Abstract: A directly heated cathode for electron tube having a stable electron emission characteristic and a low cut-off voltage is provided. The cathode comprises a base metal of an alloy consisting essentially of 20-30% by weight of tungsten and a trace amount to 0.25% by weight of zirconium, the balance being nickel, binder dots of metallic nickel powders distributed on a flat part at the front side of the base metal, and a layer of thermoelectron emission oxides laid on the flat part at the front side of the base metal. The layer of thermoelectron emission oxides is in direct contact with the flat part through clearances among the binder dots of the metallic nickel powders.

Abstract: An improved composite emission material for use in the electrodes of high intensity (HID) lamps comprising a reacted mixture of barium zirconate and strontium zirconate wherein the ratio of barium to strontium is from between 9:1 to 1:1 and is preferably 4:1. The improved emission material has a lower vapor pressure, higher melting point and a reduced processing time as compared to prior art emission materials.

Abstract: There is disclosed a mercury lamp which has been found to markedly increase plant growth. The electrodes in a conventional mercury lamp are coated with an "emission material" for extending lamp life and to facilitate starting. In accordance with the invention, the mineral scheelite is added to the emission material, and some additional changes are made in the other constituents.

Abstract: Base metal plate materials comprising nickel as a main component, rhenium and tungsten, and if desired, a small amount of at least one reducing agent can be used for producing quick operating type directly heated oxide cathodes showing no peeling of the oxide layer from the base metal and having excellent mechanical strength at high temperatures and specific electric resistance.

Abstract: An electron source using an electron emissive material having a composition represented by the nominal atom formula La.sub.x (Nd.sub.y Pr.sub.1-y).sub.1-x B.sub.6 ; x less than 0.5 and greater than 0.2, y less than or equal to 1.0 and greater than or equal to 0.0, is described. The electron source is well suited for use in instruments such as scanning electron microscopes and electron beam exposure systems.

Abstract: In a thermionic cathode having a planar emissive body and a heating element of pyrolytic graphite which is provided on the side of the emissive body remote from the emissive surface of the emissive body, a uniform temperature distribution adjusts during operation throughout the overall emissive surface when the heating element is planar and the crystallographic c-axis of the pyrolytic graphite extends everywhere normal to the surface of the heating element facing the emissive body. As a result of this the possibility is obtained of realizing a planar, "rapid", induction-free unipotential cathode having a substantially ideal homogeneous temperature distribution.

Abstract: The performance of microwave tubes at very high frequencies is limited by the ability of their thermionic cathodes to provide high emission current density in combination with long life and low evaporation of active material. An improved tube uses a cathode comprising a porous metal matrix consisting of a compacted mixture of tungsten and iridium particles, impregnated with a molten barium aluminate. Other alkaline earth oxides may be used as additives. The impregnated cathode outgasses easily and has a long life because it is not dependent on thin surface films. Thermionic emission is improved compared to a tungsten matrix, and barium evporation is reduced. The combination of power and frequency obtainable from the microwave tube is thereby significantly increased.

Abstract: A high intensity arc discharge lamp comprises an arc tube having tungsten electrodes at each end and containing a fill including mercury, a starting gas and a metal in the form of metal halide. The tungsten electrode also contains a small quantity of said metal in solid solution with the tungsten.

Abstract: For HID lamps, and particularly high-pressure mercury or sodium-mercury HID lamps, the electron-emissive material portion of the lamp electrodes is M.sub.3 M'.sub.2 M"O.sub.9 wherein M is alkaline-earth metal and at least principally comprises barium; M' is yttrium, a lanthanoid series metal, or any mixtures thereof; and M" is tungsten, molybdenum, or mixtures thereof. The specified material is very stable and highly emissive.

Abstract: Sintering aids are disclosed which inprove the sintering of emission materials in high pressure discharge lamps. The sintering aid is a eutectic composition of at least one of barium oxide-tungsten oxide (BaO--WO.sub.3), calcium oxide-tungsten oxide (CaO--WO.sub.3), or strontium oxide-tungsten oxide (SrO--WO.sub.4)and is mixed with the emission material in quantities of about 2 to 50 wt.% sintering aid and 50 to 98% emission material. Preferably, the sintering aid is present at between about 5 and 10 wt.%.

Abstract: The titled assembly comprises a ceramic substrate having opposed surfaces bearing thereon discrete metallized patterns. One of the patterns serves as a base for an electron emissive material and the other serves as a heater.

Abstract: A substrate of substantially pure, hexagonal crystal, .alpha. alumina (sapphire) has a central hub and three radiating spokes. One surface of the substrate has a metallized cathode base thereon and the opposite surface is provided with a metallized heater. Electrical connection to the cathode base and heater are provided via the spokes, which are also appropriately metallized. A suitable electron emissive material is applied to the cathode base.

Abstract: A cathode structure for an electron tube comprises a filament unit and a supporter on which the filament unit is mounted. The filament unit includes a thoriated tungsten wire and a tungsten carbide layer formed by carburizing the surface of the wire, the wire having a diameter of about 0.6 - 0.8 mm and the carbide layer having a thickness of about 5 - 30 .mu., so that the resulting cathode structure enjoys a long life.

Abstract: A field emission cathode comprising a cathode base composed of carbon or a high-melting-point metal and a needle-shaped cathode composed of glassy carbon, which can provide a high field emission stably even under a high vacuum pressure, and a method for the preparation of this field emission cathode.

Abstract: A thermionic cathode for an electron beam device is provided which comprises a first layer of thermoelectron emissive compound sharpened towards a point, a third layer of metal of high melting point and a second layer of reaction barrier interposed between the first and third layers, current terminals being attached to said third layer. According to the invention, a thermionic cathode capable of emitting stable electron beams of high intensity for a long period of time can be manufactured.

Abstract: An electrode of a high pressure metal-vapor lamp such as a high pressure mercury-vapor lamp including mercury and rare-gas and a high pressure sodium-vapor lamp including mercury, rare-gas and sodium, is disclosed.The electrode has an improved electron emission material containing beryllium oxide and yttrium oxide coated on the substrate of the electrode whereby the electron emission material is uniformly coated to form an electron emission material layer which is firmly bonded and the starting characteristic is excellent and the lumen maintenance is excellent.

Abstract: The present cathode for cathode ray tube of directly heating type is characterized by comprising a cathode substrate body having two leg pieces extended in the same direction and a flat part connected to one end of each leg piece, prepared by shaping a flat metal plate of nickel- or cobalt-based alloy, a bonding layer having an uneven surface prepared by diffusion bonding by heating a powder layer comprising powders of alloy or mixture of nickel and cobalt formed on the flat part, to which a thermionic emission layer is to be bonded, and the thermionic emission layer, and has a very small deformation when used and a longer life.A cathode with much less deformation and much longer life can be obtained by using a cathode substrate body prepared from a flat metal plate provided with a thinner metal layer of at least one of nickel and cobalt on its surface than the flat metal plate by diffusion bonding.

Abstract: An X-ray tube is described in which, in order to produce a well defined electron beam which can be accurately focussed on the target of the tube, the cathode comprises a flat plate member, such as a tape or foil, the surface finish of which is sufficiently smooth that electrons are emitted therefrom with lateral energies below 0.2 electron volts. The aforementioned surface finish is such that irregularities in the electron-emitting surface of the cathode do not exceed one micron in amplitude.

Abstract: For HID lamps, and particularly high-pressure sodium-mercury HID lamps, the electron-emissive material portion of the lamp electrodes is a solid solution of dibarium calcium tungstate and dibarium calcium molybdate wherein the molar ratio of tungstate to molybdate is from 9:1 to 1:9. Emissive properties of the electrode are good and vapor pressure of emissive material is low.

Abstract: Cathode cup has a stop shoulder therein. Cathode is spring urged against the stop shoulder so that it is retained in position through mechanical shock and thermal cycling. The method of assembling the cathode structure includes the step of compressing the spring loaded structure and staking the cathode cup behind the spring.

Abstract: A gas-filled surge arrester includes a pair of electrodes extending inwardly of an insulating spacer. The electrodes have end faces which are aligned oppositely within the insulator to define an arc or discharge gap therebetween. Each of the electrodes includes at least one cavity formed in the end face thereof adjacent and extending away from the discharge gap. The cavities are lined with a substance of relatively high electron emission ability.

Abstract: An emissive member for a controlled-porosity, dispenser-type cathode comping a three-component sandwich consisting of: (1) a supporting disc; (2) a layer of nonsintered alkaline earth material on said disc; and (3) a thin perforated foil on said layer. The foil is made of refractory metal and has a uniform pattern of tiny holes through which the active material of the reservoir migrates to coat the surface of the foil, the foil thus serving as the electron-emitting surface of the cathode.

Abstract: A substrate bearing a secondary-emissive layer which consists of a cermet consisting of a readily evaporable metal, for example Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Cr, Al or a nickel-chromium alloy, and an alkali metal aluminium fluoride, for example cryolite. The substrate material may be, for example mild steel, or a synthetic plastics material. It is possible to make large dynodes when using mild steel substrates which are much cheaper than silver-magnesium or beryllium-copper and the secondary-emissive layer does not require an activation treatment when incorporated in an electric discharge tube.

Abstract: A thermionic heater cathode assembly of an electron-beam gun, comprising a disc cathode made of a highly-emissive material and disposed near a U-shaped ribbon filament with a thermionic portion and current-carrying sections arranged in parallel, wherein the ends of said ribbon filament sections to be connected to a holder are arranged in a plane normal to the ends of the same sections, adjoining the thermionic portion of said ribbon filament.

Abstract: An electrode for an arc discharge lamp includes a porous sintered body of tungsten impregnated with a mixture of alkaline earth oxides and a metal oxide. The alkaline earth materials may be oxides of barium and calcium, and the metal oxide may be aluminum oxide. The body is brazed or welded to the end of a high melting point refractory metal support of tungsten or molybdenum. Two identical electrodes are used as the cathodes of a long arc alternating current type xenon lamp and one such electrode provides the cathode of a short arc direct current xenon lamp. The structure and materials provide greater efficiency and extended life under continuous operating conditions.

Abstract: A cold cathode arc discharge flash lamp has a cathode assembly in which an electron emissive pellet is secured on the lead wire or rod entering the flash tube envelope. One or more coils of molybdenum or a similar body of ceramic refractory shield the emissive face of the pellet from destructive ion bombardment while exposing the face for electron emission.

Abstract: A thermionic cathode of tungsten or molybdenum is made with an activating content of lanthanum oxide and is supplied with a carbonaceous reducing agent either by incorporation in the bulk material of the cathode body or by carburizing, so that the reducing agent comprises at least in part a carbide of the carrier metal. Lower operating temperatures and higher emissivity are obtained compared to thoriated tungsten filaments and longer useful life compared to other cathodes activated by other rare earth oxides. The temperature-emissivity characteristics are such that good results are obtainable even within the temperature range in which molybdenum is usable as a carrier material.

Abstract: A thermionic heater cathode assembly for an electron-beam gun, comprising a disc cathode made of a highly-emissive material and disposed near a metal ribbon filament the thermionic portion whereof has a W shape, the distance between two apices of said thermionic portion being 0.6 to 0.8 of the disc cathode diameter and the depth of the valley between the apices constituting 0.5 to 0.6 of said diameter.

Abstract: A directly heated oxide cathode comprises a base metal of alloy containing Ni as a host material, an electron emissionable oxide of alkaline earth metal deposited on the base metal, and powders of metal selected from Ni sample substance, Co simple substance, Ni-Co alloy, alloy containing Ni, Ni-Co, or Co as a host material, and alloy containing Ni as a host material and a reducing agent such as Zr, deposited on both sides of the base metal onto which the oxide is deposited. Provision of the powders of metal on both sides can minimize deformation of the base metal and prevent peeling of the oxide from the cathode effectively. Provision of a reducing agent in the powders of metal further assures a sufficient supply of the reducing agent to the oxide, thereby effectively maintaining the electron emissionability and life of the oxide for a longer period of time.

Abstract: A device for the electrostatic recording of x-ray images comprises two spaced electrodes with a gas-filled gap therebetween. One of the electrodes comprises a layer of an ultraviolet emitting fluorescent material and a layer of an air-exposable ultraviolet-sensitive photoemitting material. A plastic sheet is adjacent to the other electrode. An electric field is applied across the gap to accelerate photoelectrons emitted by the photoemitting material. The electrostatic image formed on the plastic sheet is developed xerographically after the exposure.

Abstract: Each of the ends of a helical cathode for a magnetron are connected to the respective end plate and supporting rod by a single collective weld.

Abstract: A single crystal of lanthanum hexaboride is used as a tip of a thermionic emission cathode.

Abstract: An electron source using a single lanthanum hexaboride crystal oriented so the emitting surface is defined by a {110} crystal plane.

Abstract: A high-pressure gas discharge lamp having an electrode consisting of a support of a high-melting metal provided with an electron emissive material. The emissive material consists mainly of one or more oxidic compounds containing (a) at least one of the rare earth metal oxides, (b) alkaline earth metal oxide in a quantity of 0.66 to 4 mole per mole of rare earth oxide and (c) at least one of the oxides of tungsten and molybdenum in a quantity of 0.25 to 0.40 mole per mole of alkaline earth metal oxide, the alkaline earth metal oxide consisting of at least 25 mol.% of barium oxide.

Abstract: An oxide coated filament exhibiting surface ionization and electron conductivity characteristics is employed in alkali metal ionization detectors to provide extended filament operating life.

Abstract: The emitter material on the electrode of a high intensity discharge lamp comprises hafnium oxide, barium oxide and calcium oxide.

Abstract: A reflective type photocathode of a photomultiplier includes a porous antimony layer in overlay relation to a layer of solid antimony along a supporting substrate.

Abstract: A cathode for an X-ray tube including an emitter and a cap of a ceramic material such as Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 surrounding the emitter and having an open part surrounding an exit portion of the emitted electron beam.

Abstract: A dispenser cathode for a grid-controlled electron tube in which the emission of surface regions immediately opposite the control grid is reduced by providing projections above the emissive surface of fused, pore-closing portons which have a focussing effect. These projections may be formed by electron beam or laser beam welding.

Abstract: An electron emissive coating for long life fluorescent lamps comprises a composition of barium tantalate having the formula M(BaO) . N(Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5) where the ratio M/N is greater than 1.

Abstract: There is disclosed herein an electrode type glow discharge apparatus, such as that used for sputtering material from a cathode to provide a coating or the like on materials such as a substrate or substrates. Several exemplary embodiments are disclosed involving various combinations of constructural features including a flanged or spool type cathode, anode placement with respect thereto, provision of internal and/or external magnetic fields with field lines close to and substantially parallel with the barrel of the cathode, insulator placement, efficient cooling for anode and cathode, and the like. Furthermore, the assembly is constructed in a manner such that the same can be readily disassembled for enabling change of cathode materials and for cleaning cooling fluid passageways of the cathode and anode. Embodiments are described wherein at least a portion of the cathode may be in the form of a continuously moving member, such as a wire.

Abstract: A reaction cathode with high thermic emission which is especially suited for vacuum tube application and which contains a compound of a monolayer forming element which is liberated by a supply reaction which proceeds during the operation of the cathode, wherein the monolayer forming element is at least one of the elements selected from the group consisting of yttrium and lanthanum, and wherein said cathode further contains at least one metal selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, rhodium and ruthenium, as a diffusion-enhancing agent.

Abstract: A substrate of single crystalline gallium arsenide has on a surface thereof a layer of single crystalline indium gallium phosphide. A layer of single crystalline gallium arsenide is on the indium gallium phosphide layer and a work function reducing material is on the gallium arsenide layer. The substrate has an opening therethrough exposing a portion of the indium gallium phosphide layer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are powder compositions useful for making conductors, e.g., microcircuit conductors, end terminations for capacitors, electrodes for gas discharge display devices, etc. The compositions comprise inorganic powders dispersed in an inert vehicle and are printed and fired in the conventional manner on dielectric substrates. The inorganic powders comprise certain nickel compounds (borides or boride-silicides). Glass powder, nickel metal powder, and/or nickel silicide may also be present.

Abstract: A thermionic converter unit for use in a nuclear reactor to generate current, which can be constructed at low cost and which efficiently utilizes the nuclear fuel. The reactor utilizes an array of thermionic emitters whose peripheries are fluted so that a bulge of one emitter interfits the depression of another, to permit compact mounting, each emitter having several fuel passages located in the bulged portions for holding nuclear fuel and having a central collector passage for holding a thermionic collector. The emitters are constructed of rods of tungsten containing a small amount of thorium oxide, the thorium oxide not only improving the machinability of the tungsten but making it an efficient emitter.

Abstract: A dispenser cathode comprising a porous metal body which has an emissive surface and the pores of which contain one or more compounds for dispensing at least barium and scandium to the emissive surface, which compounds are composed of at least barium oxide, scandium oxide and aluminium oxide, in which the quantity of scandium oxide is less than 10% by weight, and preferably 3% by weight, of the overall quantity of the dispensing compound (s), has substantially the same good emissive properties as cathodes in which the dispensing compound comprises 5.5% by weight of scandium oxide and 18% by weight of yttrium oxide (Y.sub.2 O.sub.3), or barium scandate as a dispensing compound.

Abstract: Electrodes for a discharge lamp having a semispherical fused body to produce a very stable arc.The electrodes can be manufactured inter alia by compressing a mixture of tungsten powder, metal carbide powder and a binder to a moulding, sintering the moulding, and fusing it then at least partly in a discharge arc, the sintered moulding serving as one of the electrodes.

Abstract: There is disclosed herein an electrode type glow discharge apparatus, such as that used for sputtering material from a cathode to provide a coating or the like on materials such as a substrate or substrates. Several exemplary embodiments are disclosed involving various combinations of constructural features including a flanged or spool type cathode, anode placement with respect thereto, provision of internal and/or external magnetic fields with field lines close to and substantially parallel with the barrel of the cathode, insulator placement, efficient cooling for anode and cathode, and the like. Furthermore, the assembly is constructed in a manner such that the same can be readily disassembled for enabling change of cathode materials and for cleaning cooling fluid passageways of the cathode and anode. Embodiments are described wherein at least a portion of the cathode may be in the form of a continuously moving member, such as a wire.

Abstract: An improved electrode particularly suitable for operation at high current densities in vapor discharge lamps in which the pressure is upwards of 1 atmosphere. It comprises a porous matrix of refractory metal impregnated with a glassy emission material which becomes fluid or produces a fluid component at the operating temperature. The emission material comprises a low work function metal oxide and a glass forming component, preferred emission materials being lanthanum borate and lanthanum silicate.

Abstract: A high emission of electrons, as a result of negative electron affinity, has been achieved from an insulating nitride coated with a film of an electropositive work function reducing material.