Abstract: Provided is a piezoelectric element containing no lead therein and having a satisfactory piezoelectric constant and a small dielectric loss tangent at room temperature (25° C.) In order to attain this, the piezoelectric element includes a substrate, a first electrode, a piezoelectric film, and a second electrode. The piezoelectric film contains barium zirconate titanate, manganese, and trivalent bismuth. The piezoelectric film satisfies 0.02?x?0.13, where x is a mole ratio of zirconium to the sum of zirconium and titanium. A manganese content is 0.002 moles or more and 0.015 moles or less for 1 mole of barium zirconate titanate, and a bismuth content is 0.00042 moles or more and 0.00850 moles or less for 1 mole of barium zirconate titanate.

Abstract: A sealed fuse in accordance with the present disclosure may include a tubular fuse body, a trench formed in an exterior of the fuse body, and an electrically conductive endcap that fits over an end of the fuse body and is fastened to the fuse body by an electrically conductive material having a lip portion that extends into the trench to provide a barrier that extends between the fuse body and the endcap. In an embodiment, the trench may be formed in an end face of the fuse body and may extend entirely around an opening in the end of the fuse body. In another embodiment, the trench may be formed in an outwardly-facing surface of a sidewall of the fuse body and may extend entirely around the fuse body.

Abstract: In order to provide a spark gap configuration for overvoltage protection, the spark gap configuration has electrodes that face each other and exhibit a short deionization time. The electrodes have, on at least a portion thereof, a current-path bounding device for forcing a desired current path in the electrodes themselves resulting in improved spark behavior.

Abstract: A discharge element includes a first electrode that is made of a plastically-deformable conductive material and that has an internal space and an opening communicating with the internal space, a base that is made of an insulating material and that is air-tightly joined to the opening so that the internal space of the first electrode becomes an airtight space, and a second electrode that is made of a conductive material and that is inserted into the internal space via the base so as to form a spark gap between itself and the first electrode. Therefore, it is possible to provide the discharge element that realizes a high production yield, a simple structure, and a cost reduction and a simple manufacturing method of the discharge element.

Abstract: The present invention provides a glow discharge cell comprising an electrically conductive cylindrical vessel having a first end and a second end, and at least one inlet and one outlet; a hollow electrode aligned with a longitudinal axis of the cylindrical vessel and extending at least from the first end to the second end of the cylindrical vessel, wherein the hollow electrode has an inlet and an outlet; a first insulator that seals the first end of the cylindrical vessel around the hollow electrode and maintains a substantially equidistant gap between the cylindrical vessel and the hollow electrode; a second insulator that seals the second end of the cylindrical vessel around the hollow electrode and maintains the substantially equidistant gap between the cylindrical vessel and the hollow electrode; a non-conductive granular material disposed within the gap, wherein the non-conductive granular material (a) allows an electrically conductive fluid to flow between the cylindrical vessel and the hollow electrode

Abstract: A spark gap includes two terminal electrodes enveloping a cavity. The cavity includes an electrical discharge space between the two terminal electrodes. The spark gap also includes an electrical insulator between the two terminal electrodes.

Abstract: A surface mounting discharge tube, comprise of a cylindrical ceramic envelope sealed at its two ends by side surfaces of electrodes, designed to be directly soldered on to a mounting board, where the electrodes at the two ends are rectangular, project outward radially at the ends of the ceramic envelope and are provided at peripheral edges at the side surfaces of the electrodes with soldering use tapers or step differences, whereby positional deviation at the time of soldering is suppressed and sufficient PCT properties are secured.

Abstract: A discharge tube 10 formed by forming an airtight envelope 16 by hermetically sealing openings at both ends of a case member 12 made of an insulating material opened at both ends with a pair of cap members 14, 14 that double a discharge electrode, forming a predetermined discharge gap 22 between discharge electrode portions 18, 18 of the cap members 14, 14, forming on an inner wall surface 24 of the case members 12 a plurality of linear triggering discharge films 28 of which both ends are disposed separated by a small discharge gap 26 opposite to the cap members 14, 14 that double a discharge electrode, forming on a surface of the discharge electrode portion 18 a film 30 containing an alkali iodide, and encapsulating a discharge gas containing Kr (krypton) in the airtight envelope 16.

Abstract: A new gas discharge tube with end electrodes having chemically inert surfaces is disclosed. As the surfaces are resistant to the build-up of layers, such as oxide layers, a discharge tube according to the invention exhibits higher selectivity and better performance (e.g. higher heat-resistance and longer life-cycle time) than prior art devices, simultaneously as it offers an environmentally acceptable solution.

Abstract: In accordance with one specific embodiment of the present invention, a Hall-current ion source of the end-Hall type has an anode that is contoured with one or more recesses in the electron-collecting surface which have areas that are protected from the deposition of externally generated contamination thereon, as well as one or more protrusions that have higher temperatures than the bulk of the anode, thereby increasing the removal or passivation of coatings during operation by the thermal degradation of the coating and the effects of thermomechanical stresses. In another specific embodiment, which can be combined with the above embodiment, electrically isolated baffle or baffles are located to protect a substantial fraction of the electron-collecting surface of the anode from the deposition of externally generated contamination thereon.

Abstract: An overvoltage protection device (1) with a first electrode (2) which has a first arcing horn (3), with a second electrode (4) which has a second arcing horn (5), with an air-breakdown spark gap (6) which is active between the arcing horns (3, 5), and with a housing (7) which accommodates the electrodes (2, 4), has the two arcing horns (3, 5) shaped and arranged relative to one another such that they diverge from a lower ignition area (8) to their outer ends (9, 10), so that the air-breakdown spark gap (6) widens outwardly, proceeding from the ignition area (8). The overvoltage protection device (1) has a current carrying capacity which is as high as possible and a high network follow current extinction capacity with an overall height which is as small as possible by the first arcing horn (3) being made in the shape of a truncated cone and the second arcing horn (5) being located concentrically around the first arcing horn (3).

Abstract: For a low-pressure gas discharge switch, at least two main electrodes are arranged at least a distance d from each other, the electrodes in an arcing chamber forming a cathode and an anode of a discharge path for the low-pressure gas discharge. The gas discharge is triggered by increasing the electron density in a cathode cavity, at least the cathode in its disk-shaped area having at least one aperture, the cathode and anode apertures preferably being opposite and aligned with each other, for triggering the discharge. An arrangement generating a magnetic field superimposed on the discharge between the main electrodes (1, 1a, 2, 2a) are assigned to the main electrodes (1, 1a, 2, 2a), with which either a predominantly parallel magnetic field is generated or a predominantly perpendicular one, with regard to the direction of current in the discharge.

Abstract: At least main electrodes for a low pressure gas discharge arranged at a distance from each other are present in such switches, the main electrodes forming a cathode and an anode of a discharge path in an interrupter chamber for the gas discharge which is fired by increasing electron density in a cathode cavity. For this purpose, at least the cathodes have at least one opening, preferably the cathode and anode, having opposite aligned openings for triggering the discharge. In such an arrangement, an arrangement for the generation of a magnetic field superimposed on the discharge may be present. At least one slot is present in at least one of the main planar electrodes for generating a radial magnetic field. A single slot maybe provided which runs in the form of a spiral from the area of the electrode center to the area of the electrode edge.

Abstract: A discharge tube can continuously discharge at intervals of 2.5 ms in stable fashion in a high-temperature environment at 150° C. A discharge tube 10 comprises a pair of electrodes 14a, 14b with the discharge surfaces 16, 16 thereof disposed opposite to each other in a space portion 22 filled with a sealing gas. Each discharge surface 16 of the electrode pair 14a, 14b is formed with an insulating layer 18 composed of an insulating material mixed with potassium bromide and nickel bromide.