Abstract: An embodiment method of measuring ambient light comprises generating, by an ambient light sensor associated with a screen which alternates between first phases in which light is emitted and second phases in which no light is emitted by the screen, a first signal representative of an intensity of light received by the ambient light sensor during the first and second phases; comparing the first signal with a threshold intensity value; and controlling a timing of an ambient light measurement by the light sensor based on the comparison.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fluorescent material and, more particularly, to an oxynitride fluorescent material, a method for preparing the same, and a light emitting device package using the same. The present invention can provide an oxynitride fluorescent material represented by chemical formula MA2N2O2:R, wherein the ratio of M to A is 0.950-0.985:2 (M+R:2A=0.950-0.985:2). M is at least one element selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, R, as an activator, is one of the rare-earth elements, and A is at least one element selected from Si and Ge.

Abstract: Disclosed is a light-emitting device which comprises: a light-emitting element for emitting a first light in a blue wavelength band; a first wavelength converter for converting the first light into a second light; a second wavelength converter for converting the first light into a third light; and a third wavelength converter for converting the first light into a fourth light, wherein the first to fourth lights have central wavelengths which satisfy the following relationship: [Expression 1] ?1<?2<?3<?4 (wherein ?1 is the central wavelength of the first light; ?2 is the central wavelength of the second light; ?3 is the central wavelength of the third light; and ?4 is the central wavelength of the fourth light.).

Abstract: A device and method for generating an electrical discharge are described. A first electrode (30) is operated to be a cathode relative to a second electrode (16). A gas is introduced into the chamber (14) by the first electrode (30). The first electrode (30) has a closed antechamber (32) with a metal wall (34). A tube (36) consisting of a different material than the wall (34) is provided through which the gas from the antechamber (32) is conducted into the chamber (14). A front portion of the tube (36) is embedded in the wall (34) of the antechamber (32). In its rear portion, the tube (36) has a free end projecting into the antechamber (32). A stable electrical discharge can be generated thereby in a particularly easy manner.

Abstract: An inductively coupled plasma charged particle source for focused ion beam systems includes a plasma reaction chamber with a removably attached source electrode. A fastening mechanism connects the source electrode with the plasma reaction chamber and allows for a heat-conductive, vacuum seal to form. With a removable source electrode, improved serviceability and reuse of the plasma source tube are now possible.

Abstract: Interchangeable or standard electrode interface for a thermal spray plasma gun includes an interchangeable electrode having a first connecting section and a first annular coupling surface. A second connecting section is arranged in a plasma gun and includes a second annular coupling surface. An annular seal is spaced or axially spaced from an annular interface formed between the first and second annular coupling surfaces.

Abstract: An inductively coupled plasma charged particle source for focused ion beam systems includes a plasma reaction chamber with a removably attached source electrode. A fastening mechanism connects the source electrode with the plasma reaction chamber and allows for a heat-conductive, vacuum seal to form. With a removable source electrode, improved serviceability and reuse of the plasma source tube are now possible.

Abstract: A chopper for a particle beam comprises an annular guiding element and an element for controlling the intensity of the particle beam. The control element is supported on the guiding element so that at least one point under consideration on the control element can revolve along the circumference of the guiding element. Mounting along a circumference allows for accommodation of considerably higher disturbance torque than mounting on a rotational axle, using the same bearing force. Furthermore, it is possible to dispense with the entire rotational axle, and the control element can be designed, for example, as a ring. This brings about considerable weight savings as compared to chopper wheels according to the prior art, which accordingly enables higher circumferential speeds and therefore higher modulation frequencies for the particle beam, while at the same time increasing operational safety.

Abstract: An electron gun includes the following: a primary thermionic electron source, a secondary thermionic electron source and a focusing electrode disposed within a first housing that includes one or more reference members adjustably attached to a housing support connected to a first platform; an anode and one or more focusing coils disposed within a second housing comprising one or more insulating members adjustably connected to the first platform; and one or more deflection coils disposed within a third housing connected to the second housing and located opposite said first housing.

Abstract: A mast electrode design for a wet electrostatic precipitator including a first and a second electrode section connected together via a connector assembly. The connector assembly includes an axial protrusion extending from an end of the first electrode section which is inserted into an axial bore formed in an end of the second electrode section.

Abstract: A light-emitting unit includes a light-emitting component, a conductive device and a power source. The light-emitting component includes at least one end. The conductive device includes a tubular body having an opening and detachably telescoped to the end of the light-emitting component, and at least one abutting portion protruding toward the light-emitting component for abutting against the light-emitting component. The conductive device is utilized to excite the light-emitting component to emit lights via the power source.

Abstract: The gas discharge lamp contains a lamp body and an UV unit. The UV unit contains a separate airtight chamber wrapping around at least a neck member of the lamp body and covering at least a part of a Mo tinsel inside the neck member. The airtight chamber is filled with one or more gases capable of being ionized, and is wound by a conductor whose one end is connected to a conduction wire extended out of one of the neck members. When the gas discharge lamp is turned on, the gases in the airtight chamber are ionized to produce an UV light to penetrate the discharge chamber. The gas discharge lamp therefore could have a lower starting voltage and an improved starting efficiency. Additionally, as the airtight chamber provides a heat insulation effect, the temperature-induced stress is thereby reduced.

Abstract: An electrode cap having a horseshoe-shaped conductor clip that has an opening at a closed end for receiving an electrode, the conductor clip fitted over a tube crimp; a cylindrical base cap having an elongated bump at one end of the base cap parallel to the axis of the base cap; and a cylindrical top cap closed on one end, having an inside diameter larger than the outside diameter of the base cap; and a spring for pressing a plate against the base cap.

Abstract: There provided is an electron beam apparatus of preventing surface creeping discharge from newly arising due to discharge that arises between an anode electrode and an electron-emitting device. In an electron-emitting device including a scan signal device electrode and an information signal device electrode, a portion of the scan signal device electrode is covered by an insulating layer of insulating scan signal wiring from information signal wiring, an additional electrode is connected to the scan signal device electrode at an end portion of the insulating layer and the additional electrode is configured so that energy Ee being lost due to melting of the additional electrode is larger than energy Ea of discharge current flowing in to the electron-emitting device.

Abstract: Bradbury-Nielson gates for the modulation of beams of charged particles, particularly ion beams in mass spectrometry, have been produced with an adjustable wire spacing down to 0.075 mm or a smaller spacing. The gates are robust, they can be fabricated in less than 3 hours, and the method of production is reproducible. In time-of-flight mass spectrometers, fine wire spacing leads to improvements in mass resolution and modulation rates. Gates that were produced using this new method have been installed in a Hadamard transform time-of-flight mass spectrometer in order to demonstrate their utility.

Abstract: This method and apparatus permit installing and removing an electron beam generating element comprising a filament or a cathode in a rapidly replaceable module. The apparatus is an electron gun system having an electron gun enclosure, a feed-through element extending through the electron gun enclosure, an electron beam generating element housed within a filament module housing and connected to the feed-through element, an electron gun column and a connector port in the gun enclosure for direct removal and replacement of the filament. The feed-through element and the filament module housing are removed, through the connector port, from the gun enclosure and then the filament is removed and replaced. A load-lock is provided above the connector port to avoid venting into the gun. A bellows can be used to facilitate removal of the gun with minimal exposure to ambient atmospheric gases.

Abstract: Direct and indirect electron bombardment provide a sufficiently high degree of temperature uniformity across the emitting surface of a large-area electron source for an electron beam projection system such that a broad beam having illumination uniformity within 1% can be achieved. A diode gun is used to obtain extraction field uniformity and maintain uniformity of illumination. Power requirements and power dissipation in beam periphery truncating apertures is reduced by roughening the surface of a monocrystalline cathode or depositing materials having a higher work function thereon.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a particle accelerator which comprises two accelerating tubes as well as a charge-exchange channel, whereby the vacuum pump for evacuating from said charge-exchange channel gas particles injected therein is not connected to the high-voltage side but, via a vacuum tube, to the low-voltage side of the particle accelerator. This means a substantial simplification of the maintenance of the vacuum pump. In addition to that a motor and a generator are no longer required. By providing the vacuum pump with equipotential plates, which comprise pump holes arranged eccentrically round the center of the vacuum tube, the gas particles are in this configuration are accelerated while retaining the high breakdown strength.

Abstract: An integrated circuit vacuum tube array includes an insulating or highly resistive substrate, electrically conductive materials disposed on the substrate to define and surround a plurality of first voids extending from the substrate upwardly through the material, a plurality of cathodes disposed on the material to bridge over the respective first voids, for emitting electrons when heated by circuitry that selectively heats the cathodes, first electrically resistive material disposed on the electrically conductive material to surround the cathodes and define a plurality of second voids thereabove, an electrically conductive grid disposed on the electrically resistive material to project partially into the second voids to define an opening in the grid above each cathode, for allowing the passage of electrons therethrough, circuitry to selectively apply a voltage to the grid to control electron flow and thereby control the electrical current produced at the anodes, second electrically resistive material disposed

Abstract: In an electrode assembly, an electrode holder has a forward end thereof affixed coaxially to an electrode tip. An attachment member is affixed to the holder rearwardly of the electrode. A retaining assembly includes an outer cup component, an inner cup component and a magnet therein. An electrical lead is connected to the inner cup component. The electrode assembly fits coaxially into the retaining assembly with the attachment member adjacent to and retained by the magnet. The electrode holder is seated in electrical contact with the inner cup component. The holder, cup components and attachment member are magnetically permeable, and separated in each assembly by insulators, so as to effect an outer magnetic shielding loop and an inner magnetic shielding loop.

Abstract: An electron beam generator having an electron emission cathode adopted to be rapidly mounted to an installation, has an electronically insulating support body that is clamped on one side to a metal contact body having a large surface area. At the other side of the electrically insulating support body, a quick release device is arranged in order to rapidly mount and dismount the generator to an installation.

Abstract: A flashlamp provides a ruggedized yet simple-to-manufacture construction capable of operating at high average output power over a long life. The flashlamp construction includes a glass tube (12) with an electrode assembly (24) detachably secured to each end. The electrode assembly includes an end cap (26) to which an electrode support (28) is attached, with a first end (32) of the electrode support protruding inside of the glass tube, and a second end (44) of the electrode support protruding outside of the glass tube. The electrode support (28) is made from a suitable electrical conductor. An electrode (34) is threaded onto the first end of the electrode support (28) without the use of brazing or other attachment techniques that might introduce impurities. An electrode lug (36) is attached to or near the second end of the electrode support, outside of the glass tube, and provides a means for making electrical contact with the electrode (34).

Abstract: A segmented electron multiplier is disclosed with front and rear sections. The sections are specially designed so that the length of the rear section compared to the length of the front section is no less than 4:1. This permits multiple replacements of the rear section, after the multiplier wears out, without any unsatisfactory drop in the overall electrical gain produced by the repaired device. In the preferred embodiment, the front portion is a funnel having a tubular stem, and the rear portion is a straight tube with a cylindrical helical inner channel. The length-to-length split is 5:1, which theoretically permits up to six or seven replacements of the rear section before unsatisfactory gain occurs.

Abstract: A multi-filament fluorescent lamp construction (10) having a plurality of filament members (40) disposed on opposite ends of the lamp (10) wherein each of the filaments (40) is provided with a filament stud element (42) and a rotary switch unit (15) operatively associated with a rotary contact unit (13) to bring a contact spring element (32) into sequential electrical contact with the filament stud elements (42) so as to switch the flow of electricity from a dead filament member (40) to a live filament member (40).

Abstract: An electron gun which is rugged, provides good thermal decoupling of the hode, permits precise alignment of the electrodes to be achieved easily and allows geometric changes to be carried out with ease is described. In the cathode assembly three set screws and a split ring of insulating material are used to secure the cathode. Alignment is achieved by suitably adjusting the set screws and because contact can be limited to the three set screws thermal coupling is reduced. Similarly a Whenelt electrode is secured and aligned by a further group of set screws. Finally, the anode is secured to replaceable stand-offs by means of screw passing through oversized holes in an anode plate. The oversized holes permit easy alignment and the use of stand-offs permits the spacing between anode and cathode to be changed as desired by replacing the stand-offs.

Abstract: This invention relates to a device for advancing an electrode-holder elem in particular mounted on a pulse generating apparatus of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,559,227 to Rieber. This advance device comprises a radially projecting element fast with the rear part of the electrode-holder element and member for controlling same, the radially projecting element being formed by a toothed wheel of fixed axial position with respect to the insulating support and controlled in rotation by two pistons mounted symmetrically on either side of the wheel to control a rotation in both directions. This device allows a greater precision of the advance of the electrodes and an increase in the efficiency of destruction of the targets.

Abstract: An electron gun with one directly heatable initial cathode (2), one indirectly heatable second blocking cathode (3) and one focusing electrode (17). The focusing electrode (17) presents an initial centering region (18) and, by means of supporting braces, the blocking cathode (3) is fixed concentrically in a carrier ring (19) presenting a second centering region complementary to the first centering region (18). This permits the blocking cathode (3) to be introduced into the focusing electrode from the back by means of the carrier ring (19), and the carrier ring (19) is secured by means of a locking ring (24).

Abstract: A cathode (32), a Wehnelt cylinder (2, 36) and an anode (3, 51) are accommodated in an integrated unit in an electron beam apparatus. Extremely accurate positioning of a Wehnelt bore and an anode bore with respect to one another can be achieved in such an assembled unit which is mounted in the apparatus so as to be removable as one unit. An exactly defined distance between the Wehnelt cylinder and the anode can also be adjusted. As a result of the exact mutual positioning, the anode bore can be chosen to be so small that it can also act as a beam aperture so that a smaller electron-optical object as well as a substantial reduction of the mutual electron interaction in the beam is achieved.

Abstract: An ion generating apparatus utilizing a vacuum chamber, a cathode and an anode in the chamber. A source of electrical power produces an arc or discharge between the cathode and anode. The arc is sufficient to vaporize a portion of the cathode to form a plasma. The plasma is directed to an extractor which separates the electrons from the plasma, and accelerates the ions to produce an ion beam. One embodiment of the appaatus utilizes a multi-cathode arrangement for interaction with the anode.

Abstract: An electron gun for a vacuum tube employs a mounting element having an inner annular section with a defined thickness made to predetermined dimensional tolerances. The cathode subassembly is positioned on one surface of the annular section and a grid electrode is located on the opposing surface. When the mounting element is set within the vacuum tube facing the anode electrode, the location of the cathode subassembly and grid electrode in the mounting element establishes a precise cathode-to-anode spacing and the electrodes are properly aligned and concentric to a central axis along which the electron beam travels.

Abstract: Apparatus for the exchange of emission sources of a particle accelerator located in an accelerator vessel filled with a gaseous insulating medium, comprising a gastight source-exchange chamber (3) which is connected by means of a line (26) that can be closed by an exchange valve (8) to the accelerator vessel (17), the said chamber (3) being provided on the inside with a movable exchange member (4 and 5, respectively) having at least one hole (41 and 51, respectively) and at least two holders (43, 44 and 53, 54, respectively) for the emission sources (6a, 6b) to be exchanged, one or more lead-through rods (1) for the transfer of an emission source from the accelerator vessel (17) to the exchange chamber (3) or from the exchange chamber (3) to the accelerator vessel (17), as well as means for placing the movable exchange member (4 and 5, respectively) in the desired position relative to the exchange valve (8).

Abstract: A field emission cathode 12 is positioned in a pair of intersecting cross grooves 30, 32 in the end of a ceramic tube 14 by a metal end cap 24. A spring 34 in electrical contact with the base of the cathode provides the necessary pressure to maintain continuous circumferential electrical contact between the gate film and a raised edge 38 on the end cap. With this structure the cathode chip is self-centering and easily replaceable. Also the gate film of the cathode is not abraded or rubbed during installation, and the holder is readily degassed.

Abstract: A filament assembly which includes spaced posts with slotted ends for positioning a filament. The ends of the filament are secured to the posts in tapered holes which receive a pin or screw to provide electrical contact and tension the filament.

Abstract: An electron beam gun comprising a beam generator (4), an acceleration chamber (7) and a beam-guide chamber (10). The beam-guide chamber is formed by a jacket tube (19) and a beam-guide tube (18), which extends to the work chamber (1) and is surrounded by a focusing lens (15) and a deflecting device (17). For the purpose of readily adapting the equipment to suit various objective distances and for making cleaning and inspection easier, the jacket tube (19) takes the form of a hollow cylinder and is secured between two connecting flanges (20, 21) in a manner whereby it can be replaced. The upper connecting flange (20) carries a centering flange (28), on which the beam-guide tube is suspended, a shut-off valve (11) being optionally provided between the centering flange and the beam-guide tube. The lower connecting flange (21) surrounds a vacuum-connecting flange (34) in which is fitted the lower end of the beam-guide tube (18).

Abstract: An electron gun which can be easily disassembled to replace a defective cathode assembly and which can be easily and quickly reassembled and realigned.

Abstract: A mounting system for securing a rotating anode of an x-ray tube against axial movement locates a bearing on a stud projecting from a tube end wall and secures the bearing on the stud by means of a threaded fastener which is accessed through a central bore of the rotating anode assembly prior to closure of the tube vacuum envelope.

Abstract: Disclosed is a target structure for use in an X-ray transmission scanner in which X-rays are generated by directing an electron beam at an X-ray generating target. The structure includes a support bracket having a recessed portion and a support surface formed in the recessed portion. A bolt extends through the bracket and maintains a target member in abuttment with the support surface which positions the target in proper alignment with an electron beam.

Abstract: An in vacuo spark generator for the spectral analysis in the ultraviolet of a sample acting as an anode, with a coaxial annular cathode cooperating with the anode and an electrode for the formation of initiation sparks the operative portion of which is disposed opposite the outer side surface of the cathode and set back relative the frontal face of the cathode, the cathode frontal face being rounded and the opposite portions of the cathode and the initiation electrode being provided each with removable snap-rings slightly protruding relative to the body of the cathode and initiation electrode; said snap-rings are housed in a semicircular groove provided in the body of the cathode and the initiation electrode.

Abstract: A gas discharge vuv light source is disclosed having low inductance and a high intensity output covering a range from 90 A to 6000 A. The source comprises a capillary defining a first bore removably, and at least partially, mounted within an air-cooled ceramic insulator; a first, hollow, cylindrical electrode having a removable insert defining a second bore disposed in end-to-end, coaxial relationship with one end of the capillary, and a second, hollow electrode which is configured to define a cavity and so as both to support the insulator such that the first and second bores are coaxially aligned with the cavity, and to releasably support either a tubular insert or a finned plate insert; and metallic vacuum seals connecting the electrodes to the insulator such that a gas-tight seal is formed between each electrode and the insulator at locations isolated from the first and second bores and from the cavity.

Abstract: A high intensity atomic spectral lamp having a first set of electrodes including a primary cathode consisting of or comprising a selected element adapted to produce a primary electric discharge which gives rise to an atomic vapor of said element by cathodic sputtering from the primary cathode; a second set of electrodes adapted to produce a secondary electric discharge which passes through the said atomic vapor, to excite the atoms in the vapor to emit radiation characteristic of said element; a window to allow the passage of said radiation out of the lamp, said window being placed in front of the operative surface of the primary cathode; means to pass a stream of inert gas through the lamp close to and across the operative surface of the primary cathode and between the primary cathode and the window in such manner as to sweep away from the vicinity of the primary cathode surface atomic species formed by said primary discharge.

Abstract: An extractive electrode allowing to reduce the vertical focusing and defocusing effect of the hyperfrequency electrical field used for accelerating the particles of a beam within an accelerator of cyclotron type. The extractive electrode comprises a metallic block having a substantially prismatic shape and provided in its entry face facing the particle source with at least a window which opens onto a deep notch delimited by two curved lateral walls forming a channel C for the passage of the beam. A median element located within this channel C allows to obtain two separated channels for the passage of the two beams corresponding to two harmonic operating frequencies.

Abstract: An adapter for wire electrode assemblies of electrostatic precipitators so that wire electrodes of the type comprising an elongated electrode wire having its opposite ends terminating axially within two identical shrouds, each of the shrouds shaped as an elongated rod terminating in a combined frusto-cone and enlarged button head may be used with all types of support structures. The adapter comprises a curved or hook shaped piece of metal or other suitable material having in one end thereof a vertically aligned hole or slot adapted to cooperate with a bolt or pin, and in the other end thereof a horizontally aligned keyhole or slot adapted to receive the frusto-conical shroud of a wire electrode, the centers of the vertically aligned hole and horizontally aligned hole being in the same vertical plane.

Abstract: Disclosure is made of a cathode assembly of an electron beam welding gun, wherein in a holder's sleeve, which is mounted an a current lead, there is arranged a disc cathode. Arranged in the cavity of said current lead, coaxially therewith, are two more current leads. The latter two current leads are concentric to each other; in said current leads there is secured a flat coil with a central end bent at a perpendicular to the coil's plane. Said central end, bent at a perpendicular to the coil's plane, is corrugated along its axis and installed in a current lead constructed as a rod having a stepped cavity extending along the rod's axis. The outer turn of said coil is arranged in another current lead which envelops the above-mentioned current lead and is constructed as a tube with an internal annular recess at its end, which receives the outer turn of said coil.

Abstract: A beam splitter for electron beam machines with a beam splitter grid which is to be set crossways to the beam and which has a row of cross-pieces running next to one another with uniform spaces for shading the portions of beam striking it, where the cross-piece materials is replaceable in operation by cross-piece material not already acted on by the beam.

Abstract: A gas-insulated thyristor arrangement with at least one thyristor column which is constructed of disk-type thyristors and is arranged, together with its associated drive and external-circuit modules, in a rotationally-symmetric shield which is fastened via at least one insulating standoff to the pressure tube of an electrically conductive pressure encapsulation. One end of the pressure tube is closed off by an end plate integrally formed therewith in the manner of a tank and the other end is closed off by means which includes at least one bulkhead of insulating material. The entire arrangement is filled with gaseous SF.sub.6 under pressure and detachable electrical connecting leads are extended through the bulkhead.

Abstract: An electron gun having a thermionic emitter held by boron carbide heating members or the like, supported by electroconductive members which have additional elastic positioning members arranged to nullify the emitter shift and other effects caused by heat distortion.

Abstract: The invention concerns an electron gun for the production of an electron beam designed primarily for welding workpieces and including, in a frame, the mechanical facilities required for holding in a coaxial position and electrically insulating a cathode, a filament, a wehnelt and an anode.Gun featured by the fact that the cathode is held by mechanical systems in the coaxial position via several rods made of conductive material, one end of these rods being rigidly fixed with respect to the frame, the other end being applied against the outer wall of the disc shaped cathode, thus forming a positioning clamp for said cathode.The structure allows for the efficient cooling of the internal parts of the gun.

Abstract: Restorable cold cathode in a gas discharge electron ion gun in which the eroded material in the active surface of the cathode is restored by supplying new material in the form of a wire which is moved through a hole in the cathode body by means of a screw spindle.

Abstract: A grid-controlled electron tube is constructed with a common anode and an array of individual cathode-grid modules. The simple modules can be built with greater accuracy than large, complex electrodes. The modules can be individually tested before final assembly, and can be individually replaced in case of a failure during construction or later operation. In a preferred embodiment, the cathode is a cylindrical filament surrounded by a coaxial grid, each grid turn being mounted to a common support on the side opposite the anode. In a tetrode embodiment, additional focusing bars at the sides of the grid direct electrons into beams which pass between large screen-grid wires.

Abstract: An axial ion source comprising a tubular anode having an axis XX, at the two ends of which there are placed a cathode located along said axis XX and anticathode which comprises a circular plate having an axis YY parallel to the axis XX, this plate being able to revolve about this axis YY. A device controls the sequential rotation of the anticathode about the axis YY, the rotation of the anticathode enabling a new intact surface to be presented, when necessary, at the end of the anode. A cooling fluid can circulate in the grooves equipping the plate.