Abstract: Production and the distribution of pico and nano-drops, which are extracted by the effect of a strong electric field generated by pyroelectric effect, in particular, but not exclusively, from a sessile drop (a drop placed on a surface assumes a form termed “sessile”) or by a liquid film, and distributed on a dielectric substrate. The electric field is advantageously generated applying a heat source on the dielectric substrate or utilizing a laser source emitting in the infrared region. In this new approach, it is not necessary to use fixed electrodes, circuits, high tension generators or to design intentionally, and therefore to realize, pico- and nano-nozzles.

Abstract: A pyroelectric-type IR receiving element comprises a pyroelectric substrate which is fixed to a supporting body at its support ends and at least one rectangular patch formed in the substrate. The patch is formed on its opposite surfaces with first and second electrodes which are overlapped to each other. The substrate has a U-shaped slit composed of a pair of side slits and a base slit connecting the side slits. The U-shaped slit surrounds continuously three sides of the patch, so that the patch is supported by the substrate in a cantilever fashion at a cantilever end which is opposed to one of the support ends of the substrate. Since a thermal stress applied to the substrate when the substrate is exposed to a temperature change is absorbed by the U-shaped slit, a stress concentration to be considered is not developed in the patch. As a result, it is possible to reduce the occurrence of popcorn noise, while maintaining good IR sensitivity.

Abstract: A photoconductive device having a transparent substrate, a transparent conductive film, a photoconductive film and a layer of an insulator provided on at least part of the substrate and of high thermal conductivity, and a method of operating the photoconductive device. Thus, especially, the temperature of a photoconductive film of an imaging device typical of an image pick-up tube or the photoconductive device which may be a one- or a two-dimensional image sensor or a photocell can be controlled precisely and efficiently.

Abstract: A target of an image pickup tube, having a transparent substrate, a transparent conductive film, a p-type photoconductive film made mainly from amorphous Se, and an n-type conductive film capable of forming a rectifying contact at the interface with the p-type photoconductive film, using the rectifying contact as a reverse bias, characterized in that the p-type photoconductive film containing at least a region having more than 35%, and to 60% by weight of Te in the film thickness direction, and at least a region containing 0.005 to 5% by weight of at least a material capable of forming shallow levels in the amorphous Se in the film thickness direction, has good after-image characteristics even if operated at a high temperature.

Abstract: Pyroelectric crystals having relatively high figures of merit (p/K) of the order of 1.8 or more are provided. They are preferably prepared by doping alanine substituted triglycine sulfate crystals with phosphorous and/or arsenic.

Abstract: A picture taking tube with pyroelectric target and a process for determining the axes of least expansion of the target are provided. A connection is formed between the two electrodes of the target and the point of contact of this connection with the electrode deposited on the target is situated in the vicinity of one of the axes of least expansion of the target.

Abstract: A pyroelectric target made of a pyroelectric material which is anisotropic dielectrically. Electrodes are provided on two plane parallel faces. To raise the pyroelectric figure of merit, the angle between the pyroelectric axis and the normal to the planar faces is greater than substantially 0.degree. but less than 90.degree.. A method of manufacturing such a target includes the step of selecting such an angle and cutting the faces into the material at the selected angle. A pyroelectric vidicon tube incorporating such a pyroelectric target has improved performance. Preferably, the projection of the normal to the planar faces onto a plane perpendicular to the pyroelectric axis is parallel to the axis along which the dielectric constant is lowest.

Abstract: In order to facilitate the preparation of the reticular pyroelectric target and to improve the mechanical strength thereof, it is provided to connect together the elements of the mosaic, separated by gaps, by means of junction arms small in section with respect to said elements, and rising up to a certain height from the base thereof. These ramifications protect the electric connection between elements provided by the underlying conducting layer, during elaboration thereof; they reinforce the rigidity of the assembly.

Abstract: A rugged retina is constructed for a vidicon having a rugged electron gun d other electrodes. The retina is prepared by mounting it between two thin flexible metal or metalized rings with a high viscosity liquid electrode between one of the rings and the retina. This prepared assembly is glued together and onto the vidicon faceplate with a pliant adhesive.

Abstract: Disclosed is a light sensitive screen including at least a light-transmitting conductive film and a photoconductive layer, the light-transmitting conductive film being arranged on a side of incidence of light, characterized in that the photoconductive layer is constructed of a single layer or a plurality of layers of one or more photoconductive substances, at least one of such photoconductive substance layers being formed of an amorphous silicon material which contains at least 5 atomic-% to 30 atomic-% of hydrogen, whose optical forbidden band gap is 1.65 eV to 2.25 eV and whose peak component in an infrared absorption spectrum at a wave number of 2,100 cm.sup.-1 is greater than that at a wave number of 2,000 cm.sup.-1. Various characteristics of an imaging device provided with the light sensitive screen, such as dark current, lag and after image characteristics, are improved.

Abstract: In an X-ray image intensifier consisting of a scintillator screen associated with a photocathode, an electron-optical system and an output screen on which a strong visible image appears, resolution is improved by providing the scintillator screen, formed by a layer of cesium iodide doped with sodium deposited onto the substrate, a structure of needles approximately micrometers in diameter which are kept in the form of separate needles during the subsequent heat treatment by virtue of the presence of silicon oxide in the cesium iodide lattice.

Abstract: The invention relates to a technique for providing a so-called `pedestal` voltage on the rear surface of the target of a pyroelectric camera. This is a positive voltage required to ensure efficient discharge, by the electron beam, of the pyroelectric charge. In the invention, the pyroelectric material is in the form of a plurality of islands of pyroelectric material connected individually to the signal plate. Each island is coated on its rear surface and on at least one side, by a conductive film. By applying a positive bias voltage to the signal plate, the rear surface of the pyroelectric islands are similarly biassed to provide the pedestal.

Abstract: A pyroelectric or ferroelectric sensing element consists of a substrate with a thin layer of sodium nitrite. Electrodes may be applied to both sides of the sodium nitrite layer, or, alternatively, only one electrode may be used. In one embodiment, an array of electrodes is applied to one side of a continuous sodium nitrite layer, while the other side has a continuous electrode. In another embodiment, the sodium nitrite layer consists of separate portions, each interposed between one electrode of an electrode array and either the substrate or a second, continuous electrode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a radiological image intensifier tube with a video output. The tube has in the same vacuum envelope an image section and an analysis section having a common face occupied by target. An electrical image corresponding to the incident X-ray image is formed in the image section and this image is read in the analysis section by an electron beam scanning the target point by point. This target has in the tubes according to the invention a structure making it possible to limit the X photon-video signal gain and to regulate it between two predetermined values. On its face which receives the photoelectrons e.sup.31 it has a metal barrier layer 1 covering a luminescent layer 2, in contact with a semitransparent layer 3 covering the actual target 4.

Abstract: A thermal image exposure plate is disclosed having a grid pattern on one side thereof exposed to thermal radiation. The grid pattern depth is less than a thickness of the plate. High image resolution and image sensitivity results. The plate is useful in thermal image exposure devices, particularly in a pyroelectric picture tube.

Abstract: A reticulated pyroelectric target, for the detection of infra red radiation, comprising a plurality of closely packed islands of pyroelectric material separated by a plurality of relatively narrow grooves in which in order to physically strengthen the target the islands and grooves are so shaped that the grooves do not form a straight line over any appreciable portion of the target surface. Preferably the islands are hexagonal to provide a good packing density.

Abstract: The optical cross-talk in a camera tube is reduced by the provision of a filter element which overlaps the entire target. The filter may be arranged in front of the photosensitive target and have a spectral transmission which is adapted to the spectral sensitivity of the target. The filter may also be arranged behind the target and preferably constructed so that it is also low-reflective for incoming light. In order to prevent excessive transverse conduction, such a filter may have a mosaic structure consisting of mutually insulated areas. Optical cross-talk may also be reduced by mounting the target on a support which is separately arranged in the camera tube and which has a small thickness.

Abstract: A surface of an insulating substrate, if not wettable, is made wettable, then moistened with water and brought in intimate contact with a water soluble crystal layer, whereby a strong bond between the crystal and the substrate will result.

Abstract: A retina is provided for a pyroelectric vidicon which is rugged, long liv and has increased resistance to contamination by normal environments encountered during testing and subsequent installation in the vidicon tube.

Abstract: The invention provides a thermal camera tube having a reticulated pyroelectric target, that is to say a target having a plurality of separate pyroelectric elements arranged in rows and columns and separated by channels. Each of the separate elements has the shape of a cube the vertical sides of which are inclined so that, except for those in one outer column and one outer row, on two of its sides the top of each element overhangs the base of an adjacent element in the same row and the base on an adjacent element in the same column so that the overhanging surface of the element is exposed to radiation in the region of channels separating it from the aforementioned adjacent elements.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a pyroelectric vidicon target wherein a layer of pyroelectric material is attached to a substrate, reduced in thickness, reticulated, covered with an electron permeable support layer, removed from the substrate, and covered with a layer of silicon oxide on the side scanned by the electron beam.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a retina and mounting it in a pyroelectric vidicon s provided wherein the pyroelectric material is polished, etched and coated with metal on one broad side and with a dielectric layer on the opposite (electron beam) side.

Abstract: An electronic device for processing optic, infrared or electronic signals three dimensions, that is, area and time. The device features an amplification function and includes the use of melt grown oxide metal ceramic substrate material which allows high frequency operation and utilizes microchannel amplifier techniques to reduce operational charge buildup.

Abstract: 1. A photoconductive target for a pickup tube comprising a layer of porous lead telluride on a transparent conductive layer, said porous lead telluride having a resistivity of approximately 10.sup.-11 ohm cm when maintained at a temperature substantially equal to liquid nitrogen temperature.

Abstract: An imaging device for detecting reflections of millimeter waves from a tat. The imaging device includes a composite cathode for converting an input radiation image to an electron image by field emission, a focusing lens to demagnify the image, and an amplifier and storage plate spaced from the composite cathode for detecting, storing and transferring the electron image to a viewing screen or recording medium.

Abstract: A pyroelectric detector employing a substrate supporting a thin, i.e., 0.5 to 5 .mu.m thick, solid layer of pyroelectric material with an intermediate layer of nucleating material, i.e., a material which is wettable by a solution of the pyroelectric material so that an adherent continuous layer is formed thereon. The pyroelectric layer may be in the form of a mosaic of islands separated by an electrically conductive material covered with an electrically insulating material.

Abstract: A pyroelectric vidicon employs heating means for stabilizing the target temperature.

Abstract: In camera using resistive targets wherein a recording tube of which the target (100) made of a pyroelectric material in the example and read by a beam of electrons, permanently receives a flow of ions formed in the tube by the collision between the electrons of the beam and the atoms of a gaseous mass of which the pressure in the tube is determined by the temperature of a reservoir, the invention provides means for controlling the temperature of the reservoir (filament 03) in dependence upon the average target current which is proportional to the flow of ions in question.

Abstract: In a pyroelectric vidicon, the target is covered with a layer of vacuum compatible material which has a high secondary emission coefficient, a low first cross-over and low conductivity to prevent decomposition of the target.

Abstract: A solid state sensing retina for infrared vidicon television camera tubes using a low voltage electron beam, consisting of a monolithic silicon wafer having an n-type substrate and two dimensional array of p-type islands, each island has a Schottky electrode photoemitter and substrate contact buss, an ohmic contact pad allows charging of the p-type region beneath the Schottky electrode.

Abstract: A stripe-shaped color separation filter for use with an image pickup tube is disclosed which is covered at its one surface with a layer of transparent material such as glass or SiO.sub.2 having a surface thereof which is flat enough to be practical for use with the image pickup tube. The layer of glass or SiO.sub.2 is formed on the filter by directly applying melted materials thereon, melting down (sintering) powdered materials, chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, or vacuum deposition.

Abstract: A spatial filter covered with first protective layers and a second protective layer, wherein the second protective layer is mounted on the first protective layers so as to fill up recesses appearing in the surface of said first protective layers which are evaporated on filter stripes deposited on the surface of a substrate and on those parts of the surface of said substrate on which filter stripes are not formed and, when the spatial filter is placed in an image pickup tube, the second protective layer having a smooth flawless surface enables the image pickup tube to produce a good output image for a long period.

Abstract: A target for ultrasonic camera comprising, applied to a substrate, a pyroelectric retina covered, in the present example, with a layer which absorbs incident ultrasonic waves; the temperature rise due to said absorption produces in the retina a charge relief read out by means which depend upon the selected device, for example an electron beam as in the case of the known pyroelectric targets.

Abstract: A photodetection device includes a photosensor usefully responsive to electromagnetic energy of a first band of wavelengths. An energy conversion unit is optically coupled to the photosensor for receiving incident electromagnetic energy of different, longer wavelength and emitting, in response, electromagnetic energy within the band of first wavelengths.

Abstract: 1.

Abstract: A camera tube employs a target comprising a layer of optically transparent infra-red radiation responsive material and a layer of photoconductive material which is scanned, in conventional manner, by an electron beam. This tube combines the principles of a infra-red image sensor with the more conventional principles of a vidicon target.