Abstract: A switching apparatus comprises: a plurality of parallel-connected current-conductive branches, each current-conductive branch including at least one respective gas tube switch; and a switching control unit configured to control the turn-on of the gas tube switches in a switching order so that the flow of current in the switching apparatus is controlled to switch between the current-conductive branches, wherein the switching order of the turn-on of the gas tube switches is arranged so that only one of the current-conductive branches is carrying the current during each turn-on cycle of the switching apparatus.

Abstract: Variation occurs in transistor characteristics. The present invention relates to a signal line driver circuit comprising a plurality of current source circuits respectively corresponding to a plurality of wirings, characterized in that: the plurality of current source circuits each comprise capacitor means and supply means; and the plurality of current source circuits each convert a supplied current into a voltage in accordance with a video signal, and supply a current corresponding to the converted voltage.

Abstract: An exemplary electron emission device includes an electron emitter, an anode opposite to and spaced apart from the electron emitter, a first power supply circuit, and a second power supply circuit. The first power supply circuit is configured for electrically connecting the electron emitter and the anode with a power supply to generate an electric field between the electron emitter and the anode. The second power supply circuit is configured for electrically connecting the electron emitter with a power supply to supply a heating current for heating the electron emitter whereby electrons emit therefrom. Methods for generating an emission current with a relatively higher stability also are provided.

Abstract: A phase random access memory including a plurality of access transistors, each access transistor including a drain region, and a phase-changeable film shared by the plurality of access transistors. The phase-changeable film is connected to a bitline through a first electrode and connected to each respective drain region through at least one of a plurality of second electrodes.

Abstract: A power supply for applying a voltage to a scanning electromagnet for deflecting a charged particle beam has a first power supply unit having no filter and a second power supply unit having a filter. When an irradiation position of the charged particle beam in an irradiation object is moved, the first power supply unit, namely a power supply unit having no filter, is used to apply the voltage to the scanning electromagnet, so that an exciting current flowing in the scanning electromagnet can be changed in a short time. Further, when the irradiation position of the charged particle beam is maintained, the second power supply is used to apply a voltage whose pulsating component was removed to the scanning electromagnet, so that the exciting current flowing in the scanning electromagnet can be controlled precisely. Consequently, the charged particle beam can be applied uniformly to the irradiation object and an irradiation time of the charged particle beam to the irradiation object can be curtailed.

Abstract: In a phase-change nonvolatile storage device using a phase-change material as storage cells, which is improved to overcome a basic problem involved in conventional devices of this type and reliably, easily operable as a storage device, the pre-record state of a storage cell is read before recording information in the storage cell, and a write pulse optimum for transition is selected and applied. If the storage cell need not change in phase, the write pulse need not be applied. Alternatively, the pulse is adjusted in waveform of the trailing edge, depending on whether the storage cell should be changed to the amorphous state or the crystal state, to control the crystallization hold time.

Abstract: This invention relates to a supply device for discharge lamps, which comprises, for each lamp:

Abstract: A radiation emitting device, such as an LED, is optimally driven in dependence on the value of a carrier frequency of a signal to be transmitted. The current provided to the radiation emitting element is controlled responsive to the carrier frequency. When using an LED, the current value is increased with decreasing duration of current flow. The apparatus is usable for remote controls suitable for controlling two or more devices.

Abstract: A discharge lamp lighting device includes first voltage source of a high voltage capable of increasing lamp current, the voltage value of which being sequentially variable, and second voltage source of a low voltage capable of decreasing the lamp current, the voltage value of which being sequentially variable, lighting connection of the first and second voltages sources to a discharge lamp being alternately changed over for its stable lighting, whereby the stable lighting of the lamp can be made with any current limiting element minimized and a response to variation in outputs over a wide range as well as any radiant noise can be effectively improved.

Abstract: An improved electrical gap switch for use with pulsed gas discharge lasers. The closure of a spark gap, railgap, or other multichannel switch is triggered by the application of a second voltage in combination with the primary voltage that is closed by the switch. The second voltage is of opposite polarity and applied to an electrode opposite from that to which the primary voltage is applied. The second voltage has a more rapid rise time than that of the first, and its application to the switch is momentarily isolated from the load by a saturable inductor. Following triggering of the switch by the combination of voltages, the inductor saturates and provides a low impedance path for the voltage and charge from the primary source to the load.

Abstract: Ballast circuits for a gas discharge tube are disclosed. One embodiment of a single-phase non-inductive ballast for operation of a gas discharge tube by direct current (D.C.) using a resistive current-limiting means and a relatively small capacitor is disclosed. The D.C. ballast circuit generates a timed pulse addition (TPA). The D.C. ballast circuit includes an arrangement of switching means which controls the discharge of a capacitive energy storage means so as to supply the reignition and the restrike energy in the form of timed pulse additions (TPA) that may be needed for the gas discharge tube. Other embodiments are disclosed for the ballast circuit which operate directly from the A.C. line and control the discharge of a capacitive storage means to supply reignition and restrike energy in the form of timed pulse additions (TPA) that may be needed for the gas discharge tube.

Abstract: Method and device for efficiently generating white light with good color rendition of illuminated objects. This is achieved by blending three different colors of light, namely, a green to yellow-green color of light, an orange to red color of light, and a purplish-blue to greenish-blue color of light. The relative intensities of the blended colors of light are selected to produce white light of predetermined ICI coordinates. The resulting blended light has at most only a limited amount of radiations of a wavelength shorter than 430 nm and at most only a limited amount of radiations of a wavelength longer than 630 nm. Also, the blended light has at most only a limited amount of radiations of a wavelength of about 575 nm and at most only a limited amount of radiations of a wavelength of about 500 nm.