Abstract: A motor driving device is equipped with a printed board, a plurality of secondary voltage elements mounted on the printed board and which are used only with a secondary voltage, a plurality of primary voltage elements disposed on a surface on a side opposite to a surface on which the plurality of secondary voltage elements are mounted on the printed board, and which are used only with a primary voltage that is higher than the secondary voltage, and first conductive materials, which extend from an upper portion of the printed board to control terminals (command signal input portion) of the primary voltage elements, for the purpose of transmitting command signals from the secondary voltage elements to the primary voltage elements.

Abstract: A voltage regulator module (VRM) includes a first interface configured to couple to a first substrate interface at a first voltage. The VRM also includes a second interface configured to couple to a first processor interface at a second voltage. A first regulator module couples to the first interface and to the second interface. The first regulator module is configured to receive power at the first interface, to convert power to the second voltage, and to deliver power to the first processor interface at the second voltage. A method for providing power to a processor includes receiving power from a first substrate interface at a first voltage. The received power is regulated to generate power at a second voltage. The regulated power is provided to a processor at a first processor interface coupled to the processor. The processor interface delivers power to a logic group of a plurality of logic groups of the processor.

Abstract: An adjustable spectrum LED solar simulator method and system which provides power to LEDs, senses the LED output, compares the LED output to a predetermined norm, and adjusts the LED outputs accordingly. An adjustable spectrum LED solar simulator system includes a multiplicity of LEDs of a number of different color wavelength ranges, an LED driver system for providing power to the LEDs, a sensor system for sensing the output of the LEDs and a controller responsive to the sensor system for comparing the color spectrum of the output of the LEDs to a desired solar spectrum and enables the driver system to adjust the power to the LEDs to more closely match the desired solar spectrum. The solar simulator system may include a modulator structure of hierarchical assemblies. Solar simulator calibration is also disclosed.

Abstract: A driving method for improving luminous efficacy of a light emitting diode (LED), the method comprising: periodically switching a DC current supplied to the LED between a high current level lH and a low current level lL, the low current level lL being fixed at zero or raised above zero to produce a DC offset; and maintaining an average current at a first value If by adjusting the duty cycle acting on the high current level lH and any one from the grouping consisting of: adjusting the high current level lH and adjusting the low current level lL, and adjusting the high current level lH or adjusting the low current level lL.

Abstract: To equalize the intensity of light emitted by display elements on a display device, a plurality of current-drive circuits are connected in cascade through two terminals of each of the current-drive circuits, each comprising a reference current generation section including a reference resistor and a plurality of current drive sections. Reference current sunk by an external reference current source causes a voltage drop across the reference resistor, and the voltage drop is applied across a current adjustment resistor In response to an image signal, the current-drive circuit outputs current, determined by multiplying each of a plurality of internal reference currents by an optional factor and summing the resulting currents to the display elements. Since the magnitude of the internal reference current flowing inside the current-drive circuit can be varied by varying the value of the current adjustment resistor, gamma correction can be applied to drive current with high accuracy.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for operating a lamp including a first circuit and a second circuit. The first circuit generates a second DC voltage from a first DC voltage and includes a transformer. The second circuit is coupled to the secondary winding of the transformer and supplies current for the lamp. The secondary winding, input terminals of the first circuit and second circuit are coupled together such that the second circuit is provided with a voltage whose amplitude is equal to the sum of the first DC voltage and the second DC voltage resulting in a more efficient transfer of power by the circuit arrangement to the lamp.

Abstract: A display module driving system wherein digital pixel data for an image to be displayed is provided to a plurality of column drivers on a row by row basis in serial format over a plurality of dedicated bus lines rather than a single parallel bus line. Digital pixel data for a complete image row is divided into segments, wherein the number of segments is each to the number of column drivers. Each segments is then serialized and transmitted to a corresponding column driver such that the digital pixel data for an entire row is transferred to each of the plurality of column drivers at the same time. The column drivers receive the segments and rearrange the data into parallel. The pixels are then transferred to a digital to analog converter, preferably two pixels at a time, where each pixel is converted into analog red, green and blue signals.

Abstract: An LED drive circuit includes a booster circuit having a first and second capacitors and using a n/m voltage type rectifying switching and a constant current circuit having a MOS transistor as an output transistor. The constant current circuit is connected in series with an LED as a load of the booster circuit to drive the LED with constant current. With this circuit construction, there is substantially no electromagnetic noise generated and it is possible to maintain a terminal voltage of the LED substantially constant according to the diode characteristics of the LED even when voltage ripple appears in an output of the booster circuit due to the n/m voltage boost, by setting the switching frequency at high to absorb the ripple component on the side of the constant current circuit.

Abstract: A device and method for connecting multiple electrochemical cells to a powered device in a manner to allow disconnected cells to autoregenerate while the device is powered. Devices according to the present invention have two or more cells and methods of selecting and connecting one or more of the cells to a powered device. In one embodiment, multiple push button selector switches on a flashlight each connect a cell in series to a flashlight bulb. Each cell may be thereby independently connected or disconnected from the flashlight bulb. In a preferred embodiment, a voltage control sensor-switch connected in parallel to the powered device and a power cutoff relay is provided to ensure that a user selected cell combination does not deliver a combined voltage greater than a limit for incurring damage to the powered device. Unique methods of operating such devices are also provided.

Abstract: A discharge lamp lighting apparatus comprises a transformer for stepping up an AC power source voltage from an AC power source to produce a high voltage as an output voltage required for lighting a discharge lamp. Particularly, the lighting apparatus further comprises a diode for rectifying the output voltage of the transformer to be supplied to the discharge lamp. The amount of current supply from the AC power source is determined to obtain an output impedance capable of limiting the current which is to flow through the discharge lamp after the start of discharging to maintain the voltage across the discharge lamp at a level required for continuing the discharge.

Abstract: Connected in circuit between a regular two-cell battery and the light bulb in an otherwise ordinary flashlight is an auxiliary voltage source, such as a third battery cell of relatively small size. The bulb is normally powered directly from the regular two-cell battery. However, if a boost in light output is desired for a brief period of time, the auxiliary voltage source is connected in series with the two-cell battery. Switching is accomplished by way of a slide switch that has an OFF-position, an ON-position, and a spring-loaded BOOST-position. In the BOOST-position, the auxiliary voltage source is coupled in series with the two-cell battery, thereby boosting the RMS magnitude of the voltage applied to the light bulb by a factor of as much as 1.5; which, in turn, boosts the light output by a factor of about 4.0. To prevent substantial shortening of the overall life of the light bulb, since the life of the light bulb would be shortened by a substantial factor if being supplied with 1.

Abstract: In a power-factor-corrected electronic ballast, an AC/DC converter comprises a half-bridge electronic self-oscillating inverter powered from non-filtered full-wave-rectified 120 Volt/60 HZ power line voltage, and its resulting amplitude-modulated 30 kHz output voltage is applied to a series-resonant L-C circuit. The 30 kHz voltage developing across the tank capacitor of this L-C circuit is rectified and applied as direct current to an energy-storing capacitor, from which a DC supply voltage is provided to a frequency-converting ballast which, in turn, provides a substantially non-modulated high-frequency AC output voltage used for powering a gas discharge lamp via a current-limiting inductor. Trigger pulses are provided to trigger the inverter into self-oscillation at the beginning of each pulse of DC voltage provided by the unfiltered rectified power line voltage. As soon as the magnitude of the DC voltage across the energy-storing capacitor exceeds a first level, the trigger pulses cease to be provided.

Abstract: A current source inverter power supply for an ozone generator which results in improved efficiency and reliability in operation of such generators has an AC/DC converter coupled through a large inductance to a DC/AC inverter that, in turn, is coupled at its output to the primary of a high voltage transformer. Such transformer has an air gap in its core to supply the electrical characteristics necessary for resonance with the load which is capacitive in nature. Thyristors in the inverter are naturally commutated so the switching frequency is close to, but slightly above, the natural resonant frequency of the inverter/transformer/ozone generator circuit.

Abstract: A lamp dimmer circuit for a high intensity discharge lamp includes an auto transformer, a power factor correction capacitor, a reactor ballast, a solid state phase control current module, a dimming control, a high frequency power supply, a coupling transformer, a high frequency by pass capacitor and a lamp. The high frequency low current source formed by the high frequency by pass capacitor, coupling transformer and high frequency power supply act to maintain the lamp arc even with variations in line voltage.

Abstract: In a retrofit dimming installation for a fluorescent lighting system with a conventional ballast, filament power is maintained, even when the lamps are dimmed, by providing a high frequency component to the ballast voltage. The selected high frequency component allows heating of the filaments without adding to the light output of the lamps, thereby practically eliminating the shortened lamp life usually resulting from operating the lamp in a dimmed condition.

Abstract: A system for stabilizing the arc in a DC arc lamp. An AC signal is superimposed on the DC power source of the lamp to cause small regular fluctuations in the arc. The small fluctuations prevent large fluctuations while the small regular fluctuations may be averaged to obtain a constant average value. The average is taken over 5 to 10 periods of the AC signal to produce a constant average signal with a very small standard deviation.

Abstract: Pulse stability is provided to a pulsed gas filled electrical discharge device by an electrical circuit including first and second electrical energy storage means, with the energy stored in the first storage means being substantially greater than the energy stored in the second storage means. A first voltage corresponding to the energy stored on the first storage means is applied to the input of the gas filled device. A second voltage corresponding to the energy stored on the second storage means is periodically switched to combine with the first voltage and be input to the gas filled device. The period for switching is precisely controlled, preferably with a piezoelectric crystal, and is selected to combine the first and second voltages just before the first voltage reaches the natural breakdown voltage of the gas within the gas filled device.

Abstract: In a discharge lamp lighting system comprising a DC or low frequency (LF) AC main source and a high frequency (HF) source, a high frequency component from the HF source and low frequency component from the main source are supplied in an overlapping manner to the discharge lamp. The HF source of the lighting device is energized by input current from the main source for producing a high frequency current. In addition, the lighting device for the discharge lamp include in combination an HF blocking circuit, an HF passing circuit and/or a matching circuit for the HF source to supply effectively a high frequency component to the discharge lamp, as well as a low frequency component from the main source.

Abstract: A device for lighting a discharge lamp such as a xenon short-arc lamp is provided. The device includes a starter comprising a starter energizing capacitor connected to the boost voltage charging capacitor, a thyristor, a high voltage pulse transformer, a discharge gap, a starting capacitor, a diode and a Tesla coil. The starter is actuated with the energy charged in the boost voltage charging capacitor without any special power source therefor. The ignition voltage of the thyristor is higher than the output voltage of the power circuit of the ballast.

Abstract: An ozonizer formed of an interior electrode in the form of an electrically conducting tube arranged concentrically in an electrically insulating tube and spaced at a distance radially therefrom to form a discharge channel. The electrically insulating tube has an exterior surface on which are provided at least two parallel electrically conducting sleeves, which are separated axially relative to one another and surrounding the insulating tube to form the exterior electrode of the ozonizer. Each sleeve is connected respectively by way of a switching element to an energy supply device. The electrically conducting tube is also connected to the energy supply device.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing gas discharge reactions in which a reaction gas is at least partially oxygenated after being taken through a discharge channel. In order to produce ozone by means of an electric discharge, the discharge channel has applied thereto an electric alternating voltage signal consisting of a sinusoidal potential (U.sub.a) with positive and negative peak values minimally below the firing potential of the discharge channel, and of alternating voltage impulses superimposed on the sinusoidal potential essentially at the respective maximum and minimum values, in order to achieve an exalted potential above the firing potential to enable a discharge reaction. An ozonizer implemented in this way is also disclosed.

Abstract: This application discloses circuits for use with arc discharge devices wherein a D.C. or A.C. high frequency, high voltage source is provided in conjunction with either a low frequency or D.C. voltage source. The high frequency, high voltage circuit is a low power circuit providing sufficient voltage to ionize the arc. If desired the low power circuit may also control the major arc power obtained from the low frequency or D.C. source which does not require a ballast. By virtue of this arrangement much smaller, lighter and lower cost circuits than conventional ballast circuits can be used.

Abstract: A solid-state ballast circuit for starting and regulating a gaseous discharge lamp which is operated on direct current is arranged so as to permit the use of low voltage switching relays to effect polarity reversal of the lamp under load. A high voltage pulse source is connected in series with the lamp and a low voltage switching relay is connected in a manner to effect polarity reversal of the DC voltage applied to the combination of the high voltage source and lamp. The voltage appearing across the high voltage source is prevented from reaching the switching relays by virtue of a bridge rectifier circuit connected such that the pulse source and lamp appear as a current source for the rectifiers. The output terminals of the bridge rectifier arrangement are connected between the output terminals of the low voltage DC source thus limiting the voltage applied to the switching relays to a value not exceeding that of the DC source.

Abstract: An inductive-capacitive cyclic charge-discharge ignition system includes an ignition transformer primary winding in parallel with a capacitor and fed by an alternating current source providing a plural number of repetition cycles during each igniter firing period. Such repetition cycles cause the capacitor and primary winding to charge and discharge during each of the repetition cycles creating a plurality of ringing periods for each igniter firing period. A diode or an additional capacitor, or both, inserted in series with the parallel combination of the first stated capacitor and primary winding, substantially increases the velocity of arc provided by an igniter. Such arc has several components composed of luminous particles extending across the entire base of the igniter.

Abstract: An inductive-capacitive cyclic charge-discharge ignition system includes an ignition transformer primary winding in parallel with a capacitor and fed by an alternating current source providing a plural number of repetition cycles during each igniter firing period. Such repetition cycles cause the capacitor and primary winding to charge and discharge during each of the repetition cycles creating a plurality of ringing periods for each igniter firing period. A diode or an additional capacitor, or both, inserted in series with the parallel combination of the first stated capacitor and primary winding, substantially increases the velocity of arc provided by an igniter. Such arc has several components composed of luninous particles extending across the entire base of the igniter.

Abstract: An image or pictorial scene generated by a raster scan is continuously maintained in proper alignment during normal operation of a visual display system by the use of photosensitive devices mounted to the display surface outside of the field of view. In the described embodiment, the photosensitive device is mounted in a position suitable for monitoring a selected retrace path of the raster scan pattern. During operation, the retrace of the raster is unblanked as it passes the photosensitive device such that elements of the photosensitive device are turned on. The output of the photosensitive elements are compared to signals representative of a properly positioned raster image, and differences between the stored signals and the received signals are then used to generate a correction signal in the feedback loop to vary the position of the moving energy beam such that the raster scan is properly aligned.

Abstract: A very high voltage generator switchable between n levels for supplying a capacitative receiver, such as the screen of a polychrome display tube, and comprising a high voltage DC power source suitable for delivering two extreme levels of voltage straddling the n DC voltage levels. The power source is connected to the receiver via at least one series assembly of transistors for each direction of conduction between the power source and the receiver; each series assembly is associated with a control channel for the transistors elaborating an image signal of the error voltage between the value of voltage at the terminals of the receiver and the required level for the operation of each assembly as a switch, at least one of the control channels also comprising a modulator in which the image signal modulates the voltage of an oscillator for the operation of the corresponding assembly as a switching and regulating circuit connected in series with the receiver.

Abstract: Energy provided by two circuits each of which has inductive and capacitive components which provide initial conditions for the ignition firing cycle, makes possible high modulated power components of the system for delivery to a high voltage distributor. Such conventional distributor sequences the igniter firing.

Abstract: An ignition system makes use of the Kettering transient voltage induced into the primary winding of an ignition transformer and utilizes a circuit which provides several voltage transients which are intermodulated to provide extremely high energy levels and a plurality of firing pulses during any one igniter firing period. An ignition transformer with multiple primary windings is utilized, the output or secondary winding feeding a conventional distributor.

Abstract: An alternator energized ignition system is provided for producing a transient ringing waveform forced by high voltage output of the alternator. A configuration of this system also provides for feeding DC power to result in the conventional transient that modulates the transient ringing waveform to produce very high ignition energy economically.

Abstract: An ignition system providing a transient waveform intermodulates with an AC waveform in an ignition transformer to provide higher voltage and current outputs for longer periods of time than conventional systems. A simple, reliable and inexpensive timing device is provided for generation of the transient waveform at predetermined intervals.