Abstract: A blink plasma backlight system for a liquid crystal display comprises a first substrate; a second substrate arranged substantially in parallel with and spaced-apart from the first substrate, forming a gas discharge space therebetween; at least one electrode pair disposed on an inner surface of the second substrate, the electrode pair containing a first electrode and a second electrode approximately parallel to each other; a control unit coupled to the electrode pair, for periodically providing an energy to ignite a gas discharge between the first and second substrates; a dielectric layer disposed on the inner surface of the second substrate covering the electrode pairs; and a first fluorescent layer disposed on the inner surface of the first substrate.

Abstract: A pixel structure and an edge-emitter field-emission display device having a first substrate or backplate including a cathode disposed thereon and a second substrate or faceplate including an anode disposed thereon, wherein the anode on the second substrate or faceplate has a light emitting film. The cathode may define a first bus of an X-Y bus array and the anode may define a second bus of the X-Y bus array. Alternatively, the first substrate may further include a control gate disposed thereon, wherein the cathode defines a first bus of an X-Y bus array and the control gate defines a second bus of the X-Y bus array.

Abstract: A gas discharge tube has a phosphor layer formed and a discharge gas enclosed within an elongated tube which is to serve as the gas discharge tube. The gas discharge tube includes a light-emitting section and a cleaning section for cleaning the discharge gas. The cleaning section is connected to the light-emitting section.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electroluminescent filament capable of emitting a plurality of colors and a method for manufacturing the same. Said electroluminescent filament of the present application comprises: A metal conductive wire as core wire; A medium insulating layer coated on the core wire; A light emitting layer coated on the medium insulating layer; A conductive layer coated on the light emitting layer; At least one or more transmission conductive wires wound at interval on the outside of the conductive layer; The transparent polymer casing tube covering the transmission conductive wires and the outer side of the surface of conductive layer not covered by transmission conductive wires; The polymer casing tube of at least 2 to 8 colors covering the outer layer of transparent polymer casing tube and forming light emitting filament with helical or sectional colors combination.

Abstract: A field emission display with reflection layer has an improved insulating supporting device. The major feature is to place a reflection layer on the insulating supporting device. From the special structure, the insulating supporting device can enhance the emission efficiency of the phosphors powder rather than the primary function of the insulating support. The field emission display with reflection layer has an anode structure, a cathode structure and the supporting device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electroluminescent light source. In particular, it relates to an multi-colored electroluminescent cable capable of changing colors, which comprises: a group of electroluminescent filaments which consist of a plurality of electroluminescent filaments of different colors and are insulated from each other, helically wound on the outer side of the axis; a transparent and flexible polymer casing tube disposed on the outer side of the group of electroluminescent filaments. The advantage of the present invention is low in power consumption, simple in structure, convenient for use, and has relatively long service life. The filament can be bent into a plurality of geometrical shapes as consumers demand, and it is beautiful and appealing.

Abstract: A planar fluorescent lamp having a first panel, a second panel, a glass rim, a venting tube, and a set of electrodes. Fluorescent layers are formed on both the first panel and the second panel. The glass rim is mounted on edges of the first and second panels. A recess and a gap are formed in the glass rim; the recess is used for placing the electrodes while the gap is reserved for installing the venting tube. The first panel, the second panel, and the glass rim are so arranged so that a cavity is formed thereby. The cavity is vacuumed via the venting tube and mercury vapor and inert gas are then introduced into the cavity.

Abstract: A lamp includes an enclosure with partitions defining a channel having channel segments and/or providing multiple paths for an electrical arc to travel. The channel segments can be implemented by adding additional electrodes in the channel formed by the partitions, by forming a channel where the arc may travel in multiple directions, or by a combination of these methods. The channel segments and multiple directions of arc travel tend to reduce the voltage required to start the lamp.

Abstract: A plasma display panel including a first panel, address electrodes formed on the first panel in a predetermined pattern, a first dielectric layer formed on the first panel and covering the address electrodes, a partition structure having unit partitions discontinuously formed on the first dielectric layer to partition a discharge space, the unit partitions being parallel to the address electrodes and each having auxiliary partitions, red, green and blue phosphor layers coated in the partitioned discharge space, a second panel, which is coupled to the first panel to form the discharge space and which is transparent, a plurality of pairs of sustaining electrodes formed on an inner surface of the second panel and having sets of first and second electrodes at a predetermined angle with respect to the address electrodes, and a second dielectric layer formed on the second panel and covering the sustaining electrodes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a full color flat display panel by using an organic electro-luminescent(EL) device, a manufacturing method thereof and a driving circuit of the organic EL device, in particular, which includes first, second and third pixels, a plurality of first electrodes, and a plurality of second electrodes perpendicularly intersecting the first electrodes, in which each of the first, second and third light emitting pixels is arranged in each of intersecting positions of the first and second electrodes. Light emitting pixels are arranged to have different areas according to luminous efficiency so that a red light emitting area with relatively poorer efficiency is sized larger than a blue or green light emitting area thereby manufacturing an efficient full color organic EL display panel.

Abstract: A plasma flat-panel display has a glass substrate having a first pair of parallel sustainer electrodes deposited thereon that includes a first sustainer electrode and a second sustainer electrode. A second pair of parallel sustainer electrodes also is deposited upon the substrate that also includes a first sustainer electrode and a second sustainer electrode. A single common electrode pad is electrically connected to the first sustainer electrode in the first sustainer electrode pair and the first sustainer electrode in the second sustainer electrode pair. The electrode pad is adapted to be connected to a first sustainer voltage waveform supply so that a single supply provides a voltage waveform to both of the first sustainer electrodes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas discharge lamp for dielectrically impeded discharges, which gas discharge lamp is provided with a discharge vessel filled with a gas filling, which discharge vessel comprises at least a wall of a dielectric material and at least a wall having a surface which is at least partly transparent to visible radiation and coated with a phosphor layer, which phosphor layer comprises a phosphor having a host lattice, Eu2+ as the activator and a doping D selected from the group formed by Ce3+, Pr3+ and Tb3+, and provided with an electrode structure for a dielectrically impeded discharge and means for igniting and maintaining the discharge. The invention also relates to a phosphor comprising a host lattice, Eu2+ as the activator and a doping D selected from the group formed by Ce3+, Pr3+ and Tb3+.

Abstract: A flat luminescent lamp and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed in the present invention. More specifically, a flat luminescent lamp includes first and second substrates each having a plurality of grooves in sides which the first and second substrates face into each other, first and second electrodes in the grooves, first and second phosphor layers in the first and second substrates including the first and second electrodes, respectively, and a frame for sealing the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A mercury-free metal halide lamp includes an arc tube including a pair of electrodes inside the tube. In the arc tube, a rare gas and a metal halide are contained, and no mercury is contained. The mercury-free metal halide lamp is horizontally operated such that the pair of electrodes is substantially horizontal. The mercury-free metal halide lamp further includes magnetic field applying means for applying a magnetic field including a component substantially perpendicular to a straight line connecting heads of the pair of electrodes in a substantially vertical direction. The density of halogen atoms evaporated during steady-state operation with respect to unit inner volume of the arc tube is 20 &mgr;mol/cc or more.

Abstract: The present invention provides a metal composition for making a conductive film and a metal composition for making an electron emission element. The metal composition includes a vinylpyrrolidone-acrylic acid copolymer represented by formula (I): wherein x and y are integers. The present invention also provides a method for making an electron emission element having a conductive film for emitting electrons, the method comprising the steps of providing the metal composition containing the vinylpyrrolidone-acrylic acid copolymer represented by formula (I) above on a substrate and baking the metal composition.

Abstract: The present invention provides a luminescent apparatus having a bright, high-quality image. A reflecting surface-including electrode, and an EL element formed of an organic EL layer and a transparent electrode are provided on an insulator. As shown in FIG. 1, an auxiliary electrode 107 formed of a transparent conductive film is connected to the transparent electrode via a conductor. This structure enables a resistance value of the transparent electrode 104 to be substantially lowered, and a uniform voltage to be applied to the organic EL layer.

Abstract: A method for producing organic electroluminescent components having a structured electrode, in particular displays having a structured metal electrode, includes the following steps: At least two layers are applied onto a bottom electrode which is located on a substrate. The first layer is electrically insulating and is not damaged when the second layer is applied. A defined boundary remains between the two layers. The first layer has a higher solubility rate in a liquid developer than the second layer and it is possible to structure the second layer. The second layer is structured and the structure is transferred to the first layer. At least one organic functional layer is applied onto the second layer. A top electrode is deposited onto the organic functional layer.

Abstract: Each cell of a PDP is provided with a pair of narrow and substantially U-shaped plane electrodes, which are connected to a corresponding trace electrode at the open ends thereof (located at the respective non-discharging gap sides) to operate as scan electrode and common electrode. A plane discharging gap is defined between the closed front ends of the plane electrodes. The plane electrodes have a curved profile at the front ends thereof with the highest point located at the longitudinal central axis of the cell. With this arrangement, the effective length of the plane electrodes can be increased without increasing the surface area of the plane electrodes so that the plane electrodes overlap the data electrode at the front ends thereof over an expanded area.

Abstract: An electroluminescent device having a transparent substrate extending in the lengthwise direction of the device, a transparent conductive layer placed on the back surface of the transparent substrate, a luminescent layer having a width smaller than the width of the transparent conductive layer and being placed on the back surface of the transparent conductive layer, a rear electrode placed on the back surface of the luminescent layer, and at least one buss which is placed on the part of the back surface of the transparent conductive layer having no luminescent layer, has a width smaller than the width of the transparent conductive layer, and is electrically in contact with neither the luminescent layer nor the rear electrode in which the transparent conductive layer, the luminescent layer, the rear electrode and the buss continuously extend in the lengthwise direction of the transparent substrate.

Abstract: A discharge lamp, suitable for operation by means of dielectrically impeded discharge, having electrodes arranged on the wall of the discharge vessel, has at least one dielectric layer which covers at least a part of the electrodes and, optionally, the discharge vessel wall as well. A phosphor and/or reflective layer is arranged on the at least one dielectric layer. According to the invention, at least the dielectric layer arranged directly underneath the phosphor or reflective layer consists of a glass solder whose viscosity variation as a function of temperature is irreversible, in particular of a sintered glass ceramic. This prevents this layer from re-melting during the fabrication process and thereby tearing the overlying porous reflective and/or phosphor layers.

Abstract: A flat panel lamp has internal walls forming a serpentine discharge path between two internal electrodes. Two glow mode electrodes in the form of interdigitated combs are laid on the outside of the front panel of the lamp, on top of the walls. The internal electrodes are connected to a first drive circuit; the glow mode electrodes are connected to a second drive circuit, which drives them at a frequency of about 10 MHz. At high brightness, only the internal electrodes are operative; at low brightness, only the glow mode electrodes are operative; and at intermediate brightness the two sets of electrodes are alternately energized.

Abstract: Disclosed is a display device using a COF operating with a low driving voltage. The present invention includes a display panel, a COF having a connection part on which the display channel is placed and a chip part on which a chip is placed, data lines connected to the COF in a direction toward the chip, the data lines forming curves starting from the display panel, scan lines straightly connected to the COF, the scan lines starting from the panel in the direction toward the chip, scan line connection lines on the connection part, the scan line connection lines connecting the scan lines electrically to the COF, and data line connection lines on the connection part, the data line connection lines connecting the data lines electrically to the COF.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a pair of substrates connected to each other via a pre-set gap for delimiting a hermetically sealed space, an ionizable gas charged into this space, and discharging electrodes formed at least on one of the substrates to incur discharge in the space. The discharging electrodes are coated with a protective skin film formed by the electro-deposition method. The protective skin film is an electro-deposited and sintered mixture of boride or carbon containing electrically conductive powders and glass powders. In electro-deposition, the mean particle size of the electrically conductive powders and the glass powders is not larger than 10 &mgr;m or in a range from 1 to 3 &mgr;m. The electrically conductive powders and the glass powders are mixed in a volumetric ratio in a range from 9:1 to 3:7, with the film thickness of the protective skin film being in a range from 1 to 20 &mgr;m.

Abstract: A synchronous switching device. The switching device includes a common electrode, distributed electrodes, voltage converters and a signal generator. The distributed electrodes are aligned in a straight line facing the common electrode. Each distributed electrode has a length smaller than the common electrode. Each voltage converter is electrically coupled to the common electrode as well as one distributed electrode. All voltage converters are electrically coupled to the signal generator. A first panel, a second panel and two side panels together form a planar lamp with a hollow space inside. A layer of fluorescent coating is deposited on the interior surface of the first and the second panel. The distributed electrodes and the common electrodes are mounted on each side of the hollow space. Through high voltage synchronous signals generated by the signal generator and the voltage converters, the planar fluorescent lamp is lit.

Abstract: In a planar type plasma discharge display device including first and second electrode groups to display a desired image by plasma discharge produced between the first and second electrode groups, its accuracy may be increased, and its manufacturing may be simplified. A pair of discharge electrode groups comprising a first electrode group and a second electrode group, each formed by arraying a plurality of electrode elements, are arrayed on a common substrate in a two-dimensional fashion. Then, a desired image is displayed by plasma discharge produced between selected electrode elements of the first and second electrode groups. To solve a problem of an ordinary matrix type high-definition display device which is not reliable because an area of a terminal disposed portion is increased by the enormous number of terminals concerning the horizontal direction scanning, a terminal width is reduced or terminals are disposed very close to each other. The display device includes first and second electrode groups.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multifunctional printed circuit board which is embodied so as to be a p.c.b. coated on at least one layer or one side with an electroconductive film, which printed circuit board is provided with one or more opto-electronically active components of the same or different wavelengths. In accordance with the invention, the optically active component is embodied so as to be a luminous field integrated in the printed circuit board, which field, during the manufacturing process of the printed circuit board, is screen-printed directly onto or above a suitably structured, electroconductive layer of the printed circuit board. By virtue thereof, in the course of the manufacture of the printed circuit board, it can be directly provided with suitable optical components, which will cooperate with the discrete components to be provided afterwards.

Abstract: The invention relates to the manufacture of electroluminescent elements on the basis of a so-called planar electrode arrangement (8a, 8b), whereby the modifications in accordance with the invention enable a substantial increase of the luminous power to be attained. To strengthen the electric field and hence increase the brightness, a special multilayer technology is employed. The electric field may be further strengthened by a film having a high dielectric constant. Preferably, a customary printed circuit board is used as the supporting board, so that the process in which the electroluminescent element is manufactured can be directly integrated in the printed-circuit-board manufacturing process. A further advantage of the invention is that the printed circuit boards provided with the optical components in accordance with the invention can be soldered by means of customary solder processes.

Abstract: A first electrode group and a second electrode group each being formed by planarly arraying a plurality of electrodes on a common substrate are arrayed such that the electrodes cross over through an insulating layer. A common discharge electrode portion is arranged between each pair of adjacent electrodes of the first electrode group to be opposite to the pair of electrodes, and plasma discharge portions are formed at opposing portions of the respective discharge electrode portions and the opposite portions of each of the pairs of electrodes opposite to the discharge electrode portions. Thus, a problem of decreases in width of electrodes and inter-electrode interval caused by an increase in definition in a planar-type plasma discharge display device is solved, and at the same time, without using a complex signal processing circuit, the display drive of the planar-type plasma discharge display device and a high-luminance display drive are performed without causing any image degradation.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus having a plurality of electron emitting devices and luminescent members are arranged into a matrix formed on one surface of a substrate. As rows of electron emitting devices are successively driven, each luminescent member emits light according to a voltage applied to it or other members in accordance with an image information signal when irradiated with a light beam from one of the electron emitting devices mated with it.

Abstract: A discharge vessel for an electrodeless lamp having a pair of substantially parallel front and back walls. In one implementation, the front wall of the discharge vessel has a collimating structure, e.g a fresnel lens, for directing the light in a preferential direction such as in a flood light. In another implementation, the flat discharge vessel is quadrilateral and together with one or more quadrilateral excitation coils can be used as a backlight for a flat panel display. In yet another implementation, a cup-shaped discharge vessel with a collimating structure on the front wall is used in an electrodeless lamp for a task lighting such as a spot light.

Abstract: A photoprinter is described, including a print head comprising three parallel substrates, with the space between them being permanently evacuated. The middle substrate is divided into left and right parts with a space left between them. Suitable gettering means is located inside said space. The right side of the middle substrate supports a unilinear or trilinear array (for monochrome and color respectively) of microtips that rest on cathode columns. Gate lines, orthogonally disposed relative to the cathode columns are located at the top level of the microtips and have openings through which the microtips can emit electrons, due to field emission, which bombard nearby conductive phosphor layers, thereby emitting light. Microtips and phosphor layers are placed close together so that proximity focusing of the electrons is adequate. This allows the print head to be placed close to the surface of a rotatable photosensitive drum. A method for manufacturing the print head is described.

Abstract: An electro-optical device has a first substrate having non-overlapping first electrodes on a major surface thereof and a second substrate opposed to the first substrate having non-overlapping second electrodes on a major surface thereof. The second electrodes are disposed substantially perpendicular to the first electrodes, and adjacent second electrodes are disposed at equal intervals. The electro optical device has an electro-optical material layer disposed between the first and second substrates. A discharge chamber is disposed between the electro-optical material layer and the second substrate and is filled with an ionizable gas. When this electro-optical device is applied to an image display device, the number of electrodes for attaining the same resolution can be reduced to one half. Thus, a bright image display is provided. Further, the electro-optical device may be if a structure such that partition walls are formed by the printing method on the second electrodes.

Abstract: Field-emitted electrons are converged by a structure according to the present invention in which odd order gate lines are connected to a first gate lead electrode, while even order gate lines are connected to a second gate lead electrode. When the first gate lead electrode is selected and operated, the potential of the second gate lead electrode is made to be a low level. Since the odd order gate line is disposed between low level even order gate lines, emitted electrons can be converged. When the second gate lead electrode is selected and operated, a contrary process is performed so that emitted electrons are converged. Each gate line has three dot-like field emission arrays, which correspond to red, green and blue color components, so that color image apparatus is structured.

Abstract: A discharge vessel for an electrodeless lamp having a pair of substantially parallel front and back walls. In one implementation, the front wall of the discharge vessel has a collimating structure, e.g a fresnel lens, for directing the light in a preferential direction such as in a flood light. In another implementation, the flat discharge vessel is quadrilateral and together with one or more quadrilateral excitation coils can be used as a backlight for a flat panel display. In yet another implementation, a cup-shaped discharge vessel with a collimating structure on the front wall is used in an electrodeless lamp for a task lighting such as a spot light.

Abstract: An optical correction layer for a light emitting apparatus having gaps in brightness at the light-emitting surface. The optical correction layer includes a plurality of optical correction regions centered over the gaps, and a plurality of optically transparent regions which overlay the remainder of the light-emitting surface. The optical correction regions include appropriately formed grooves which collect and redirect light adjacent the gap. The light is redirected to cover and effectively conceal the gap. The optically transparent regions permit light to travel through, without redirection.

Abstract: An electron emitter plate (110) for an FED image display has an extraction (gate) electrode (122, 222) spaced by a dielectric insulating layer (25) from a cathode electrode including a conductive mesh (118, 218). Circular arrays (112) of microtips (14) are located concentrically within mesh spacings (116, 216) on a resistive layer (15), within apertures (26) formed on ring-shaped pads (127, 227) patterned in an extraction electrode (122). Mesh spacings (116) and pads (127) are circular. Mesh spacings (226) and pads (227) are hexagonal. For reduced capacitance, dielectric material (25) is etched from cores (144) of rings (127, 227) and from toroidal regions (148) below rings (127, 227). Mesh spacings (116, 216) are hexagonal close-packed and mesh material (118, 218) is removed from portions (142) of cathode electrode. Y-shaped bridging strips (129') have nodes (146) located over removed cathode electrode portions (142).

Abstract: An electro-optical device with a first substrate having a plurality of non-overlapping first electrodes on a major surface and a second substrate mounted to oppose the first substrate and having a plurality of non-overlapping second electrodes on a major surface, and the second electrodes are substantially perpendicular to the first electrodes, and adjacent second electrodes are disposed at equal intervals. The electro-optical device has an electro-optical material layer between the first and second substrates, and a discharge chamber between the electro-optical material layer and the second substrate, an dis filled with an ionizable gas. The electro-optical device can be used as an image display device and the number of electrodes can be reduced to one half and a bright image display is provided. The partition walls can be formed by printing methods on the second electrodes.

Abstract: A write head for a fluorescent printer which is capable of being prevented from being adversely affected by charging of electrons and opposite control electrodes and capable of forming an electrode pattern with high precision. Anodes 7 are arranged on a glass substrate 1 in a main scanning direction to constitute anode arrays in juxtaposition to each other, so that the anode arrays are arranged in two rows extending in a sub-scanning direction. The two anode arrays are so provided that the anodes 7 corresponding to each other in both anode arrays are arranged in a zigzag arrangement. Each pair of adjacent anodes 7 which correspond to each other in both anode arrays and are arranged so as to alternate in the zigzag arrangement include anode conductors 2 connected to each other through a wiring conductor 3a. The respective anode arrays are surrounded by groups of control electrodes 4a and 4b electrically independent from each other, respectively.

Abstract: A photo-ionization detector utilizes an ultraviolet (UV) lamp and is designed for detecting and measuring the concentration of volatile gases flowing between closely spaced parallel electrodes. One of the electrodes is formed to allow photons to pass into the space between the electrodes to ionize the volatile gases between the electrodes. The detector also incorporates an improved ionization chamber.

Abstract: An electro-optical device applied as an image display device includes a first substrate having a plurality of non-overlapping first electrodes on a major surface thereof; and a second substrate opposed to the first substrate and having a plurality of non-overlapping second electrodes on a major surface thereof wherein the second electrodes are disposed substantially perpendicular to the first electrodes. This device further includes an electro-optical material layer disposed between the first and second electrodes; and a discharge chamber disposed between the electro-optical material layer and the second substrate, and filled with an ionizable gas, the discharge chamber having a plurality of scanning units, the scanning units being divided by partition walls formed by a printing process. By formation of grooves by the printing process, the difficult process of etching of grooves or formation of electrodes in the grooves is unnecessary, and the manufacturing is easy.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an addressable electroluminescent display which eliminates ghost images resulting from leads used to energize the display. The addressable display has a polymer film substrate with a first electrode deposited onto the polymer film. A group electrode is provided which is spaced apart from the first electrode. The group electrode has segments so arranged that, when projected onto the first electrode, form a substantially continuous group electrode footprint. A phosphor layer is interposed between the first electrode and the group electrode. Preferably, a dielectric is also interposed between the phosphor layer and the group electrode. A group electrode insulating layer overlies the group electrode and has group electrode insulating layer passages therethrough. Group electrode leads overlay the group electrode insulating layer and are positioned such that their projection onto the first electrode lies within the group electrode footprint.

Abstract: According to the present invention there is provided a discharge cathode device comprising: a substrate, an Al layer formed on the substrate, and a layer of hexabonide of either lanthanum, a lanthanide or yttnium formed on the Al layer. There is also provided a method for manufacturing the same and a gas discharge display device having the same. This cathode device including a multilayer structure exhibits excellent conductivity, flexibility, and thermal oxidation resistance and also can be produced at low cost. The gas discharge display device achieves superior insulation and can be produced with a small number of steps.

Abstract: Electrodes 11 and 12 in a cold-cathode discharge lamp have a row of holes 13 arranged side-by-side along their length. The holes are formed by laser machining and extend at an angle of between about 25.degree. and 35.degree. to the normal, the holes in the two electrodes being oppositely inclined.

Abstract: A planar discharge plasma display device which can be easily manufactured and has low optical loss includes a front and a rear plate, a plurality of anode signal lines and cathode signal lines arranged in an X-Y matrix on the rear plate and insulated so as not to be exposed to a discharge space. Anodes and cathodes protrude from the anode signal lines and cathode signal lines, respectively, near the intersections of the anode signal lines and the cathode signal lines. Barrier ribs are stacked on the anode signal lines and lodged between the anode signal lines and the front plate.

Abstract: The discharge space of a flat type fluorescent lamp in which a pair of electrodes are oppositely positioned for producing discharge therebetween establishes a predetermined elongated width W along the pair of electrodes and a prescribed height H in a direction perpendicular to the discharge direction. A fill including argon is sealed in the discharge space at a target pressure F (torr) which satisfies the following relationship when an aspect ratio F defined by the ratio of the predetermined elongated width W to the prescribed height H is equal to or greater than four and is equal to or less than eight: 10.ltoreq.P.ltoreq.-5/2 (F-4)+40; and the following relationship when the aspect ratio F is equal to or greater than eight and is equal to or less than eighteen: 10.ltoreq.P.ltoreq.30.

Abstract: A matrix display apparatus with a layered structure in which driving wires are layered on repair wires to sandwhich an insulating film therebetween, whereby it is possible to carry out complete driving of the display apparatus so that the location of picture element defects can be identified.

Abstract: A method for producing an electrochromic device, comprises the steps of:(a) preparing a 5-layered laminate structure consisting of:A: electrode layer;B: reductive coloring electrochromic layer;C: ionic conductive layer;D.sub.0 : dispersion layer consisting of metallic iridium and a dispersion medium; andE: electrode layer;wherein at least one of the electrode layers A, E is transparent; and(b) applying an AC voltage between the electrode layers A and E in a gas atmosphere containing oxygen or water vapor, thereby converting the metallic iridium in the layer D.sub.0 into oxide or hydroxide.

Abstract: A plate-type cathode ray tube device is disclosed in which a plurality of electron beams are emitted in directions parallel to a fluorescent screen, each of the electron beams is so deflected as to be perpendicular to the fluorescent screen, and performs a scanning operation in a direction parallel to the initial direction of the electron beam, a deflection voltage for deflecting each electron beam and for causing each electron beam to perform the above scanning operation is applied to one of a plurality of deflection plates which is juxtaposed in a direction parallel to the initial direction of the electron beam and each of which extends in a direction perpendicular to the initial direction of the electron beam, in such a manner that the deflection plates are successively applied with the deflection voltage, and a focusing correction voltage for keeping the size of electron beam spot formed on the fluorescent screen constant all over the fluorescent screen is applied to one of the deflection plates at the sa

Abstract: A high brightness panel display (20) includes a plurality of discrete gas discharge cells (24) sealed against a phosphor-carrying front panel section (26) and operable to produce a high brightness display. Gas discharges are ignited and extinguished in selected gas discharge cells (24) to excite or extinguish associated pixels P.sub.m,n that are formed in portions of phosphor strips (35) on the front panel section (26). The gas discharge cells (24) are controlled with electrodes that are common to several cells but driven so that a gas discharge can be ignited or extinguished in one cell without effecting any other cell. Consequently, the pixels may have a 100% per-frame duty cycle, thereby producing very high brightness.

Abstract: Electrochemical luminescent cell having a spacing of the plates (1, 2) provided with electrodes (5 and 6, respectively) from 10 to 100 .mu.m, in which at least one of the oppositely located electrodes has a grid structure (13) or surface roughness, the size and mutual hole distance and maximum surface roughness of which, respectively, lie in the order of magnitude of the spacing (3) of the electrode plates.