Abstract: An organic electroluminescent element ("organic EL element") capable of emitting light with high luminance by driving at a low voltage, and inhibiting deterioration in organic layers is provided. A surface treatment of an indiumtin oxide (ITO) transparent electrode with a titanate coupling agent containing phosphorus in the side chain thereof improves adhesion between the ITO transparent electrode and an organic hole transport layer. As a result, it is possible to increase the efficiency of injection of holes, improve low-voltage driving and luminance, and prevent deterioration in the organic layers.

Abstract: A low-pressure discharge lamp of the invention is provided with a gas-tight discharge vessel (10) which contains an ionizable filling. Electrodes are arranged inside At least one of the electrodes has a tungsten coil (20.sub.A) which is electrically connected to current supply conductors (30.sub.A, 30.sub.A ') which extend to outside the discharge vessel (10). The coil (20.sub.A) has a central zone (21.sub.A) covered with an electron-emitting material (22.sub.A) and, on either side, boundary zones (23.sub.A, 23.sub.A ') between the central zone (21.sub.A) and respective current supply conductors (30.sub.A, 30.sub.A '). The boundary zones (23.sub.A, 23.sub.A ') having a covering (24.sub.A, 24.sub.A ') of a protective material, comprising a ceramic material having a specific resistance less than 1000 .mu..OMEGA..cm.

Abstract: A lamp in which a stable, long-term luminous operation can be accomplished is achieved by the fact that, in a mercury lamp of the short arc type in which a cathode and an anode located next to one another within an arc tube and in which both ends of the arc tube are provided with hermetically sealed portions, the cathode is installed on the tip of a rod-shaped component which extends from a respective one of the hermetically sealed portions, the cathode having a greater outer diameter than the rod-shaped component on which it is installed, and the rear end of the cathode tapering toward the respective hermetically sealed portion.

Abstract: A discharge lamp includes a first and a second substrate (12, 14), a cavity disposed in the first substrate (12) or in a portion of the first and a second substrate (12, 14), a first and a second aligned electrode (270, 272) disposed between the first and a second substrate (12, 14) having respective ends extending into the cavity, wherein the first and the second aligned electrode (270, 272) are "T-shaped" when viewed in cross-section. The T-shaped electrodes provide mechanical support that minimizes bending and distortion in the horizontal and vertical directions. The discharge lamp may include a charge of mercury or an inert gas, and may further include a phosphor layer (80).

Abstract: The high pressure discharge lamp has electrodes which each have a wrapping of tungsten wire near the tip of the electrode rod. The electrode rod has unround cross-sections, formed by indentations and bulges. The tungsten wire, wrapped around the electrode rod, is in substantially circumferential contact with the unround cross-sections, thereby keeping the wire fixed to the rod.

Abstract: A lamp for emitting in the visible portion of the spectrum, which utilizes a fill which includes a selenium and/or a sulfur containing substance. The lamp has superior performance characteristics. Special electrode structures are provided which enhance longevity.

Abstract: Variable backspace in electrode assemblies for high pressure sodium lamps is achieved by employing a hollow electrode base which has one end formed to frictionally engage an electrode, which electrode includes a solid core having a coil about one end thereof. The solid core is inserted into the electrode base a given distance and is maintained in this position by friction until welding is accomplished. The electrode base is provided with a positioning ring which is formed at the time the base is first formed. The electrode assemblies can be utilized with lamps having different arc lengths while using arc tubes having the same size.

Abstract: A discharge device for operation in a gas at a prescribed pressure includes a cathode having a plurality of micro hollows therein, and an anode spaced from the cathode. Each of the micro hollows has dimensions selected to produce a micro hollow discharge at the prescribed pressure. Preferably, each of the micro hollows has a cross-sectional dimension that is on the order of the mean free path of electrons in the gas. Electrical energy is coupled to the cathode and the anode at a voltage and current for producing micro hollow discharges in each of the micro hollows in the cathode. The discharge device may include a discharge chamber for maintaining the prescribed pressure. A dielectric layer may be disposed on the cathode when the spacing between the cathode and the anode is greater than about the mean free path of electrons in the gas. Applications of the discharge device include fluorescent lamps, excimer lamps, flat fluorescent light sources, miniature gas lasers, electron sources and ion sources.

Abstract: A low-pressure discharge lamp according to the invention is provided with a radiation-transmitting discharge vessel which encloses a discharge space containing an ionizable filling in a gastight manner, and electrodes arranged in the discharge space between which a discharge path extends. At least one of the electrodes is a sintered mixture of metal and ceramic material, the proportional quantity of metal in the mixture being small compared with the proportional quantity of ceramic material. The sintered mixture includes smaller ceramic particles with a modal diameter D1 and larger ceramic particles with a modal diameter D2, the ratio D2/D1 being at least 3, while the proportional volume of the smaller ceramic particles is small compared with that of the larger ceramic particles. In the lamp according to the invention, the electrodes have a comparatively high resistance to temperature variations in spite of the small proportional volume of metal particles.

Abstract: To improve the arc stability of high-pressure discharge lamps, particularly f power ratings of up to about only 250 W, the cathode (4) is formed as an elongated, essentially cylindrical base body (8) having a tapering, conical region (9) terminating in a tip (10). The base body (8), only, is covered with a carbide coating along its length, except for an end portion for electrical connection; the carbide coating starts at the junction or transition between the cylindrical base body portion and the conical end portion. This cathode construction is easier and cheaper to make than prior art cathodes, by coating an essentially cylindrical cathode and then etching or grinding and polishing the tapering end region (9). The electrode is preferably made essentially of tungsten, doped with thorium oxide present up to about 0.6%, optionally also potassium, aluminum and silicon in tiny amounts. The electrode spacing is between 0.4 to 0.

Abstract: There is presented a cold cathode subminiature fluorescent lamp comprising a glass envelope, a pair of lead wires sealed to the envelope and extending through the envelope at an entry location to the interior thereof, an electrode mounted on the lead wires in the envelope, and a ceramic-glass bead formed on and around the lead wires in the envelope between the electrode and the entry location. The electrode includes a plurality of metal wire tabs. The envelope contains a fill gas comprising neon and argon.

Abstract: In a dielectric barrier discharge lamp, in which a discharge vessel, in which a discharge gas forming "excimer" molecules is encapsulated, is provided with a dielectric provided with a netlike electrode and a window, through which the light goes, the first object of the invention is achieved by an arrangement in which a thickness of ends of the above-described netlike electrodes is greater than the average thickness of the entire electrode. Another object of the invention is achieved by an arrangement in which a holder incorporated in the discharge vessel has an outer dimension that is less than/equal to an outer dimension of the netlike electrodes. A further object of the invention is achieved by an arrangement by which the discharge vessel has a hollow cylindrical shape formed from an external tube and an internal tube and a means for hermetic sealing is arranged inside the internal tube.

Abstract: A one piece electrode for use in miniature and subminiature lamps having a large diameter post section and a smaller diameter lead-in section. The lead-in section is formed by an electrochemical process from a wire that has an outer diameter equal to the desired post diameter. A smooth evenly tapered transition section between the post and lead-in sections is created during the etching process which permits heat to pass through the electrode at a controlled and predictable rate.

Abstract: A dual filament fluorescent lamp where the individual filaments are disposed along diameter lines of a fluorescent tube and are disposed on differing planes at differing heights within the tube with a predetermined separation between the tube filaments and the filaments being disposed in a perpendicular fashion when viewed from above. The primary filament is disposed above the secondary filament and it has a larger diameter that the secondary filament.

Abstract: To reduce flicker in low-power, high-pressure discharge lamps, the electrs, in the region in which they face each other, have wrap windings, of about 2 to 4 turns wrapped thereabout and the terminal end of the electrode has an essentially spherical end head element (19, 19', 39) melted thereon, which essentially spherical head element may be a segment of a sphere, ellipsoid-shaped or similarly formed. The electrode shaft, the wrap winding and the sphere preferably are all made of undoped tungsten, although the electrode shaft may be of a lower melting metal, such as rhenium.

Abstract: In a method of dimensioning and operating by A.C. or D.C. at a predetermined external heater power a low pressure discharge lamp, particularly a fluorescent lamp having two electrodes between which the discharge is formed, at least one of the electrodes being alkaline earth oxide coated and adapted to form a permanently heated cathode, particularly for use in video matrix board, and external heater current is used which is approximately 1.5 to 5 times higher than the discharge current, the heater volt is approximately 33.33% to 80% lower than that of a conventionally operated cathode or electrode, respectively, and the wattage of the heater circuit is maintained. By this accuracy of optimum cathode temperature control is improved, enhanced lamp life and reduced discoloration are obtained and the formation of hot spots avoided.

Abstract: A gas discharge device includes an envelope containing a low pressure gas and a field emitter array having microscopic emitter elements which emit electrons into the gas. The device can be employed, for example, in a gas discharge lamp.

Abstract: A high pressure discharge lamp having a discharge vessel with opposing end chambers includes discharge electrodes each consisting of an open elongate filament of refractory metal wire having a plurality of succesive coil turns extending transverse to the longitudinal axis of the discharge vessel. The filament electrodes are dimensioned so that the discharge arc which terminates thereon is sufficiently retracted into the end chamber of the discharge vessel so that the fill constituents condense on a region of the discharge vessel which is primarily axially between the filament electrodes. In a favorable embodiment, the lamp is a metal halide lamp in which the electrode and the discharge sustaining fill is free of thoria and its compounds.

Abstract: A cathode for a discharge lamp includes a longitudinally extending central core of a high temperature, electrically conductive metal; and a coil of high temperature, electrically conductive metal wound thereabout, said coil being fastened to said core at least in part by mechanical interference. The mechanical interference can be achieved by keyways formed in the core surface. During winding, at least some of the turns of the coil enter the keyways providing a good, mechanical engagement of the coil with the core. The keyways can be formed by heating the core and compressing or forging areas with tools or the keyways can be formed by grinding or by any other suitable means.

Abstract: A gas discharge display having a base member, a spacer member, an electrode member and a window sealed to each other to form a gas tight structure. The base member, spacer member and electrode member are made from copper clad printed circuit boards and are fabricated using existing printed circuit board technology. The spacer member and electrode member have a matrix of holes aligned with each other along orthogonal rows and columns. Parallel lower electrodes are provided on the surface of the base member aligned with either the rows or columns. Cylindrical upper electrodes are provided in the holes of the electrode member and are connected to each other by parallel electrical connectors provided on the surface of the electrode member orthogonal to the parallel electrodes on the base member. The display is sealed with an ionizable gas contained within the holes of the spacer and electrode members.

Abstract: A low power metal halide discharge lamp having an improved electrode structure. Two elongated electrodes fabricated of a doped tungsten each extend axially through a respective neck of a bulb into an arc chamber. Each of electrode comprises a lead-in wire having a diameter ranging between about 0.003 to 0.018 inches that enters the arc chamber. A post member is mounted on the lead-in wire, out of contact with the associated neck, and is preferably welded to the lead-in. The post member has a flat distal surface for transferring heat to vapors in said arc chamber. It is larger in diameter than its associated lead-in wire, and has a diameter in a range of 0.005 to 0.040 inches. The flat distal surfaces of the two post members face one another in spaced apart relationship, the space therebetween forming an arc gap.

Abstract: Electrodes 11 and 12 in a cold-cathode discharge lamp have a row of holes 13 arranged side-by-side along their length. The holes are formed by laser machining and extend at an angle of between about 25.degree. and 35.degree. to the normal, the holes in the two electrodes being oppositely inclined.

Abstract: The electrodes of a flat panel cold cathode discharge lamp are each formed from a block of metal with holes arranged side-by-side along the electrode which open into the gas-discharge volume of the lamp. The holes extend at an angle of about 25-35 degrees away from the normal to the surface of the electrode and are formed by laser machining.

Abstract: A planar fluorescent and electroluminescent lamp having two pairs of electrodes. Planar electrodes on an outer surface of the lamp create a plasma arc by capacitive coupling. The planar electrodes also cause embedded phosphor to emit light on the electroluminescent phenomena. In one embodiment, a second chamber is on top of the first chamber and light passes from a primary chamber through the second chamber, and is emitted by the lamp.

Abstract: A surge voltage protector having a tubular ceramic part as an insulator, and having metal electrodes soldered onto the end faces thereof. Each electrode is electrically connected in each case to an ignition aid applied at least to the inside wall of the ceramic part. The inside edges of the surfaces joining the ceramic part to the electrodes are each provided with a chamfer whose chamfer angle is 15.degree. to 60.degree. relative to the plane of the joining surfaces. The width projected onto the plane of the joining surface is 0.05 to 0.4 mm.

Abstract: An electrode for a cold cathode discharge lamp, has several parallel recesses extending across the width of the electrode and at an angle of about 35 degrees away from the normal to its surface. The electrode may be formed by folding a strip of metal so that the recesses are formed between adjacent folds of the strip. Alternatively, the electrode may be a block of metal in which the recesses are slots formed in a surface of the block. The electrode may be included in a tubular lamp or in a planar lamp.

Abstract: The discharge tube has an insulating tube formed into a hollow cylinder with one end open and the other closed. An anode electrode, which is formed as a flanged electrode, is hermetically fitted to the open end of the insulating tube and a cathode electrode, which is formed as a bar electrode, is embedded in the closed end of the insulating tube so that only the front end surface of the bar electrode faces the interior of the insulating tube. This construction allows no redundant space within the insulating tube other than the dishcarge space, so that the discharge tube can be minimized in size. This construction also permits a discharge only between the front end of the bar electrode and the inner end of the flanged electrode, stabilizing the electron emission passage or discharge path and therefore the discharge voltage.

Abstract: A low-wattage metal-halide discharge lamp has a tube of the double ended type that forms a bulb or envelope, a pair of electrodes, e.g., an anode and a cathode, which penetrate into an arc chamber inside the envelope, and a suitable amount of mercury plus one or more metal halide salts. The electrodes are each formed of a refractory metal, i.e., tungsten wire, extending through the respective necks into the arc chamber. The electrodes are of a composite design i.e., in the form of a club, with a lead-in wire of small diameter supported in the associated neck, and a post member of greater diameter supported on the lead-end wire. The post members are supported of contact with the necks and also out of contact with the bulb wall. The larger size of the post member allows heat at the tip to diffuse back into the post member, so that the metal tip will not evaporate. The narrow lead-in wire keeps most of the heat in the bulb, so that flow of heat out of the neck portions is limited.

Abstract: An HPS sodium vapor discharge lamp having a starting aid consisting essentially of a metallic band disposed circumscribing one end of the lamp discharge vessel, and means for applying a voltage to the metallic bond for inducing ionization throughout the volume of the discharge vessel to facilitate lamp starting. The metallic band may define a heat shield for inhibiting thermal radiation from one end of the discharge vessel.

Abstract: An electric incandescent lamp having an improved coiled refractory metal filament construction is disclosed which enables the lamp to provide a more precise light source. Various lamp and coiled filament configurations are disclosed to include employment of a reflective film for improved efficiency of lamp operation while a halogen substance can also be included in the inert gas filling for this purpose. A method to manufacture the disclosed lamp improvement is also provided.

Abstract: The high-pressure discharge lamp has electrodes which comprise a tungsten rod (24) which projects inside the lamp vessel and around whose end (25) projecting inside the lamp vessel a tungsten wire portion (26) is helically wound. The ends (30, 31) of the helically wound wire portion (26) are located within the sheath (29) of this wire portion (26) and the end faces (32, 33) are rupture surfaces devoid of burrs.

Abstract: A low pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp having a double-tube type discharge vessel consisting of a closed outer glass bulb and an inner glass tube coaxially disposed within the outer bulb. An electrode is disposed in the inner glass tube, while a ring-shaped electrode structure is disposed in the outer envelope outside the inner glass tube. The electrode structure completely surrounds the inner glass tube and includes a pair of lead-in wires and a pair of semicircular electrode sections. Preferably, an inert gas having a pressure within the range of from about 4.0 to 6.0 torr and a quantity of mercury are contained within the lamp. The lamp of the present invention provides a fully diffused discharge without requiring an expensive transistor switching circuit or a permanent magnet to rotate the discharge about the inner tube.

Abstract: The invention relates to a high-pressure sodium vapor discharge lamp having a ceramic discharge vessel. In addition to sodium and possibly mercury the discharge vessel also comprises a rare gas. In the discharge vessel an electrode of a refractory metal is accommodated. In the operating condition of the lamp the discharge emanates from the tip of the electrode. According to the invention the electrode is free from alkaline earth metals and the electrode tip in the operating condition of the lamp has a temperature between 2400 K and 2700 K. Disappearance of sodium caused by the electrode material is prevented in this manner.

Abstract: Apparatus for forming an electron beam sheet includes a cathode member having a slot in a front surface thereof, a grid electrode and the anode of a thyratron. When it is desired to trigger the thyratron into conduction, a suitably large potential difference is applied between the cathode member and the grid, resulting in an electron beam sheet being produced extensive of a slot formed in the front surface of the cathode member. This produces ionisation and a main discharge current is established between the main anode and cathode of the thyratron.

Abstract: A gas discharge lamp for emitting vacuum UV radiation, comprising a lamp body filled at low pressure with a gas capable of emitting radiation in the vacuum UV range (e.g., argon), electrodes within the lamp body for passing an electric field across the gas, a crystalline window (e.g., lithium fluoride) in the body for transmitting the vacuum UV radiation emitted by the gas, wherein the crystalline window is constructed of a material that, when exposed to the vacuum UV radiation emitted by the gas, forms color centers that block transmission of the radiation through the window, and a bleaching element located within the lamp body for emitting color-center bleaching radiation in response to the electric field degrading emission of the vacuum UV radiation, the bleaching radiation being in a frequency band (e.g., 5-6 eV) lower than the vacuum UV radiation.

Abstract: An array of microelectronic tubes is shown which includes a plate-like substrate upon which an array of sharp needle-like cathode electrodes is located. Each tube in the array includes an anode electrode spaced from the cathode electrode. The tubes each contain gas at a pressure of between about 1/100 and 1 atmosphere, and the spacing between the tip of the cathode electrodes and anode electrodes is equal to or less than about 0.5 .mu.m. The tubes are operated at voltages such that the mean free path of electrons travelling in the gas between the cathode and anode electrodes is equal to or greater than the spacing between the tip of the cathode electrode and the associated anode electrode. Both diode and triode arrays are shown.

Abstract: The present invention provides apparatus for forming electron beams, which may be advantageously employed in many applications, for example in display devices or thyratrons. A cathode member has a hole in its front surface. All the surfaces of the cathode member, except for the wall and base of the holes, are covered in an electrically insulating material such as glass. The cathode member and an anode member are contained within an envelope which also contains a gas filling. On application of a suitably high voltage between the cathode and anode members an electron beam is formed extensive in a direction away from the hole. The anode member may be located behind the front surface of the cathode member, and an electron beam still forms in front of the front surface.

Abstract: A small-size discharge lamp includes a glass tube having first and second ends, with an outer diameter thereof being smaller than 5 millimeters and a length thereof being shorter than 300 millimeters. At opposite ends of the glass tube, an elongated filament and an elongated getter are provided adjacent each other and parallel to the axial direction of the glass tube.

Abstract: To insure orientation of internal current leads (9, 10; 23, 24) extending om a press seal (14, 27) at the end of a bulb (3, 28) inwardly thereof, small metal elements (19, 20; 31, 32), preferably of the same material as the inwardly extending current leads, are connected, for example by welding, to the inwardly extending current leads, the small metal elements being oriented to extend transversely to the major direction of the current leads and positioned in a plane determined by the plane of the press seal.

Abstract: An electrode for laser stimulation lamps comprising an electrode element (2) of tungsten, a hollow cylindrical carrier body (3) of nickel or nickel alloy, and a mounting pin (6) of nickel, tungsten alloy, or nickel alloy. The parts are securely attached together. This construction reduces the variety of sizes and types of electrodes produced, facilitates subsequent manufacturing steps and improves mechanical stability by reducing overall weight. The electrode element (2) and the mounting pin (6) are seated at respectively opposite ends of the hollow cylindrical carrier, extending, at least in part, into the space defined by the hollow carrier and attached thereto.

Abstract: A bi-polar discharger for a coaxial conducting cable is formed by threading rod elements into the ends of a central passage through an internal electrode so as to be electrically conductive therewith. A casing around the internal electrode comprises a cylindrical outer electrode closed at each end by a bead of glass or ceramic which is fitted within an outer metal ring and the casing is sealed with a controlled atmosphere of an inert gas at low pressure by sealing of the outer rings to the cylindrical external electrode and sealing of the rod elements within the beads.

Abstract: An improved photodetector arrangement comprises positioning a photodetector having at least one semitransparent cathode so that the light beam striking the cathode passes through it at least twice before exiting from the photodetector. In another embodiment of the invention, a second photodetector is positioned relative to a first photodetector so that the light beam, after striking the first photodetector, strikes the second photodetector. Where the two photodetectors are employed, they may be electrically connected in parallel.