Abstract: A voltage boosting method, system, and circuit which can be incorporated into a battery or device or can be added as a circuit that interfaces between a battery and a device. Optionally, the voltage boosting system can be added without requiring the battery or the device to be modified. The voltage boosting circuit incorporates a pair of transformers and does not require a step-up transformer, thus enabling the circuit to be constructed in a compact form, optionally within a single integrated circuit package. One or more mechanical or automatic switches can be provided which enable the voltage boosting circuit to be disconnected from the battery and the load until such time as the voltage of the battery or battery bank falls below a predetermined amount, at which time the one or more switches can be activated, thus engaging the voltage boosting circuit.

Abstract: An apparatus and method employ a pair of input terminals to receive an input voltage from a charging power source for charging a backup power supply for an emergency lighting system, the input voltage corresponding to any one of a plurality of nominal operating voltages. A voltage level detector produces, in response to the received input voltage, an input voltage level signal indicating which of the nominal operating voltages is being received. A temperature detector determines whether the temperature of the backup power supply exceeds a threshold and produces a temperature signal in response thereto. A heater includes a plurality of heating elements, and is activated to heat the backup power supply when the temperature of the backup power supply is less than the threshold. The input voltage level signal determines which of the heating elements is activated.

Abstract: Systems, methods and articles for providing lighting or illumination systems having drive circuits that employ a magnetic amplifier (“mag-amp”) and one or more feedback circuits to form a power converter that powers solid-state light sources (e.g., LEDs). The magnetic amplifier includes one or more magnetic cores which provides a controllable reluctance for magnetic flux. The magnetic amplifier includes one or more power windings which receive energy from an alternating current (AC) supply (e.g., AC mains) and delivers rectified AC current as direct current (DC) to one or more solid-state light sources. The magnetic amplifier includes one or more control windings coupled to a DC control source. The drive circuit may have two or more rectifiers (e.g., solid-state rectifiers) to provide a direct current to drive the solid-state light sources and also to isolate the one or more control windings from interference from the magnetic flux of the one or more power windings.

Abstract: A light emitted diode circuit includes: a plurality of driving circuits, wherein the plurality of driving circuit are connected in series, and each driving circuit includes a plurality of diodes; and a plurality of loading circuits connected with the driving circuits, respectively; wherein the plurality of driving circuits are arranged for generating a plurality of driving voltages to drive the plurality of loading circuits, respectively.

Abstract: A low-current battery operated apparatus with a first voltage boosting circuit for operation with depleted batteries and a second circuit for operating with non-depleted batteries, and a circuit selector switch for selectively connecting a low-current component such as an LED with the first circuit or the second circuit.

Abstract: A multi-output electronic ballast is disclosed. The multi-output electronic ballast is used to drive a plurality of lamp assemblies and includes an AC/DC converter, a first inverter, a second inverter, an auxiliary voltage generator, and a control circuit. The AC/DC converter converts an AC input voltage to a high DC voltage. The first inverter converts the high DC input voltage to a first AC voltage selectively. The second inverter converts the high DC voltage to a second AC voltage. The auxiliary voltage generator generates an auxiliary voltage. The control circuit receives the auxiliary voltage generating circuit and outputs a control signal to the first inverter according to the switching operation of a first external switch. When the control signal is transmitted to the first inverter, the first inverter comes into operation and converts the high DC voltage to the first AC voltage.

Abstract: Systems, methods and articles for providing lighting or illumination systems having drive circuits that employ a magnetic amplifier (“mag-amp”) and one or more feedback circuits to form a power converter that powers solid-state light sources (e.g., LEDs). The magnetic amplifier includes one or more magnetic cores which provides a controllable reluctance for magnetic flux. The magnetic amplifier includes one or more power windings which receive energy from an alternating current (AC) supply (e.g., AC mains) and delivers rectified AC current as direct current (DC) to one or more solid-state light sources. The magnetic amplifier includes one or more control windings coupled to a DC control source. The drive circuit may have two or more rectifiers (e.g., solid-state rectifiers) to provide a direct current to drive the solid-state light sources and also to isolate the one or more control windings from interference from the magnetic flux of the one or more power windings.

Abstract: Provided is a deuterium lamp power supply circuit capable of preventing the application of a high switch-to-ground voltage to a switch when applying a voltage between a positive electrode and negative electrode to light a deuterium lamp. The power supply circuit includes a capacitor for applying a voltage between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, with one terminal of the capacitor being connected to the positive electrode; a power supply, installed between the capacitor and the negative electrode, for charging the capacitor; and a two-terminal switch connected in parallel to the power supply. The switch is placed at a location close to ground, and thus a high switch-to-ground voltage is not applied to the switch.

Abstract: A power control system for an illumination system has a power source to supply any one of a range of AC or DC voltages, a power conversion stage, one or more light emitting device(s) for illumination and/or wireless communication, a controller controlling an output stage to receive and send information to regulate the power and/or current to the light emitting device(s), and a programmable voltage clamping or linear regulator arrangement contained within the output stage that can be controlled to increase a dynamic dimming ratio of current and/or power through the light emitting device(s) and to enable power or current modulation for wireless optical communication of light emitting device(s). The power control system enables current and power to be provided to one or more attached light emitting device(s) with a vastly extended dynamic dimming range such that different light emitting devices can be powered using the same driver output stage(s).

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to blend dimming circuits and methods for driving light loads. In one embodiment, a method can include: converting an external sinusoidal AC power supply to a phase-missing DC voltage signal; detecting a conduction angle of the phase-missing DC voltage signal to generate a first control signal representing the conduction angle; generating an analog dimming signal based on the first control signal; generating, by a PWM dimming circuit, a PWM dimming signal based on the analog dimming signal and a light load feedback signal; regulating light load brightness by PWM dimming when the conduction angle is greater than a threshold angle; regulating the light load brightness by PWM and analog dimming when the conduction angle is less than the threshold angle; and enabling a power stage circuit when the first control signal is active to regulate the brightness of the light load.

Abstract: An apparatus for powering and TRIAC dimming of a gas discharge lamp includes an electronic ballast for powering a gas discharge lamp from a TRIAC based dimmer connected to an AC line, an EMI filter for protecting the AC line from EMI generated by the ballast and the lamp, a DC bus without a smoothing electrolytic capacitor, a resonant DC-to-AC inverter connected to the DC bus for powering the gas discharge lamp with a high frequency current, wherein an auxiliary DC-to-DC power supply input is connected to the DC bus and a first resonant tank having in series a first resonant inductor and a first resonant capacitor, wherein the gas discharge lamp is connected in parallel to the resonant capacitor.

Abstract: A non-isolated AC/DC converter having power factor correction, comprising an active switch connected to a waveform controller for control, and sequentially showing conduction, cut off, making the alternating current power supply pass through one circuit rectifier for rectifying and forming one positive half sine wave electricity supply, which passes through a voltage step-down circuit to proceed with decreasing the voltage, then passing through a filter/storage circuit for filtering and forming direct current power supply, which is stored on this filter/storage circuit, then releasing the energy and supplying electricity to the electricity end; as a transformer isn't required, the circuit volume can be reduced, lowering costs, raising circuit conversion rates and achieving power factor correction and increasing the lifespan of the transformer, moreover, through the waveform controller controlling the output waveform, the storage circuit utilizes a lower capacity capacitor to avoid using an electrolytic capaci

Abstract: A lighting system with reduced standby power according to the embodiment includes a main control unit to control a lighting device; a driver to supply the control signal to the lighting device; and an AC-DC converting circuit to supply power to the driver. A method of reducing standby power according to the embodiment includes charging a standby power supply unit with power in a normal mode; checking whether a lighting off signal is transmitted and switching off a lighting, and simultaneously, shutting off the power supplied from the AC-DC converting circuit when the lighting off signal is transmitted; changing an operation mode of a lighting device from a normal mode to a standby mode; checking whether a voltage of the standby power supply unit is less than a predetermined level; and charging the standby power supply unit when the voltage is less than the predetermined level.

Abstract: The present invention is aimed at providing a dimmer capable of preventing malfunctions due to noise contamination or waveform distortion of the voltage of an AC power source.

Abstract: A hybrid power supply for a high intensity light includes a power supply coupled to the high intensity light, wherein the power supply has a power rating less than a power rating for the high intensity light, and a battery, the battery having a power rating greater than or equal to the power rating for the high intensity light. A switch is coupled between the high intensity light and the battery, such that when the switch is closed the battery is coupled to the high intensity light, and such that when the switch is open the battery is not coupled to the high intensity light.

Abstract: The present invention provides a controller used in a TRIAC dimmer compatible LED driver and method thereof. The controller comprises a dimming signal generator, a dimming signal processor and a switch control circuit. The dimming signal generator receives an AC chopped voltage from a TRIAC dimmer and generates a dimming signal with regulated duty cycle in accordance with the AC chopped voltage. The dimming signal processor is coupled to the dimming signal generator and generates a processed dimming signal in accordance with the dimming signal. The duty cycle of the processed dimming signal is a sum of a predetermined duty cycle and the duty cycle of the dimming signal. Based on the processed dimming signal and a feedback signal indicative of the current flowing through LED, the switch control circuit generates a control signal to control at least one switch in a switching converter.

Abstract: A compact gas discharge lamp (301) comprising four (or more) interconnected tube segments (11, 12, 13, 14) is provided with an external electrode (310) that extends at least throughout the length of the tube segments and that is in contact with all tube segments. Several embodiments of the external electrode are disclosed. The external electrode is preferably connected to a node (C) midway between the lamp electrodes, to which end a capacitive divider (441, 442) is arranged in parallel with the lamp.

Abstract: In a light source inverter rectifier circuits are respectively connected to a CCFL in a substantially U-shaped lamp and a CCFL in a substantially U-shaped lamp, and the outputs from the rectifier circuits are fed to a stabilization circuit. Thus, the stabilization circuit monitors an average of currents flowing through the substantially U-shaped lamps. This makes it possible to make uniform the currents flowing through the substantially U-shaped lamps.

Abstract: A power supply for use in a UV curing lamp assembly is disclosed. The power supply is powered by two intermediate frequency (200-400 Hz) low voltage sinusoidal power sources that drive the primary windings of a dual laminated transformer. The low voltage sinusoidal power sources are configured to have different phases. The out-of-phase low voltage sine wave sources are converted to high voltage sine waves on the secondary windings of the dual laminated transformer having the same phase difference relationship. A single rectifier comprising six high voltage diodes, called a ladder rectifier, combine the two out-of-phase sine waves into a single, approximately DC output power source. By modulating a phase difference between two input sine wave power sources, the approximate DC output voltage exiting the ladder rectifier may be alternated between a low ripple mode of about a 13.84% ripple, a high current mode, a high voltage mode, and an intermediate mode with a ripple in the range of about 13.84% to about 100%.

Abstract: An ablative plasma gun having a dual power source pulse generator is configured to generate a high voltage low current pulse and a low voltage high current pulse. A pair of electrodes are disposed and configured to receive the high voltage low current pulse, and to receive the low voltage high current pulse in response to the high voltage low current pulse.

Abstract: A power supply (100) includes a generator (20) and a water circulatory channel. The generator includes an impeller (201) and an armature (203). The water circulatory channel contains water therein. The water flows along a predetermined direction in the water circulatory channel. The impeller of the generator is positioned to be at least partially submerged in and driven by the flowing water, and the impeller drives the armature to generate DC (205) for an LED lamp (30).

Abstract: A high-efficiency power supply apparatus used with a driving system of a display panel and a method of designing the same to improve an electrical power efficiency by providing a non-isolated direct current (DC) power directly to a display panel driving circuit comprise: a DC power supplying circuit to improve a power factor by rectifying an alternating current (AC) power and generating the non-isolated DC power, which is not isolated from the AC power, and an isolated DC power; a display panel driving circuit to generate various driving signals for driving the display panel with the non-isolated DC power; and a video signal processing circuit to perform a predetermined video signal processing for generating data to drive the display panel with the isolated DC power.

Abstract: An emergency ballast for a compact fluorescent lamp including a heater disposed adjacent the battery for maintaining the battery at a safe and effective operating temperature during the time which the lamp is powered by the normal AC power supply. Additionally, the ballast includes a charging control circuit which precludes charging of the battery when normal AC power is supplied to the ballast charging circuit during the time when the battery is below a temperature for safe and effective charging. The output of the emergency ballast provides supplemental cathode heating to improve the operating performance of the compact lamp in severely low temperature emergency operation.

Abstract: A high-efficiency power supply apparatus used with a driving system of a display panel and a method of designing the same to improve an electrical power efficiency by providing a non-isolated direct current (DC) power directly to a display panel driving circuit comprise: a DC power supplying circuit to improve a power factor by rectifying an alternating current (AC) power and generating the non-isolated DC power, which is not isolated from the AC power, and an isolated DC power; a display panel driving circuit to generate various driving signals for driving the display panel with the non-isolated DC power; and a video signal processing circuit to perform a predetermined video signal processing for generating data to drive the display panel with the isolated DC power.

Abstract: A lighting and starting device for two-electrode lamp includes a plurality of voltage-multiplier rectifying circuits parallelly connected to two electrodes of the lamp with stepping voltages, for instance, high, medium and low voltage levels, whereby upon selection of the desired voltage level, the light of the lamp can be adjusted optimumly.

Abstract: A discharge lamp lighting device includes an inverter circuit connected through a first impedance element across output ends of a rectifier rectifying an AC source power, a smoothing capacitor inserted through a discharging diode in a power supply path to the inverter circuit, and a series circuit of a second impedance element, discharge lamp and inductor and connected between an output end of the inverter circuit and one output end of the rectifier, wherein a path for charging the smoothing capacitor is formed through a switching element included in the inverter circuit, and the discharging diode.

Abstract: In a circuit for controlling operation of an emergency exit lamp, a delay circuit enables a trigger circuit a preset time period after a power outage has occurred. Once enabled, the trigger circuit activates a relay so as to connect a storage battery to an oscillator. The oscillator is thus enabled to generate a high voltage alternating current signal to activate the lamp to generate a light output in the event of a power outage.

Abstract: A control apparatus for an ac-powered lamp unit includes a charging circuit for generating a constant current output from an ac power source, a storage battery charged by the constant current output and supplying a dc voltage output, a first high-voltage oscillator circuit for converting the dc voltage output of the storage battery into a first high-voltage oscillating signal, a second high-voltage oscillator circuit for generating a dc voltage signal from the ac power source and for converting the dc voltage signal into a second high-voltage oscillating signal, a switch circuit connected to the first and second high-voltage oscillator circuits, and a switch control circuit for controlling the switch circuit to provide the second high-voltage oscillating signal from the second high-voltage oscillator circuit to an ac-powered lamp unit when the ac power source is available, and to provide the first high-voltage oscillating signal from the first high-voltage oscillator circuit to the ac-powered lamp unit in cas

Abstract: A circuit driving electric luminescent panel in which the high potential contact of electric luminescent panel is connected to two parallel connected transistors of which the emitter of the first transistor is connected to a current--resisting coil and the positive pole of a diode in order to raise the voltage at the contact of the electric luminescent panel. The first transistor provides, within the time when the signal at its base is low, a negative voltage to increase the peak value-to-peak value voltage across the electric luminescent panel and its luminosity as well. Furthermore, another kind of design concept is presented with which the timing impulse of controlling signals while operation can be governed with its duty to control current consumption.

Abstract: Ballast circuitry for a metal halide lamp is disclosed enabling sustained operation with a typical 120 volt AC power source. A novel auxiliary circuit network is operatively associated with inductive type starting circuit means to provide lamp reignition when needed during each half-cycle of the AC power supply. The present auxiliary circuit network employs breakover switching means connected in series with capacitor storage means for further connection across the operating discharge lamp.

Abstract: In a gas discharge device having a gas discharge channel, which comprises two gas discharge electrodes and a gas discharge volume lying between said electrodes, having an energy storage circuit connected by a switching device to the gas discharge electrodes for producing a current surge flowing between a first output terminal and a second output terminal for operating a gas discharge, and having an ignition device for separate ignition of the gas discharge, in order to improve said device in such a way that it operates better and more reliably, it is proposed that the switching device comprises a voltage divider lying between the output terminals and comprising a first and a second impedance, that the gas discharge electrodes are connected in parallel to the first impedance and a spark gap is connected in parallel to the second impedance, that the first impedance is so dimensioned that, in the absence of a gas discharge, a voltage lying below the breakdown voltage of the gas discharge electrodes is applied to

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a power supply circuit for controlling a load which, for example, includes both a gas-discharge lamp and an auxiliary load. The power supply circuit includes a ballast circuit for limiting current supplied to the gas discharge lamp. The auxiliary load, such as an occupancy sensor, is connected to receive an alternating current signal from a transformer winding, inductor coil, or other suitable portion of the ballast circuit. The power supply circuit includes a rectifier for rectifying the alternating current signal to provide a stable, low-voltage direct current signal to drive the auxiliary load.

Abstract: A method and circuit for operating two fluorescent lamps having a starter with power supplied by a battery by generating an alternating current from energy supplied by the battery, supplying the alternating current as a starting current to the lamps for a selected period of time, and at the end of the selected period of time, generating a direct current from the alternating current and supplying the direct current to the lamps in place of the alternating current.

Abstract: Circuit arrangements generate start, glow, and/or run signals to be applied to and for operating a DC arc discharge lamp. A first circuit arrangement provides start, glow, and run signals. The first circuit arrangement includes a tapped transformer flyback converter circuit for combining the start and glow functions; a buck/boost converter for providing the run function; and blocking diodes for providing a blocking function for the glow circuit during the start and run modes, and further for providing a blocking function for the run circuit during the start and glow modes. A second circuit arrangement provides start and glow functions, and includes a tapped transformer flyback converter circuit for combining the start and glow functions; and a blocking diode for providing a blocking function for the glow circuit during the start mode. A third circuit arrangement includes a buck/boost converter for providing glow and run functions, and further includes an inductive storage element, such as an inductor.

Abstract: An energy conversion device includes a discharge tube which is operated in a pulsed abnormal glow discharge regime in a double ported circuit. A direct current source connected to an input port provides electrical energy to initiate emission pulses, and a current sink in the form of an electrical energy storage or utilization device connected to the output port captures at least a substantial proportion of energy released by collapse of the emission pulses.

Abstract: A discharge lamp lighting apparatus comprises a transformer for stepping up an AC power source voltage from an AC power source to produce a high voltage as an output voltage required for lighting a discharge lamp. Particularly, the lighting apparatus further comprises a diode for rectifying the output voltage of the transformer to be supplied to the discharge lamp. The amount of current supply from the AC power source is determined to obtain an output impedance capable of limiting the current which is to flow through the discharge lamp after the start of discharging to maintain the voltage across the discharge lamp at a level required for continuing the discharge.

Abstract: A flash lamp power supply system, comprising (a) a simmer power supply circuit, comprising (i) a DC simmer power supply, (ii) means for connecting a flash lamp in series with the DC power supply, and (iii) a capacitor connected in parallel to the power supply and to the flash lamp connecting means, wherein the impedance and capacitance of the simmer power supply are selected so as to provide dV/dT for the simmer power supply circuit equal to or greater than the rate at which the lamp impedance changes during a flash cycle; and (b) a pulse power supply circuit, comprising (i) a DC pulse source voltage supply, (ii) a thyristor, and (iii) means for connecting the lamp in series with the DC pulse source voltage supply and the thyristor, wherein the pulse power supply circuit further comprises a capacitor connected in parallel with the pulse source voltage supply.

Abstract: An electroluminescent lamp is energized by being charged to a first polarity voltage level in step-wise fashion over a first period of time and then being discharged and charged to a second polarity voltage level in a time period which is short when compared to the first time period. The charging and discharging of the lamp is controlled by a pair of interconnected pulse generators which provide command signals to respective solid state switches. An inductance is connected in series with one of the switches and the electroluminescent lamp load and a diode are connected in parallel with the inductance in such a manner that the step-wise charging of the lamp occurs each time the switch connected in series with the inductance is opened.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus for a neon lamp includes a direct current power supply with a relatively low voltage output. The direct current power supply actuates a pulse oscillator to produce a narrow pulse voltage train output. The narrow pulse voltage train output is amplified and is supplemented by the signal output of a glow control cirucit to drive the neon lamp into operation. The signal output of the glow control cirucit can be a pulsating voltage signal or a constant voltage signal to correspondingly cause the neon lamp to blink or glow constantly.

Abstract: Novel systems, circuits, and methods for initiating ionization, maintaining constant illumination current, and extinguishing illumination in a gas discharge tube and in gas discharge tube arrays. Input controls for current regulating circuits for gas discharge tubes comprise directly connected semiconductor logic circuits. In the currently preferred embodiment, each gas discharge tube is maintained in consistently bright illumination by a constant current or extinguished by inhibition of the constant current, as controlled by a surprisingly simple circuit comprising a single PNP transistor and three resistors. A parallel coupled input which provides an impedance connection for a gas discharge tube ionizing high voltage pulse comprises a single resistor and a serially interposed isolating diode which protects the transistor from the high voltage ionizing pulse and imposes the ionizing pulse primarily upon the gas discharge tube.

Abstract: An N-phase power supply (1) for operation of a laser flashlamp (F). A first electrical circuit (3) is connected between an N-phase source of electrical energy and the flashlamp for continuously supplying electrical current thereto. A second electrical circuit (13) is also interconnected between the source of electrical energy and the flashlamp. This second circuit is for supplying current pulses to the flashlamp. The second circuit includes an N-phase bridge (15) having an electronic switch (17A, 17B, 17C) in each branch (19A, 19B, 19C) of the bridge. An electronic controller (25) controls operation of each switch to produce the current pulses supplied to the flashlamp.

Abstract: An emergency lighting system provided with a U-shaped fluorescent tube having power supplied by a square wave oscillator connected to a relatively small sized battery. A battery charger is employed to charge the battery when the standard AC source is connected to the network. An electronic switching circuit is included which will switch the oscillator on when a network failure is sensed and will switch if off when the network appears to be operating properly. The switching circuit also ensure that the battery does not discharge below a particular voltage level.

Abstract: A method and circuit for operating a fluorescent lamp having a starter with power supplied by a battery by generating an alternating current from energy supplied by the battery; supplying the alternating current as a starting current to the lamp for a selected period of time; and, at the end of the selected period of time, generating a direct current from the alternating current and supplying the direct current to the lamp in place of the alternating current.

Abstract: A dimming circuit provides power from an ac source to a compact fluorescent lamp. The circuit generally includes a resonant circuit driven by a high-frequency switching inverter. The resonant circuit is essentially an ac current source and provides sinusoidal current to the lamp, which loads the resonant circuit in parallel. A small amount of dc current is simutaneously provided to the lamp. The resultant asymmetric current waveform flowing through the lamp substantially eliminates striation over a dimming range from about 100% to 1% of full light output.

Abstract: A lamp start, hot-restart and operating circuit for a high wattage, high intensity discharge lamp includes cascaded resonant circuits with capacitors and series-connected inductors connected to an AC source. A pulse circuit including two pulse transformers supplies streamer-forming current, the secondary windings of the pulse transformers being connected in series with the lamp. When the lamp commences normal operation, the operating current energizes a relay to remove the capacitors and pulse circuit from the operating circuit, allowing the inductor to function as the lamp ballast.

Abstract: A ballasting circuit for fluorescent lamps includes a series-connected current limiting ballast element and an electronic assist circuit. The ballast element has a high voltage side connectable to a commercial 110 VAC/60 hertz power source and a low voltage side connected in series with the lamp. The electronic assist circuit has a full wave bridge rectifier input means connected to the low voltage side of the ballast element and a transformer output means connected in series between the ballast element and the lamp. The electronic assist circuit generates a relatively high frequency, high voltage excitation signal prior to lamp conduction to assist in starting the lamp. After lamp conduction begins, the low voltage side of the ballast element drops to the normal operating voltage of the lamp and the excitation signal amplitude correspondingly drops, but is not eliminated, so as to maintain lamp operation with low frequency power supplied from the commercial power source.

Abstract: A system and associated method for operating a gas discharge lamp so as to provide a positive voltage-current characteristic. An AC or DC source is used to provide electron heating, without in itself providing ionization, of the lamp gas. Superimposed on this signal is a pulsed source of power having an average output power substantially less than the AC or DC source power for providing ionization of the lamp gas.

Abstract: A power supply circuit for a gas laser has primary circuitry and secondary circuitry supplied by the primary circuitry. A transformer is positioned between the primary circuitry and a secondary circuitry. Within the secondary circuitry is a spark gap and associated circuitry for creating a voltage buildup to achieve a high ionization voltage required for the laser and for releasing the high ionization voltage in pulses for starting the laser. The circuit further includes laser operating supply circuitry associated with the secondary circuitry and the primary circuitry for supplying the laser at a normal operating voltage much lower than the ionization voltage after the laser has started.

Abstract: An energizing circuit for an incandescent light bulb includes two rectifiers with their outputs connected in parallel across the bulb. One rectifier has a low voltage output to keep the bulb filament warm while the other rectifier, which is energized by closing a switch, has a higher voltage which causes the bulb to emit high intensity light.

Abstract: A spark plug for an ignition system has a ring gap between two electrodes. A first electrode has a ring shape defining a central opening. A second electrode is positioned within the central opening of the first electrode. An insulating material is positioned between the first and second electrodes so as to provide a surface for a spark path between the first and second electrodes. The insulating material is spaced from the electrode so as to provide therebetween an air gap for increased sparking.