected by annular recesses at the ends.

Abstract: A vacuum interrupter includes a small sized, rigid exciting coil disposed immediately behind at least one main electrode so as to be connected at one end to a current carrying rod and at the other end to the main electrode, and consisting of a plurality of sectoral-shaped unit exciting coils arranged adjacent to each other in a plane substantially parallel to the surface of the main electrode and having the same polarity, in which, when electric currents branched from a main electric current are flowed through the respective unit exciting coils, magnetomotive forces generated due to the electric currents flowing radially of the unit exciting coils are cancelled with respect to each other and only the electric currents flowed through the arcuate sections of the unit exciting coils induce electromotive forces effective to produce magnetic fields in a direction perpendicular to the main electrode.