Abstract: A particle beam irradiation apparatus includes an accelerator that extracts a pulse-shaped particle beam and a switching system that switches a particle beam to prevent irradiation of a subject. The apparatus also includes a database in which a time dependency of the number of particles in one pulse of the particle beam is stored in association with a driving condition of the accelerator. A computer processor calculates a timing of switching by the switching system, based on a desired accumulated number of particles to be irradiated onto the irradiation subject and the time dependency of the number of particles in one pulse of the particle beam, and a switching controller controls the switching system based on the timing of switching calculated by the computer processor.

Abstract: Mixtures are provided of lithium salts with reducing agents for lithium evaporation. The mixtures may be particularly used in the manufacture of electroluminescent organic displays. Lithium dispensers based on the use of these mixtures are also provided.

Abstract: Provided are an organic electroluminescent device and a method of manufacturing the same. An organic electroluminescent device, comprising a rear substrate, an organic electroluminescent unit formed on one surface of the rear substrate and having a first electrode, an organic film, and a second electrode, and a front substrate joined to the rear substrate and having a porous oxide layer based on alumina on an inner surface of the front substrate. The alumina is hydrated amorphous alumina.

Abstract: In an image display device having in an airtight container an electron source and an image display member that receives electrons from the electron source, an evaporating getter and a non-evaporating getter are stacked in the airtight container. This makes it possible to maintain the vacuum level in the airtight container. The image display device thus obtains a prolonged life and a stable display operation.

Abstract: An image display device of the present invention includes a container having a substrate; an electron source provided thereon; and an image display member which opposes the electron source substrate and which displays an image when being irradiated with electrons emitted from the electron source. In addition, the container further has first getters provided in an image display area which is formed between the image display member and the electron source, and ring non-evaporable second getters which are provided outside the image display area.

Abstract: An image display apparatus is provided with an external housing constituted by members including first and second substrates positioned with a gap therebetween, an electron source positioned on the first substrate in the external housing, and a fluorescent film and an accelerating electrode provided on the second substrate. A first getter is positioned in the image display area in the external housing. And a second getter is so provided as to be insulated from the electron source and the accelerating electrode and as to surround the first getter.

Abstract: An image-forming apparatus comprises an electron source and an image-forming member disposed in an envelope. The image-forming member includes a fluorescent film and a metal back covering the fluorescent film. The metal back contains a gettering substance and the gettering substance is irradiated with electron beams emitted from the electron source.

Abstract: A thermally insulating jacket under reversible vacuum, having an inner wall, an outer wall and an hollow space between these walls. The hollow space is in fluid communication with an outer housing containing a reversible non-evaporable hydrogen getter loaded with hydrogen. The reversible hydrogen getter has a certain hydrogen equilibrium pressure. The hollow space contains a non-evaporable promoter getter having a certain hydrogen equilibrium pressure. These jackets can be employed with heat accumulators, batteries, cryogenic vessels, cryogenic pipes, catalytic silencers and solar panels.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating X-rays from electron synchrotron radiation or beams of accelerated ions for ion radiography or ion therapy includes a source of electrons and a source of ions, both of which are connectable to preaccelerators. The preaccelerators supply the appropriate type of charged particle to a synchrotron accelerator which accelerates ions to an energy level that is appropriate for radiography or therapy and which accelerates electrons to a level that generates X-rays by synchrotron radiation in a useful frequency range. The accelerator system also includes a storage ring into which particles are switched and circulated for later use. Electrons are extracted from the synchrotron and injected into the storage ring by fast extraction using a kicker magnet and a septum magnet. They then circulate in the storage ring for periods of hours generating X-rays which may be used for lithography of computer chips with submicron resolution.

Abstract: A gas discharge over-voltage arrestor having a narrow tolerance range of response voltages due to the quality of a line or lines of ignition. A gas discharge over-voltage arrestor has one or more lines of ignition without additives and impurities and has a relatively narrow resistance tolerance given a defined nominal value of resistance whose tolerance range amounts to 1/2 a power of 10 in a logarithmic scale. Every line of ignition is produced by a non-contacting sputtering of carbon particles and is connected to the electrodes over its full width. A reduction in the variation of the response voltage is thereby achieved. The invention is particularly suitable for gas discharge over-voltage arrestors in a glass housing.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon getter pump for use in sealed envelopes comprises an active metal alloy capable of gettering hydrogen, a nickel catalyst and means for heating the nickel catalyst and getter material from 300.degree. to 500.degree. centigrade. The heated catalyst dissociates the hydrocarbon into hydrogen and carbon. The getter material getters the hydrogen and the carbon is deposited on the surfaces of the catalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed is an X-ray tube for fluorescence analysis having an exit aperture which is closed by a window of non-uniform thickness. A thicker window portion is located at the side of the aperture remote from the anode and partly overlaps a thinner window plate. In an analysis apparatus, the thicker window portion is located in a portion of the window through which passes the radiation traversing a comparatively small distance between the anode and the specimen.