Abstract: Provided is a medium storing instructions that when executed by one or more processors effectuate operations including: obtaining a stream of spatial data indicative of a robot's position in a workspace; obtaining a stream of movement data indicative of the robot's displacement in the workspace; navigating along a path of the robot in the workspace based on the stream of spatial data; while navigating, mapping at least part of the workspace based on the stream of spatial data to form or update a spatial map in memory; wherein the spatial map expands as new areas of the workspace are covered by the robot and spatial data of the new areas of the workspace are obtained and used by the one or more processors to update the spatial map; and wherein the spatial map of the workspace is segmented into two or more zones.

Abstract: The disclosed techniques include a space filling device to be used with a wet bench in chemical replacement procedures. The space filling device has an overall density that is higher than the chemicals used to purge the wet bench. As such, when embedded into the wet bench, or more specifically, the chemical tank of the wet bench, the space filling device will occupy a portion of the interior volume space. As a result, less purging chemicals are used to fill and bath the wet bench.

Abstract: The present application discloses an apparatus for mounting an O-ring to a work piece, which includes a body including a plurality of connecting holes for connecting a pressure source to the body; an annular groove formed on the body and adapted to receive the O-ring; and a plurality of air channels formed in the body, the plurality of air channels being in fluid communication with the annular groove and the plurality of connecting holes to provide negative pressure with the pressure source in the annular groove to suck the O-ring in the annular groove, the annular groove is coaxial with a groove formed on a surface of the work piece during the mounting so that the O-ring is dropped into the groove when the pressure source is disconnected from the body or provides positive pressure to the plurality of air channels.

Abstract: Systems and methods for determining an Automated Vehicle (AV) trajectory are described. More particularly, a method for determining an AV trajectory proceeds by communicatively coupling an AV content generating device to an AV system controller. The AV content generating device collects target data associated with a target. The AV system controller extracts target features from the target data. The AV system controller compares the extracted target features to target model data to determine a target pose. The AV system controller compares the target pose with at least one target objective to determine an AV trajectory.

Abstract: A robot including a manipulator driven by actuators, and configured to determine external forces and/or external torques acting upon the manipulator, the robot configured to: regulate the actuators for a sub-space T1 of a working space AR such that, upon application of an external force and/or external torque upon the manipulator, the manipulator recedes into T1, wherein following applies: T1?AR and T1?AR, and AR specifies all permitted translations and/or rotations of the manipulator; and determine, for a space TK1 that is complementary to T1, a projection {right arrow over (P)}TK1 of the external force and/or external torque into TK1, wherein following applies: T1?TK1={0}, TK1?AR, and T1?TK1=AR, classify {right arrow over (P)}TK1 into one of several predefined classes with respect to amount and/or direction and/or time curve of {right arrow over (P)}TK1, store a command and/or rule for each predefined class, and regulate the actuators as a function of classification of {right arrow over (P)}TK1 based on res

Abstract: To provide a control device of a robot having an arm which causes the arm to be stopped more easily than conventionally by generating a load of appropriate magnitude to an operator during lead-through. The present invention relates to a control device of a robot having an arm, the control device including: a motor that generates torque in each axis of the robot; a torque generation control unit that controls the motor so as to generate a canceling torque which cancels friction of each axis of the robot when controlling the robot by external force tracking; and a torque changing unit that changes the canceling torque to a reference value or less.

Abstract: A machine tool is disclosed which continues monitoring even when there is an obstacle such as swarf or a cutting fluid between a machining portion to be monitored and a visual sensor. A visual sensor is attached to an in-machine robot which is movable in a machine tool. A controller operates the visual sensor while judging influences of the swarf and the cutting fluid, automatically judges an orientation experiencing less influence, and executes monitoring from an optimum direction.

Abstract: Provided are a method of controlling a mobile robot, apparatus for supporting the method, and delivery system using the mobile robot. The method, which is performed by a control apparatus, comprises acquiring a first control value for the mobile robot, which is input through a remote control apparatus, acquiring a second control value for the mobile robot, which is generated by an autonomous driving module, determining a weight for each control value based on a delay between the mobile robot and the remote control apparatus and generating a target control value of the mobile robot in combination of the first control value and the second control value based on the determined weights, wherein a first weight for the first control value and a second weight for the second control value are inversely proportional to each other.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for sample processing. A device may be provided, capable of receiving the sample, and performing one or more of a sample preparation, sample assay, and detection step. The device may be capable of performing multiple assays. The device may comprise one or more modules that may be capable of performing one or more of a sample preparation, sample assay, and detection step. The device may be capable of performing the steps using a small volume of sample.

Abstract: A robot includes a robot body including a base, a first movable section provided turnably with respect to the base, and a second movable section provided turnably with respect to the first movable section, a first proximity sensor for detecting contact with or approach of an object to the first movable section, and a second proximity sensor for detecting contact with or approach of the object to the second movable section. The first proximity sensor includes a first electrode section having a capacitance that changes according to the contact or approach of the object, and a first circuit section for detecting the capacitance of the first electrode section. The second proximity sensor includes a second electrode section having a capacitance that changes according to the contact or approach of the object, and a second circuit section for detecting the capacitance of the second electrode section.

Abstract: Technologies for structured media playback include one or more physical media objects, which may be placed on a substrate including a matrix of position sensor tags. Each of the physical media objects is configured to sense one or more position sensor tags and transmit tag information received from the sensed position sensor tags to a compute device. The compute device determines a cast of physical media objects present on the substrate based on the received tag information and selects media for playback based on the determined cast. In some embodiments, the compute device may select the index of the media at which to initiate playback based on the determined cast or collection of physical media objects.

Abstract: A robot control device that controls a robot including an A arm that is rotatable about an A rotation axis, a B arm that is provided so as to be rotatable around a B rotation axis with respect to the A arm and allowed to be brought into a first state overlapping with the A arm when viewed from an axial direction of the B rotation axis, a C arm that is provided so as to be rotatable around a C rotation axis which is an axial direction intersecting with an axial direction of the B rotation axis with respect to the B arm, the robot control device comprising: a processor, wherein the processor is configured to suppress interference between an object and the B arm by limiting a rotation range of the C arm in a case where the object is attached to the C arm.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for selecting an initial point for industrial robot commissioning, the initial point being located above a touchscreen for industrial robot commissioning. The method including: calculating a nominal posture of a work object relative to the industrial robot by a nominal posture calculating module; and selecting an initial point according to the nominal posture by an initial point selecting module. The method and apparatus can automatically select the initial point so as to further increase automation of the commissioning process and reduce workloads.

Abstract: This speed reducer with an electric motor has: a hollow shaft; a casing fixed to the hollow shaft; a fixed part that is relatively stationary with respect to the casing; an electric motor; a speed reduction mechanism; an output part; and a torque sensor that is connected to the casing and the fixed part. The torque sensor has an elastically deformable strain body that has an annular outer ring and an annular inner ring and a plurality of strain sensors. The outer ring and the inner ring are respectively located at an end portion on the radial outside and the radial inside of the torque sensor and is connected to one of the casing and the fixed part. Each of the plurality of strain sensors is at least partially located in a radial direction between the outer ring and the inner ring.

Abstract: A device and a process to count a number of colonies present in a set of samples. The colony counting device has a storage device with plural storage locations. A handling system is operative to convey samples to analyze from storage locations to an analysis area and from the analysis area to storage locations. An imaging device is operative to acquire a plurality of images of a sample to analyze, the plurality of images including all or a part of the analysis area. A processing unit is operative to implement, for each sample to analyze, a detection step to detect the presence of colonies by analyzing an image of the plurality of images of the sample and a determination step to determine the number of colonies present in the sample by counting the colonies whose presence have been detected during the detection step.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method of automatically re-programming an EFEM to account for positional changes of the EFEM robot. In some embodiments, the method is performed by determining an initial position of an EFEM robot within an EFEM chamber. The EFEM robot at the initial position moves along a first plurality of steps defined relative to the initial position and that extend along a path between a first position and a second position. Positional parameters are determined, which describe a change between an initial position and a new position of the EFEM robot that is different than the initial position. A second plurality of steps are determined based upon the positional parameters. The EFEM robot at the new position moves along the second plurality of steps defined relative to the new position and that extend along the path between the first position and the second position.

Abstract: A method for creating an environment map for an automatically moveable processing device, in particular a cleaning robot, wherein a detection device of the processing device detects obstacles in the environment of the processing device and an environment map of the processing device is created based on detected obstacle data of the obstacles. At least one additional sensor detects obstacles in the environment of the processing device, wherein the distance of the additional sensor to the processing device is changed and wherein the obstacle data detected by the additional sensor is combined in the environment map with the obstacle data detected by the detection device of the processing device. In addition to the method for creating an environment map for an independently moveable processing device, the invention also relates to a system for creating an environment map for an independently moveable processing device.

Abstract: A wafer processing tool is capable of detecting wafer warpage. The wafer processing tool includes a wafer holder on which a wafer is held and at least one sensor set. The at least one sensor set is disposed above the wafer or under the wafer, and a projection of each of the at least one sensor set on the wafer radially extending from a center of the wafer to an edge of the wafer. The at least one sensor set is configured to scan an entire surface of the wafer so as to measure warpage of the wafer while the wafer holder and the at least one sensor set are rotatable relative to each other.

Abstract: A substrate transport apparatus auto-teach system for auto-teaching a substrate station location, the system including a frame, a substrate transport connected to the frame, the substrate transport having an end effector configured to support a substrate, and a controller configured to move the substrate transport so that the substrate transport biases the substrate supported on the end effector against a substrate station feature causing a change in eccentricity between the substrate and the end effector, determine the change in eccentricity, and determine the substrate station location based on at least the change in eccentricity between the substrate and the end effector.

Abstract: The invention relates to a robot including capacitive detection electrodes, at least one means of electrical polarization for polarizing the measurement electrodes at a first alternating electrical potential different from a general ground potential (MG), at a frequency, called working frequency. The robot is characterized in that, for at least one sub-part, called fitted-out the outer wall of which is at least partially non-electrically conductive, said at least one polarization means is also arranged in order to electrically guard the electrical items of said fitted-out sub-part at an alternating electrical potential (VG), called guard potential, identical or substantially identical to said first potential, at said working frequency.

Abstract: A system and method for using locally stored historical performance data with a self-contained modular manufacturing device having modular tools and parts configured to collectively accomplish a specific task or function. In an embodiment, the modular device includes an interface configured to communicate with a remote control system capable of control the robotic arm. The modular device also includes one or more other modules that are configured to accomplish a particular task or function. Such modules are sometimes called end-effectors and work in conjunction with each other to accomplish tasks and functions. In a self-contained modular manufacturing device, a processor disposed in the housing may be configured to control the functional tools (e.g., each end-effector) independent of the overall manufacturing control system. Further, historical data may be locally stored and retrieved to tailor the functioning of the modular device.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for determining tool offset data for a tool attached to a robot at an attachment point. In an embodiment, a method includes controlling the robot to contact a reference object with the tool. The reference object is a rigid object with a known location. A force feedback sensor of the robot indicates when the tool has contacted the reference object. Once contact is made, data indicating robot position during tool contact is received. Additionally, the robot temporarily stops movement of the tool to prevent damage to the tool or the reference object. Next, tool offset data is determined based on the position of the reference object relative to the robot and the received robot position data. The tool offset data describes the distance between at least one point on the tool and the attachment point.

Abstract: A robot control system and a method for updating camera calibration is presented. The method comprises the robot control system performing a first camera calibration to determine camera calibration information, and outputting a first movement command based on the camera calibration information for a robot operation. The method further comprises outputting, after the first camera calibration, a second movement command to move a calibration pattern within a camera field of view, receiving one or more calibration images, and adding the one or more calibration images to a captured image set. The method further comprises performing a second camera calibration based on calibration images in the captured image set to determine updated camera calibration information, determining whether a deviation between the camera calibration information and the updated camera calibration information exceeds a defined threshold, and outputting a notification signal if the deviation exceeds the defined threshold.

Abstract: A teaching device includes a motion image generating unit that generates a motion image in which a workpiece is moved, a position detecting unit that detects the grip position in which a hand grips, and a teaching-point setting unit that sets a teaching point. The position detecting unit detects the grip position on the workpiece when the motion image generating unit moves the workpiece in the motion image. The teaching-point setting unit sets the teaching point based on the grip position on the workpiece.

Abstract: Methods for determining substrate placement in a process chamber are provided herein. In some embodiments, a method for determining substrate placement in a process chamber includes receiving sensor readings from a plurality of sensor arrays attached to the calibration substrate, calculating locations of a plurality of edge locations of a support member beneath the sensors based on the sensor readings, calculating a center point location of the support member based on the locations of the plurality of edge locations of the support member and determining an offset between the center point location and a location of the center of the calibration substrate.

Abstract: A robot control device able to accurately estimate an external force applied from a workpiece to a robot in a time-dependently changing manner. The robot control device includes a support force data acquisition section which acquires measurement data of a workpiece support force by the environment, the workpiece support force varying while the robot lifts the workpiece; a disturbance estimation section which estimates a disturbance value applied to the robot using state information of the robot; and a correction section which corrects, using the measurement data acquired by the support force data acquisition section, the disturbance value estimated by the disturbance estimation section or the state information inputted to the disturbance estimation section.

Abstract: A substrate transport apparatus auto-teach system for auto-teaching a substrate station location, the system including a frame, a substrate transport connected to the frame, the substrate transport having an end effector configured to support a substrate, and a controller configured to move the substrate transport so that the substrate transport biases the substrate supported on the end effector against a substrate station feature causing a change in eccentricity between the substrate and the end effector, determine the change in eccentricity, and determine the substrate station location based on at least the change in eccentricity between the substrate and the end effector.

Abstract: One embodiment provides a pipe inspection robot, including: a powered track system providing movement to the pipe inspection robot; a sensor component comprising a water quality probe; and a processor; said processor configured to: operate the water quality probe to collect water quality data related to a fluid contained within a pipe; and communicate the water quality data collected over a network connection. Other aspects are described and claimed.

Abstract: An embodiment comprises: a guide moving in the vertical direction or the horizontal direction; a transfer arm provided on the guide and loading spaced apart wafers; a laser emission unit disposed on the guide and emitting first laser beams at the spaced apart wafers loaded on the transfer arm; and a laser detection unit disposed below the transfer arm and collecting, from among the first laser beams, second laser beams having passed through gaps between the spaced apart wafers.

Abstract: Methods of correcting positional misalignment of blades in robots, such as dual-bladed robots, are described. The methods include, in one or more embodiments, a robot including moveable arms and an end effector attached to one of the moveable arms, a flag disposed on one of the moveable arms or the end effector, a chamber adapted to be serviced by the end effector, a beam sensor positioned at a distance from the chamber, and correcting misalignment of the end effector wherein the misalignment occurs between an initial linear center-finding location and the estimated center of the chamber. Systems of such electronic device calibration are also disclosed. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: A robotic surface treatment apparatus treats corners of rooms more effectively through intricate guidance of the apparatus through inside and outside corners. In one aspect, contact and/or non-contact sensors provide information to one or more on-board processors on the apparatus to enable selective overriding of obstacle avoidance program code and allow the apparatus to get closer to walls to facilitate treatment. In another aspect, the sensors provide information to the on-board processors to control backup motion of the apparatus to cover previously-missed areas when turning corners. In yet another aspect, the apparatus is shaped to have its treatment mechanism positioned more closely to the front of the apparatus to enable treatment more closely to walls near corners. In one embodiment, the robotic surface treatment apparatus is a robotic vacuum. The vacuum may have its cleaning brush positioned near a flat front portion of the apparatus.

Abstract: Methods and systems for dynamically maintaining a map of robotic devices in an environment are provided herein. A map of robotic devices may be determined, where the map includes predicted future locations of at least some of the robotic devices. One or more robotic devices may then be caused to perform a task. During a performance of the task by the one or more robotic devices, task progress data may be received from the robotic devices, indicative of which of the task phases have been performed. Based on the data, the map may be updated to include a modification to the predicted future locations of at least some of the robotic devices. One or more robotic devices may then be caused to perform at least one other task in accordance with the updated map.

Abstract: A system and method for using locally stored historical performance data with a self-contained modular manufacturing device having modular tools and parts configured to collectively accomplish a specific task or function. In an embodiment, the modular device includes an interface configured to communicate with a remote control system capable of control the robotic arm. The modular device also includes one or more other modules that are configured to accomplish a particular task or function. Such modules are sometimes called end-effectors and work in conjunction with each other to accomplish tasks and functions. In a self-contained modular manufacturing device, a processor disposed in the housing may be configured to control the functional tools (e.g., each end-effector) independent of the overall manufacturing control system. Further, historical data may be locally stored and retrieved to tailor the functioning of the modular device.

Abstract: A substrate transport apparatus auto-teach system for auto-teaching a substrate station location, the system including a frame, a substrate transport connected to the frame, the substrate transport having an end effector configured to support a substrate, and a controller configured to move the substrate transport so that the substrate transport biases the substrate supported on the end effector against a substrate station feature causing a change in eccentricity between the substrate and the end effector, determine the change in eccentricity, and determine the substrate station location based on at least the change in eccentricity between the substrate and the end effector.

Abstract: A robot includes a plurality of joints including a first joint and a second joint that rotates in a direction different from a rotation direction of the first joint, a plurality of arm members including a first arm member provided to be rotatable with respect to a base via the first joint, and a first angular velocity sensor provided in the first arm member or the first joint. A first inertial sensor is provided in the first arm member (or a portion that rotates together with the first arm member in the first joint). The plurality of joints are controlled on the basis of an output of the first inertial sensor.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods and systems for robust robotic task execution. An example method includes obtaining a task-level goal for a robot associated with one or more sub-goals, where accomplishment of the one or more sub-goals accomplishes the task-level goal. Carrying out an operation in pursuance of a given sub-goal may involve controlling at least one actuator of the robot. The method also includes determining one or more parameters indicative of a state of a system that includes the robot and an environment proximate to the robot. The method further includes selecting a particular sub-goal based on at least one of the one or more parameters. Additionally, the method includes selecting at least one controller based on at least one of the one or more parameters and the selected sub-goal. Further, the method includes causing the robot to operate in accordance with the at least one selected controller.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, and computer readable media are provided for real-time generation of trajectories for actuators of a robot, where the trajectories are generated to lessen the chance of collision with one or more objects in the environment of the robot. In some implementations, a real-time trajectory generator is used to generate trajectories for actuators of a robot based on a current motion state of the actuators, a target motion state of the actuators, and kinematic motion constraints of the actuators. The acceleration constraints and/or other kinematic constraints that are used by the real-time trajectory generator to generate trajectories at a given time are determined so as to lessen the chance of collision with one or more obstacles in the environment of the robot.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for inspecting an aircraft fuel tank. The invention also relates to an aircraft fuel tank including an inspection apparatus. The invention provides an aircraft fuel tank, the aircraft fuel tank containing a robotic device. The robotic device is arranged to be movable within the aircraft fuel tank. The robotic device further comprises a sensor for inspecting the aircraft fuel tank.

Abstract: A measured mark is arranged on a link of an articulated robot. A camera for measuring a position of the measured mark is arranged at a position distant from the articulated robot. A control apparatus of the articulated robot changes posture of the articulated robot, measures positions of the measured mark respectively before and after a change of the posture by the camera, and calculates an actual deflection amount of the link based on a movement amount between the position of the measured mark measured before the change of the posture and the position of the measured mark measured after the change of the posture.

Abstract: A robot includes a plurality of joints including a first joint and a second joint that rotates in a direction different from a rotation direction of the first joint, a plurality of arm members including a first arm member provided to be rotatable with respect to a base via the first joint, and a first angular velocity sensor provided in the first arm member or the first joint. A first inertial sensor is provided in the first arm member (or a portion that rotates together with the first arm member in the first joint). The plurality of joints are controlled on the basis of an output of the first inertial sensor.

Abstract: A method of force estimation for a minimally invasive medical system comprising a robot manipulator (10). The manipulator has an effector unit (12) equipped with a 6-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) force/torque sensor and is configured to hold a minimally invasive instrument (14) having a first end (16) mounted to the effector unit and a second end (20) located beyond an external fulcrum (23) that limits the instrument in motion, usually to 4 DOF. The method comprising the steps: —determining a position of the instrument relative to the fulcrum; —measuring by means of the 6-DOF force/torque sensor a force and a torque exerted onto the effector unit by the first end of the instrument; and —calculating by means of the principle of superposition an estimate of a force exerted onto the second end of the instrument based on the determined position, the measured force and the measured torque.

Abstract: In the present invention, a substrate is placed at a predetermined position on a substrate support even though the substrate is deviated on a substrate transfer unit. There is provided a substrate processing apparatus that includes a process chamber, a transfer chamber accommodating a substrate transfer unit, a substrate detecting unit, a memory unit configured to store a first reference position information, a second reference position information and a substrate reference position information and a controller configured to generate a detected position information representing a position of a substrate being transferred in the transfer chamber based on a detection result and to control the substrate transfer unit to place the substrate based on the detected position information, the first reference position information, the substrate reference position information and a difference between the first reference position information and the second reference position information.

Abstract: A robot includes a plurality of joints including a first joint and a second joint that rotates in a direction different from a rotation direction of the first joint, a plurality of arm members including a first arm member provided to be rotatable with respect to a base via the first joint, and a first angular velocity sensor provided in the first arm member or the first joint. A first inertial sensor is provided in the first arm member (or a portion that rotates together with the first arm member in the first joint). The plurality of joints are controlled on the basis of an output of the first inertial sensor.

Abstract: A robotic vacuum cleaner including a control system and a suction nozzle with a cleaning brush. The control system controls at least one of frequency and intensity of contact between the cleaning brush and each brushable portion of a floor surface to be cleaned such that at least one of the frequency and the intensity of contact between the cleaning brush and the floor surface decreases with a decrease of the distance to the at least one boundary of the floor surface.

Abstract: Example embodiments may relate to a compliant force sensor used in actuated and non-actuated systems. For instance, a structure (e.g., a transmission) may be configured to receive a force based on application of a load to the structure. A rigid member may be coupled to the structure and configured to provide a first deformation based on application of the load to the structure and transfer of the force to the rigid member. An elastic element may provide compliance and may be connected to the rigid member such that the rigid member is configured to further transfer the force to the elastic element. The elastic member may be configured to provide a second deformation under application of the load that is larger than the first deformation. A sensor may be positioned on the rigid member and configured to measure the first deformation independent of hysteresis and non-linearity in the elastic element.

Abstract: A vision-guided alignment system to align a plurality of components includes a robotic gripper configured to move one component relative to another component and a camera coupled to a processor that generates an image of the components. A simulated robotic work cell generated by the processor calculates initial calibration positions that define the movement of the robotic gripper such that position errors between the actual position of the robotic gripper and the calibration positions are compensated by a camera space manipulation based control algorithm executed by the processor to control the robotic gripper to move one component into alignment with another component based on the image of the components.

Abstract: Apparatus for Minimal Invasive Surgery (MIS) comprising a master device, a slave device, a detector for detecting a parameter of, or associated with the slave device, and a shape locking system for locking the shape of the master device in response to a parameter detected by the detector.

Abstract: A robot includes: an arm; a driving source that pivots the arm; an angle sensor that detects a pivot angle and outputs pivot angle information; an inertia sensor that is attached to the arm and outputs inertial force information; a control command generating unit that outputs a control command defining rotational operation of the arm; a control conversion determining unit that determines whether the inertial force information is used when the driving source is controlled; and an arm operation control unit that performs a first control based on the control command, the pivot angle information, and the inertial force information, if the control conversion determining unit determines that the inertial force information should be used, and performs a second control based on the control command and the pivot angle information, if the control conversion determining unit determines that the inertial force information should not be used.

Abstract: A system comprises: a measurement unit adapted to measure a position/orientation of at least one target object based on an image obtained by capturing the at least one target object; a selection unit adapted to select at least one grippable target object based on the position/orientation; a determination unit adapted to determine, as an object to be gripped, a grippable target object in a state with a highest priority from the at least one grippable target object based on priorities set in advance for states including gripping positions/directions; a gripping unit adapted to grip the object to be gripped in the state with the highest priority; and a changing unit adapted to change the state of the gripped object, to a state in which the gripped object is assembled to the other object.

Abstract: A controller includes: a plurality of first drivers that outputs a plurality of drive signals to drive a plurality of motors, respectively, and stops an output of the drive signals with a stop signal; a second driver that outputs a drive signal to drive another motor, and stops an output of the drive signal with a stop signal; a first transmitter that transmits the stop signal to all the first drivers; a second transmitter that transmits the stop signal to the second driver; and a stop signal introduction unit capable of introducing separate stop signals to into the first transmitter and the second transmitter, respectively.