Abstract: Among a plurality of electrodes composing an electron gun, at least one electrode is separated into two along a plane substantially perpendicular to a central axis, the two being a first cylindrical electrode and a second cylindrical electrode. Between the two electrodes, a connecting member in an approximate cylindrical shape having a slit is interposed, which electrically connects the first and second cylindrical electrodes with each other. The first and second cylindrical electrodes are fixed to a support rod via the connecting member and support portions provided on a side of the connecting member. Since a modulation magnetic field from outside a cathode-ray tube passes through the slit, eddy current loss can be reduced, whereby a desired electron beam modulation effect can be achieved.

Abstract: A particle beam apparatus for tilted observation of a specimen is capable of producing magnification images of the specimen under tilted observation with high accuracy. The particle beam apparatus includes a source for generating a particle beam, deflection means for tilting the particle beam and a lens for focussing the tilted particle beam onto the specimen. Furthermore, multipole correction means are provided for correcting the lens aberrations occurring due to off-axial intersection of the lens by the tilted particle beam. The lens is an electrostatic, magnetic or combined electrostatic-magnetic objective lens.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is disclosed for electrostatic deflection and focusing of a charged particle stream. The apparatus can include plural vertical and horizontal deflection plates, although a single vertical and a single horizontal deflection plate each with a reference potential plane are preferred. Both orthogonal and preferably tilted display screens are employed to receive the deflected beam. The particle stream is injected offset from a centered position and the stream is deflected asymmetrically relative to the attracting deflection plate. Two alternately preferred computer programs are employable to calculate an offset position. A preferred external quadrupole is employed to correct any residual astigmatism in the particle stream. In one embodiment, the apparatus is disposed in a cathode ray tube. A reduced footprint CRT is also disclosed. Methods and apparatuses for an energy filtered electron beam, a mass spectrometer and a mass separator are also disclosed.

Abstract: A cathode ray tube has a phosphor screen and an electron gun. The electron gun includes an electron beam generating section and an electron beam focusing section for focusing an electron beam from the electron beam generating section onto the phosphor screen. The electron beam generating section and the electron beam focusing section are mounted in predetermined spaced relationship on plural insulator support rods. The electron beam focusing section includes at least one compound electrode formed of a first electrode member, a second electrode member and a plate-like electrode member sandwiched therebetween. The plate-like electrode member is fabricated from a material thicker than materials from which the first and second electrode members are fabricated. The plate-like electrode member is laser-welded to the first and second electrode members at points of edges of the first and second electrode members.

Abstract: A color cathode ray tube includes a phosphor screen, an electron beam generating section for generating three in-line electron beams, a focus electrode and an anode. The focus electrode includes a first focus and second focus sub-electrodes on this order from the cathode structure. The first focus sub-electrode has plural vertical parallel plate-like electrodes arranged to sandwich respective beam apertures in an end thereof facing the second focus sub-electrode in a direction of a beam arrangement, and the second focus sub-electrode has plural horizontal parallel plate-like electrodes arranged to sandwich beam apertures in an end thereof facing the first focus sub-electrode in a direction perpendicular to the beam arrangement, one of the first and second focus sub-electrodes is adapted to be supplied with a voltage varying in synchronism with beam deflection.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is disclosed for electrostatic deflection and focusing of a charged particle stream. The apparatus can include plural vertical and horizontal deflection plates, although a single vertical and a single horizontal deflection plate each with a reference potential plane are preferred. Both orthogonal and preferably tilted display screens are employed to receive the deflected beam. The particle stream is injected offset from a centered position and the stream is deflected asymmetrically relative to the attracting deflection plate. Two alternately preferred computer programs are employable to calculate an offset position. A preferred external quadrupole is employed to correct any residual astigmatism in the particle stream. In one embodiment, the apparatus is disposed in a cathode ray tube. A reduced footprint CRT is also disclosed. Methods and apparatuses for an energy filtered electron beam, a mass spectrometer and a mass separator are also disclosed.

Abstract: A grid arrangement with a plurality of control grids with a layered design with ceramic spacers for a cathode ray tube. The grid arrangement can be manufactured in a simple manner and reliably with high precision even in the case of very small dimensions. Very low grid capacity can be reached by structuring the conductor layers.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for deflecting a charged particle stream. The system can include plural vertical and horizontal deflection plates, although a single vertical deflection plate and reference potential plane is preferred. Both orthogonal and preferably tilted display screens are employed to receive the scan. The particle stream is injected offset from a centered position and the stream is scanned asymmetrically away from one deflection plate. A computer program is employed to calculate the offset position. An external quadrupole is employed to correct any aberration in the particle stream. In one embodiment, the system comprises a cathode ray tube.

Abstract: A deflection unit for deflecting the electron beams in a cathode ray tube has a hollow coil support of a synthetic material. At one end, the support has projections around which a clamping apparatus is arranged for securing the deflection unit to the neck of the cathode ray tube. The clamping apparatus has projections located opposite each other, while their mutual distance determining the diameter of the clamping apparatus is adjustable by tightening a bolt. The ends of the projections are constructed in such a way that they support each other when the bolt is tightened.

Abstract: An electron-emitting device comprises a substrate, an electrode provided on said substrate, an insulating layer laminated on the electrode, and a second electrode having an opening and laminated on the insulating layer in such a manner that the insulating layer is uncovered at the opening and electrons are emitted from the opening of the second electrode as a result of application of an voltage between the electrodes. An image display apparatus comprises the electron-emitting device, a modulating electrode capable of modulating an electron beam emitted from the electron-emitting device, in accordance with an information signal, and an image forming member capable of forming an image as a result of irradiation with the electron beam, these of which are successively disposed. An image forming apparatus comprises the electron-emitting device, and a means for modulating an electron beam emitted from said electron-emitting device, in accordance with an information signal.

Abstract: By providing a semiconductor device such as a cold cathode (7) with extra zener or avalanche structure (26, 27 and 32, 33, respectively) a robust structure is obtained which is resistant damage from, e.g., flashoners, during manufacture and use in a vacuum tube. The semiconductor zones (24, 27, 32, 33) are also utilized as electron sources.

Abstract: A flat screen cathode ray tube is self supporting of a phosphor coated glass face place in that a multiplicity of support points or lines of support extend from an addressing grid structure to contact the inside surface of the face plate between pixels. A cathode or back plate is similarly supported against the addressing structure. The addressing structure itself is formed of a series of ceramic plates or layers, assembled in an unfired state wherein the ceramic and/or glass materials are held together with a plastic binder and are flexible and easily handled. A matrix of very small holes is formed in each plate, one hole for each of the R, G and B components of each pixel in a color display.

Abstract: A display device comprising a deflection unit and a cathode ray tube having an in-line electron gun. The electron gun comprises a main lens portion having means to generate a main lens field and a quadrupole field. During operation, the intensity of the fields is dynamically varied. The electron gun comprises a prefocusing lens portion having means of generating a prefocusing lens field and a further quadrupole field. During operation, the intensity of said fields is controlled so that a dynamic cylindrical lens is formed in the prefocusing lens portion. By virtue thereof, an improved picture reproduction can be obtained.

Abstract: A planar electron-optical lens is obtained on a semiconductor cathode surface by providing an extra electrode (16) around the gate electrode (14). Dependent on the applied voltage, this configuration operates, for example, as a positive lens which supplies parallel beams without dispersion, suitable for thin, flat display devices. A large positioning tolerance is obtained due to the inherent magnification of the beam diameter in the semiconductor device, while a grid can be dispensed with.

Abstract: There is disclosed a display apparatus including a rear electrode unit, electron beam generating sources, a front electrode unit including a plurality of electron beam control electrodes laminated together with insulating spacers therebetween, and a face plate formed with a fluorescent screen. The front electrode is coupled together by first metallic coupling pins fixed on the electron beam control electrode arranged to confront the fluorescent screen. The rear electrode unit is coupled with the electrode unit by second metallic coupling pins fixed to one of the electron beam control electrodes other than the electron beam control electrode confronting the fluorescent screen.

Abstract: An MIM type of electron emission element having a thin insulating film formed below an electron emission region of a metal layer, with that electron emission region of the metal layer consisting of an array of thick and thin portions, distributed throughout the electron emission region. Improved efficiency and uniformity of of emission are obtained, due to the low resistance of the thick portions, which apply a supply voltage to the thin portions of the metal layer, while the thin portions can be made sufficiently thin to maximize the electron emission.

Abstract: A multistep focusing electron gun for a cathode ray tube includes at least a unipotential auxiliary lens and a bipotential major lens, wherein the electron beam-passing hole of the middle electrode supplied with a low potential among a successive three electrodes forming the unipotential auxiliary lens is formed in the form of a square and has a size so that the electron beam-passing holes of the electrode disposed at the front and at the rear of the middle electrode can be inscribed. The intensity of the unipotential auxiliary lens is weakened without reducing the mechanical strength of the electrode, and also the change of the relative position between the electrodes resulted from the structure change is inhibited.

Abstract: Electron source with micropoint emissive cathodes and display means by cathodoluminescence excited by field emission and using said source. Each cathode (5) comprises an electrically conductive layer (22) and micropoints (12) and, according to the invention, a continuous resistive layer (24) is provided between the conductive layer and the micropoints. The display means comprises a cathodoluminescent anode (16) facing the source.

Abstract: The stability of semiconductor cathodes is improved by reducing the effective emitting surface area. This is effected by producing emission patterns by means of separate emission regions, whose overall surface area is much smaller than that of the actual emission patter. Due to the higher emission current and adjustment current, adsorbed particles, which adversely affect the stability of the emission, are rapidly drained.

Abstract: By using micro-connection techniques, for example by means of ceramic glass and conducting glass, an electron-optical system can be manufactured with which the emitted beam can be deflected through 90.degree. within a very short distance (of the order of several mm).

Abstract: Positive ions generated in a vacuum tube (1) which may detrimentally influence the electron emission of a cathode (3) are trapped by a plate (35). The plate is present in an aperture (36) in a grid (37) to which it is connected via bars (40). The aperture (36) is sufficiently large to pass the generated beam (6), while the bars (40) hardly influence the beam intensity.

Abstract: A color display system includes a cathode-ray tube and self-converging yoke that produces an astigmatic magnetic deflection field within the tube. The tube has an electron gun for generating and directing three electron beams along paths toward a screen. The gun includes beam-forming region electrodes, main focusing lens electrodes, and two electrodes for forming a multipole lens between the beam-forming region and the main focusing lens in each of the electron beam paths. Each multipole lens is oriented to provide a correction to an associated electron beam to at least partially compensate for the effect of the astigmatic magnetic deflection field on that beam. A first multipole lens electrode is located between the beam-forming region electrodes and the main focusing lens electrodes. A second multipole electrode is connected to a main focusing lens electrode and located between the first multipole lens electrode and the main focusing lens, adjacent to the first multipole lens electrode.

Abstract: A device for recording or displaying images or for electron lithographic or electron microscopic uses, comprising in an evacuated envelope (1) a target (7) on which at least one electron beam (6) is focussed. This beam is generated by means of a semiconductor device (10) which comprises an electrically insulating layer (42) having an aperture (38) through which the beam passes. The layer carries at least four beam-forming electrodes (43 through 50) which are situated at regular intervals around the aperture (38). Each of the electrodes has such a potential that an n-pole field or a combination of n-pole fields is generated, where n is an even integer from 4 through 16. A suitable choice of the n-pole field will make it possible to impart substantially any desired shape to the beam (6) and thus the focus on the target.

Abstract: The structure is material such as a ceramic in the form of a bundle of open cells, a "honeycomb", with the shape of the cells corresponding to the shape of the openings desired in the grid. The cathode is formed in the cells, rather than adding the grid to a ready-made cathode. The grid is formed by coating the end of the cell walls with a conducting material (metal and/or carbon). The surface of the cathode is suitably recessed from the grid.

Abstract: A semiconductor cathode is provided with deflection electrodes, with which a dipole field can be generated. As a result of this, electrons released at the surface of the semiconductor cathode leave the surface at a certain angle. For use inter alia in camera tubes, display tubes, such an inclined beam can be aligned without any problems. Positive ions which are released inter alia from residual gases and are accelerated in the direction of the cathode impinge on the cathode at an acute angle. As a result of this, the active part of the cathode is substantially not attacked by said positive ions, so that degradation is prevented.

Abstract: A cathode and grid assembly includes a first grid of small diameter secured to a planar inner surface of a ceramic means and over a central opening in the ceramic means and a second grid having a first planar section secured to a planar outer surface of the ceramic means, a second planar section positioned within the central opening and a frustum of a cone section interconnecting the first and second planar sections with the frustum of a cone section extending along a frustum of a cone outer surface of the ceramic means.

Abstract: In an electron gun that includes a cathode, a control grid, a screen grid and at least two main focus lens electrodes, an improvement comprises the screen grid including a first portion having a circular aperture, a second portion having at least one elongated aperture and a third portion having a circular aperture. The first and third portions are electrically insulated from the second portion.

Abstract: An electron gun comprises a cathode for generating at least one electron beam along a beam path and a plurality of electrodes spaced along the beam path from the cathode. The electrode adjacent to the cathode comprises an electrically conductive base member of a first material having an aperture extending therethrough. The base member has two opposing surfaces that have overlying layers of a second electrically conductive material disposed thereon. The overlying layers overhang the aperture in the base member. At least one of the overlying layers has a plurality of apertures therethrough.

Abstract: An electron gun includes two electrodes between which a resistive lens structure is mounted. The lens structure comprises a stack of alternate apertured electrode plates and insulator spacer blocks. A high resistance coating of, e.g., cermet or glaze material, is precoated along one side of each spacer block prior to assembly of the stack, so that upon assembly the stack has a high resistance electrical continuity from one end to the other.

Abstract: In an electron gun having a control grid in contact with the face of the cathode, unwanted thermionic emission from the cathode can be effectively suppressed by applying a thin (1 micron) coating of boron nitride to the surface of the control grid. The boron nitride has low thermionic emission itself and, in addition, has an unusual ability to shed or eliminate any deposits of emissive material such as barium or its oxides which come in contact with the boron nitride layer. For optimum performance and longest lifetime, the boron nitride layer is applied over a pyrolytic graphite layer which may be the conductive grid itself.

Abstract: A cathode-ray tube comprises an evacuated envelope having therein a target and an electron-beam-producing means including a field-emission cathode therein. The beam-producing means comprises a plurality of spaced, pointed protuberances pointing in the same direction. Each protuberance has its own field-emission-producing means, a separate focusing-field-producing means for focusing the electrons emitted from the protuberance into a beam and means for modulating the individual beams in concert. The structure produces a plurality of modulated beams that are projected as a bundle in substantially parallel paths, which may be further operated upon as a single composite beam.