Abstract: One embodiment of the present disclosure sets forth a technique for resolving beaconing conflicts within a network. The technique includes detecting, by a first node in a network, a first scheduling conflict between a first time when a first beacon is to be transmitted from the first node and a first listening window when a second beacon is expected to be received from a second node in the network; determining, by the first node in response to detecting the first scheduling conflict and based on an expected transmission time for the second beacon and a position of the second node in the network, an alternate listening window during which to listen for a third beacon from the second node; and listening, by the first node, for the third beacon from the second node during the alternate listening window.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention sets forth a technique for performing time synchronization within a network. The technique includes detecting a first scheduling conflict between a first transmission time associated with a first periodic beacon from a first node in the network and a first listening window associated with receiving a second periodic beacon from a second node in the network. The technique also includes determining a first alternate transmission time for the second periodic beacon based on a second transmission time associated with the second periodic beacon and a position of the second node in the network and calculating a second listening window associated with transmission of the second periodic beacon from the second node at the first alternate transmission time. The technique further includes listening for the second periodic beacon during the second listening window.

Abstract: A Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) controller comprising a housing, a plurality of inputs, a plurality of outputs, a first controller configured to detect signal pulses the plurality of inputs and store information related to the detected signal pulses, and a second controller comprising an event driven controller configured to make event driven requests to the first controller the stored information.

Abstract: A system and method for phase and gain calibration of a current sensor system. The system comprises a microcontroller configured to execute software in an energy measurement component and a calibration computer having a calibration application. The energy measurement component receives first and second digital signals representing current and voltage signals, respectively, received from a test source, and calculates active power and a power factor, and provides those values to the calibration computer. The power factor is converted to a converted phase angle. Based on the information received from the energy measurement component, the calibration application calculates parameters used to update components within the microcontroller to maximize the accuracy of the current sensor system.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a capacitor bank control system that uses a combination of line post sensors and wireless current sensors for control operations. For example, a capacitor bank controller may include one or more inputs that electrically couple to a line post sensor to allow the capacitor bank controller to obtain line post sensor measurements. The capacitor bank controller may include a transceiver that receives wireless current sensor measurements from first and second wireless current sensors. The capacitor bank controller may include a processor that controls one or more switching devices of a capacitor bank based at least in part on a combination of line post sensor measurements and wireless current sensor measurements.

Abstract: An origination device (e.g., a base station) transmits a “received signal” to a signal forwarding device. The “received signal” comprises a first set of data, a first set of control information, and a second set of control information. The first and second sets of control information are both associated with the first set of data. The first set of control information contains instructions pertaining to the signal forwarding device processing the first set of data. The second set of control information contains instructions pertaining to a destination device (e.g. a user equipment (UE) device) processing the first set of data. The signal forwarding device transmits a “forwarded signal” to the destination device. The “forwarded signal” contains forwarded data, based on the first set of data, and forwarded control information, based on the second set of control information.

Abstract: A system (10) for power and/or energy consumption metering on an AC powerline network (1) supplying a plurality of channels (C1, C2, . . . , Cn) with a respective electrical load (L1, L2, . . . , Ln), comprising: A central unit (11) connected to the AC powerline network (1), comprising a single central voltmeter (110) supplied by a power supply unit (112); A plurality of clamped-on units (12), distributed over each channel (C1, C2, . . . , Cn) to be measured, each clamped-on unit (12) being clipped around existing cables, and comprising a current transformer (120) in order to measure current values The plurality of clamped-on units (12) are connected to the central unit (11) for data transmission and synchronization, and for power supply by the power supply unit (112).

Abstract: The invention relates to a casing element of a first equipment, said casing element being configured to house at least one electrical conductor configured to receive an electric current, said casing element being notable in that it comprises a pair of slots provided in a wall of the casing element, the pair of slots comprising a slot on either side of a reception area configured to house said electrical conductor, and said pair of slots being provided to allow the insertion of a part with a U-shaped section, comprising a base and two arms parallel to one another and orthogonal to the base, said arms being configured to be inserted in said slots on either side of said reception area, so that the part is able to guide a magnetic flux generated by an electric current circulating in said electrical conductor.

Abstract: Described are systems and methods take advantage of properties of sinc filters that remove frequency components at specific integer multiples of a noise frequency. In various embodiments, sampling of multi-channel systems at sufficiently high rates allows for removal of unwanted signals and harmonics from multi-sample sequences. Advantageously, a multi-sample sequence scheduling scheme eliminates the need for noise filtering one channel at a time at each channel's own sampling rate using a separate filter.

Abstract: A power-measuring device serves to measure the power of a three-phase system. It comprises a measuring unit for measuring a power of a first phase of the three-phase system, a display unit for displaying measured results and an operating unit for the operation of the power-measuring device by a user. Furthermore, it comprises a communications unit by means of which it can communicate with one or more further power-measuring devices. In this context, the power-measuring device is embodied, jointly with the one or more further power-measuring devices, to measure a power of several phases of the three-phase system.

Abstract: A method of determining a fault and whether to activate an alarm includes detecting a first high impendence fault (HIF) at a first detection circuit having a first phase and triggering a variable pickup timer. The method further includes monitoring for a second HIF at a second detection circuit having a second phase for a period of time set by the variable pickup timer. The method further includes determining whether to trigger an alarm, wherein the alarm is triggered by the second HIF at the second detection circuit having the second phase being detected during the period of time and the alarm is otherwise not triggered.

Abstract: A system of sensors associated with a branched conductor of an AC power line using the conductor as the communication medium between different sensors. The communication is carried out at frequencies higher than the powerline frequency. At least one sensor is provided in every branch in the vicinity of every branching point of the conductor. Synchronous measurements are carried out of the root mean square current passing through every branch of the conductor and the direction of energy flow in the branch. Results of the measurements are regularly reported throughout the system. An arrangement is provided for analyzing the results of the measurements to determine the graph topology of the branched conductor and ascertain the distribution of the root mean square current passing through every branch of the graph.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure relate to systems and methods for monitoring and diagnosing transformer health. In one embodiment, a system incorporating a diagnostic apparatus for monitoring a power transformer can be provided. Various electrical current sensing elements and a dissolved gas analysis (DGA) apparatus are coupled to the transformer and to the diagnostic apparatus. The diagnostic apparatus can be configured to detect a through-fault in the transformer by executing an electrical current flow analysis based at least in part on electrical current values received from the electrical current sensing elements. The electrical current flow analysis involves comparing a ratio of a differential electrical current value and a restraining electrical current value to a threshold value. The diagnostic apparatus can also use DGA data provided by the DGA apparatus to detect an abnormal gas-related condition in the transformer.

Abstract: A three-phase converter configured to be coupled between a direct current system and an alternating current system to perform interconversion between a direct current and an alternating current, where the three-phase converter includes a switching network, a three-phase filter coupled to the switching network, a sampling circuit coupled to the three-phase filter, a control circuit coupled to the three-phase sampling circuit, an active damping circuit coupled to the control circuit and the sampling circuit, and a modulation circuit coupled between the active damping circuit and the switching network, where the sampling circuit is configured to obtain three-phase currents in the three-phase filter, and send the three-phase currents to the active damping circuit, the active damping circuit is configured to obtain new three-phase modulated waves according to the three-phase currents, and transmit the new three-phase modulated waves to the modulation circuit.

Abstract: A differential protection method allows monitoring a three-phase transformer. Current measured values are recorded for each phase on all sides of the transformer, a phase-related formation of difference values is carried out using the current measured values from a reference side and amplitude-adjusted and phase-angle-adjusted current measured values from all other sides. An internal error is detected if a difference value exceeds a threshold value. In order to form the amplitude-adjusted and phase-angle-adjusted current measured values, the current measured values recorded for all phases are initially subjected to an amplitude adjustment and then to a phase angle adjustment. In order to allow the phase angle shift to be freely adjusted, a defined matrix equation with a defined matrix coefficient is used for the phase angle adjustment of the current measured values from the particular other side of the transformer. There is also described a differential protection device.

Abstract: A system and method for estimating the magnitude and phase of magnetic and electrical currents in a power line comprising at least one processor operating to create a model of the power line and derive expected complex magnetic and electric-field values; at least one memory; at least one sensor positioned proximate to the at least one power line for sensing and providing measurements of the magnetic and electric fields of the at least one power line; the at least one processor operating to compute a set of complex magnetic and electric field values based upon the measurements provided by the at least one sensor and to estimate parameters related to the complex voltage and/or current of the at least one power line based upon the measured field values and the set of expected complex electric current and voltage values derived from a model of at least one power line.

Abstract: A voltage measurement system has a voltage measuring device connected to a device under test by a voltage divider to drop high voltages (e.g., peaking at or above 100 kilovolts) at a measurement point to lower levels for processing by a voltage measurement and wireless printed circuit board. The voltage measuring device communicates raw measurement data wirelessly (e.g., via Bluetooth®) to a remote device such as a mobile phone, laptop or portable meter head having a display and processing device programmed to calculate voltage measurements such has absolute average (ABS AVG), AC root mean square (RMS), +/?peak voltage, and AC or DC coupling. The remote device can wirelessly communicate with multiple voltage measuring devices to capture raw measurement data therefrom for voltage measurement applications with multiple measurement points (e.g., three-phase measurement, and transformer testing).

Abstract: A differential protection method for generating a fault signal includes measuring current measurements at least at two different measuring points of a multiphase transformer for each phase. The current measurements for each phase are used to form differential current values and stabilization values. The fault signal is generated if it is determined during a trigger region check that a measurement pair of at least one of the phases, being formed by using one of the differential current values and the associated stabilization value in each case, is in a predefined trigger region. In order to be able to selectively and reliably distinguish an external fault from an internal fault, the transformer has a grounded star point and a zero system current flowing through the star point is used to form the stabilization values. A corresponding differential protection device is provided for performing the differential protection method.

Abstract: A utility meter includes a meter housing in which are supported at least one current coil, a temperature sensor, and a processing circuit. The current coil can be coupled to receive heat energy from within or on the meter socket. The temperature sensor generates a sensor signal based on a temperature within the meter housing. The processing circuit is operably coupled to the temperature sensor and the at least one current coil. The processing circuit obtains the sensor signal and generates temperature information therefrom, and also generates measurements of current through the current coil. The processing circuit generates an adjustment based at least on the square of the measured current, and determines whether an abnormal condition exists based on the temperature information, the adjustment, and a threshold. The processing circuit can generate an output signal to a display or communication circuit responsive to determining that the abnormal condition exists.

Abstract: A motor control apparatus that applies a pulse voltage for each phase of a three phase brushless motor to make current flow, the apparatus provided with: a generating unit for causing the pulse voltage to be generated by shifting the phase of the pulse voltage for each phase of the three phase brushless motor; and a detecting unit for detecting a current flowing to a coil of each phase of the three phase brushless motor to which the pulse voltage is applied by switching by a predetermined sampling period for each phase one-by-one, wherein a relationship between the sampling period of the detecting unit and a phase shift amount of the pulse voltage of each phase generated by the generating unit is set so that the detecting unit can detect the current for each phase of the three phase brushless motor.

Abstract: A sliding outlet engages an outlet box having three bus bars, one for each of the hot, neutral, and ground wires of a three conductor wire. Extension portions of the sliding outlet achieve a friction fit to the bus bars so that the outlet is energized without the need for wire nuts.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices relating to the extraction of parameters for a grid voltage. A multi-block hybrid PLL or hybrid observer receives grid voltage. The grid voltage is received by a harmonic/noise decomposer block which separates the harmonic/noise component of the incoming voltage from the clean voltage signal. The clean voltage signal is then output from the PLL/observer. The clean voltage signal is also sent to an amplitude estimator block which estimates the amplitude of the clean voltage signal. The harmonic/noise component of the input voltage signal is sent, along with the clean voltage signal, to a frequency estimator block. The frequency estimator block then determines the phase angle of the incoming signal as well as the frequency of the incoming voltage signal.

Abstract: A method and device for calibrating a power model for a multi-state device. The device includes a processor and a computer readable medium containing instructions to instruct the processor to perform the method. The method includes receiving a device state log comprising a time-based representation of multi-state device states for a first period of time and a power trace comprising a time-based representation of power consumed by the multi-state device for the first period of time; eroding the device state log to reduce potential noise present at state transitions within the device state log, thereby producing an eroded device state log; determining energy consumption for each state transition in the eroded power state log; creating an updated power model for the multi-state device based upon the eroded power state log; and storing the updated power model in a non-transitory computer readable medium operably connected to the multi-state device.

Abstract: A system for a three-phase electric power system includes a plurality of voltage sensors sensing three-phase voltages of the three-phase electric power system; a plurality of current sensors sensing three-phase currents of the three-phase electric power system; and a number of analog-to-digital converters converting the sensed three-phase voltages and the sensed three-phase currents of the three-phase electric power system to corresponding digital values.

Abstract: Disclosed are various systems and methods related to detecting a type of pulse source that is removably attached to a computing device via a data line. The computing device receives two or more pulses from a pulse source via the data line. Based upon the number of pulses received on each input, the computing device can determine the type of pulse source to which it is attached. The computing device further determines an adjustment to the consumption counter based on the identified type of pulse source and the number of received pulses.

Abstract: An electrical panel meter system may include a plurality of meter modules housed in an electrical panel enclosure. Each meter module may be configured to sample electrical readings related to electrical power provided to a respective branch circuit of the electrical panel meter system. To field test the metering accuracy of each meter module, a field tester may be coupled to the electrical panel enclosure. The field tester may inject an electrical signal via a test conductor provided in the electrical panel enclosure. The test conductor may be coupled to each meter module. The field tester may measure an electrical parameter of the injected electrical signal and compare it to electrical readings sampled by the meter modules. A pass/fail result for each meter module may be indicated. Methods of field testing meter modules in an electrical panel meter system are also provided, as are other aspects.

Abstract: Interconnection meter socket adapters are provided. An interconnection meter socket adapter comprises a housing enclosing a set of electrical connections. The interconnection meter socket adapter may be configured to be coupled to a standard distribution panel and a standard electric meter, thereby establishing connections between a distribution panel and a user such that electrical power may be delivered to the user while an electrical meter measures the power consumption of the user. A power regulation module is disposed between the interconnection meter socket adapter, and configured to selectively connect one or more energy sources or energy sinks.

Abstract: A power measurer measures, for each current transformer CT, electric energy supplied to equipment or electric energy supplied from the equipment based on a current measured by a current measurer and a voltage measured by a voltage measurer. A sign memory stores, for each current transformer CT, information indicating whether the electric energy measured by the power measurer when the current transformer CT is disposed in a correct direction on a power line shows a positive sign or a negative sign. A determiner determines that, when the sign stored in the sign memory differs from the sign of the electric energy measured by the power measurer, the current transformer CT is disposed in an incorrect direction on the power line.

Abstract: An embodiment relates to a switchgear for a single-phase motor and a three-phase motor, the switchgear including a processing unit and a first, second and third current path, the first and third current path each including a current transformer. The processing unit is adapted to detect the current I1 of the first current path and the current I3 of the third current path. To provide a cost-effective switchgear for a one-phase motor and a three-phase motor which is adapted to identify the failure of every single phase in the three-phase operation and a phase failure in the one-phase operation, the processing unit is designed such as to detect the currents I1, I3 of the first and third current path and to determine, based on the phase shift between the detected currents I1, I3 of the first and third current path in which operating mode the switchgear is operated.

Abstract: A signal detecting device includes a visualization device including a plural connectors to which a communication cable is connected, a plural detecting circuits that are provided for each of the connectors to be detected, branch and extract a part of a signal transmitted through the communication cable connected to the connectors, and indicate an existence of an data communication based on the extracted signal, and a detecting card that is insertable into and detachable from a card connector arranged in the visualization device and mounts at least a part of the detecting circuit.

Abstract: A system and method for a branch current monitoring system employing a 2-Phase Wye, a Single-Phase 3-Wire or a Single-Phase 2-Wire wiring configuration that is configured to identify a phase association and a polarity for a branch circuit current sensor using the phase angle between voltage and current. Also, a system and method for verifying phase association and polarity determinations for branch circuit current sensors that utilizes real and reactive power measurements.

Abstract: Embodiments consistent with the present disclosure provide an electrical circuit and a method for measuring the power and power consumption of an LED lighting device in real time. The circuit includes a controlling unit configured to process data; a display unit configured to display data received from the controlling unit and other components; a power supply and driving unit configured to supply power; an LED light source; and a RF unit configured to send data to remote terminals. The electrical circuit further includes an input power sampling unit, an output voltage sampling unit, and an output current sampling unit, which are configured to capture the real time input voltage, output voltage, and output current data respectively. Further, the controlling unit may determine the power and power consumption of the LED lighting device by using the received real time voltage and current data measurements, and referring to the stored input voltage-efficiency curves.

Abstract: An electrical circuit protecting an electrical utility meter used in connection with an electrical supply connection having a plurality of phases is disclosed. The circuit includes a plurality of voltage transformers, each of the plurality of voltage transformers electrically connected between one of the plurality of phases of the electrical supply connection and an input power connection of an electrical meter, and an electrical connection of the electrical meter dedicated to a power supply of the electrical meter.

Abstract: A cable signal detector is configured to detect the presence or absence of information communication in a communication cable including a plurality of signal line pairs for differential signaling. The cable signal detector includes a plurality of detecting portions each of which is configured to partially branch and draw a transmission signal from a different signal line pair, rectify the branched and drawn signal into a direct current, and output that direct current, and a displaying portion configured to display the presence or absence of information communication, based on outputs of the plurality of detecting portions. The outputs of the plurality of detecting portions are connected in series, and the displaying portion is configured to display the presence or absence of information communication, based on an overall output voltage of the plurality of detecting portions connected in series.

Abstract: The current detection device includes a plurality of air-cored coils respectively attached to conductors for a plurality of phases, which are supported by an insulator and housed in a ferromagnetic tank a plurality of output-voltage detection circuits that detect output voltages of the air-cored coils for respective phases; and a correction processing circuit that obtains, by dividing the output voltages of the air-cored coils for respective phases by transformation ratios of the air-cored coils, current value levels, which are temporary values of currents flowing in the conductors for respective phases, calculates the output-voltage correction values for respective phases according to the current value levels of respective phases, and calculates and outputs current flowing in the conductors for respective phases on the basis of the output-voltage correction values.

Abstract: A magnetic field sensing device can include two or more magnetic field sensors configured to detect a magnetic field in a current carrying conductor. The magnetic field sensing device also can include a phase detector electrically coupled to outputs of the two or more magnetic field sensors. The magnetic field sensing device further can include a phase indicator electrically coupled to the phase detector. The phase indictor can include a display that indicates when the two or more magnetic field sensors are in a position in relation to the current carrying conductor. Other embodiments are provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for actuating an inverter (10) by means of space vector pulse width modulation, in particular for actuating an electrical machine (14), wherein the inverter (10) has a plurality of controllable switches (S) and is configured to provide a multi-phase electrical voltage (U, V, W) in the form of a voltage space vector (V*), wherein the controllable switches (S) are actuated in such a manner that different duty cycles of the switches (S) are set and a plurality of successive different switching states (V0-V7) of the switches (S) are set up to provide the voltage space vector (V*), wherein the duty cycles of the switches (S) are extended during a pulse width modulation period (T) if a duty cycle of one of the switches (S) falls below a predefined threshold (44) during the pulse width modulation period (T).

Abstract: This disclosure discloses a motor control apparatus including a current conversion part, a voltage control part, a current detection part, and a current estimation part. The current conversion part generates a voltage command on the basis of a current deviation between a current command and an estimated current. The voltage control part controls an output voltage to a motor. The current detection part detects a motor current. The current estimation part inputs the detected motor current and the voltage command and outputs the motor current in which an influence by a disturbance has been compensated for as the estimated current.

Abstract: A transformer-less method and system for voltage and current sensing using voltage drops across resistors is disclosed. Using optically coupled isolators, the sensed voltages in the high voltage power lines are optically coupled and electrically isolated to the low voltage circuits. The circuit designs for voltage and current sensing's and electrical isolation are disclosed.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus are described for monitoring the operation of a three phase system. In some embodiments, one or more vectors may be generated. The vectors may be indicative of an output of the three phase system. In some embodiments, one or more of the vectors may correspond to a difference of two of the three phases of the three phase system. A gain associated with a third of the vectors may be different from a gain associated with each of the first and the second vectors. The gain associated with the third vector may be maximized. The three vectors may be combined with hardware or software. In some embodiments, frequency content associated with the three phase system may be filtered with hardware or software. For example, filtering may be used to remove frequencies outside of a specified frequency range of interest.

Abstract: A single switch PFC power supply (including forward and fly-back power supply) in single stage has two transformers: one forward transformer, one main transformer. The main transformer transfers electrical power from the primary circuit to secondary circuit. The forward transformer is used to correct input current waveform. The two transformer's primary windings are connected in series. An extra winding of the forward transformer, a capacitor and two diodes are formed a no loss snubber circuit to enhance the efficiency of the power supply.

Abstract: A system for a three-phase electric power system includes a plurality of voltage sensors sensing three-phase voltages of the three-phase electric power system; a plurality of current sensors sensing three-phase currents of the three-phase electric power system; and a number of analog-to-digital converters converting the sensed three-phase voltages and the sensed three-phase currents of the three-phase electric power system to corresponding digital values.

Abstract: The present disclosure is a system for monitoring power that has a unified polyphase distribution transformer monitoring (PDTM) device that interfaces with at least three electrical conductors electrically connected to a transformer. In addition, the PDTM device measures a current and a voltage of each of the three electrical conductors. Additionally, the system has logic that calculates values indicative of power corresponding to the transformer based upon the currents and the voltages measured and transmit data indicative of the calculated values.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a three-phase electric energy measurement apparatus, comprising: a voltage detection unit for detecting voltage of each phase in power transmitting lines where the voltage detection unit is; a current detection unit for detecting current of each phase in the power transmitting lines where the current detection unit is; an electric energy calculation unit, connected to said voltage detection unit and said current detection unit, for receiving signals outputted from said voltage detection unit and said current detection unit, and performing signal processing and calculation, and then outputting a calculation result; wherein both said voltage detection unit and said electric energy calculation unit are connected in a star connection mode, forming a common virtual ground. Through the above-mentioned grounding manner different from that in the prior art, a three-phase four-wire electric energy meter is formed using a three-phase three-wire connection method.

Abstract: In a method for determining current in a polyphase machine connected to a DC voltage source, a DC link is provided with a DC-link capacitor and, per phase, a high-side switch and a low-side switch. A measurement of the voltage curve across the DC-link capacitor is undertaken. The current of the DC voltage source and/or one or a plurality of phase currents are/is determined from the measured voltage curve.

Abstract: A high voltage phasing voltmeter comprises first and second probes. Each probe comprises an insulated handheld shield supporting an electrode for contacting a high voltage electrical conductor. The electrode is connected in series with a resistor and a capacitor. A meter comprises a housing enclosing an electrical circuit for measuring phasing voltage. The electrical circuit comprises an input circuit for connection to the first and second probes and an amplifier connected between the input circuit and a display. The amplifier measures voltage across the electrodes to provide an indication on the display.

Abstract: A power monitoring system includes a plurality of current sensors suitable to sense respective changing electrical current within a respective conductor to a respective load and a conductor sensing a respective voltage potential provided to the respective load. A power monitors determines a type of circuit based upon a signal from at least one of the current sensors and a signal from the conductor, wherein the type of circuit includes at least one of a single phase circuit, a two phase circuit, and a three phase circuit. The power meter configures a set of registers corresponding to the determined type of circuit in a manner such that the configuring is different based upon each of the single phase circuit, two phase circuit, and three phase circuit suitable to provide data corresponding to the determined type of circuit.

Abstract: A single-package power meter is disclosed for measuring the power consumed by a load connected to an electrical conductor. The power meter is galvanically isolated from the electrical conductor through the use of magnetic sensors or through the combination of magnetic sensors and capacitors. Instantaneous power consumed at the load and other desired parameters are determined by measuring the voltage of the load and current flowing through the electrical conductor. Current is measured using a magnetic sensor to detect the magnetic field associated with the current flowing through the electrical conductor. Voltage is measured by one of two possible techniques involving magnetic sensors to measure the current flowing through a coil connected in parallel with a load, or through the use of a capacitively coupled voltage divider connected in parallel with the load.

Abstract: An analytical device including a sensor, an analytical circuit, and a power source. The power source includes an optical coupler formed of a light source and a photovoltaic cell for producing an electromotive force in response to light from the light source. The optical coupler is configured to provide the electromotive force to the analytical circuit. The power source may be configured for separation between the power supply and the resulting electromotive force supplied to the analytical circuit. Various aspects of the invention are directed to providing a power source for one or more components of an electrochemical detector. A method of providing power to an analytical instrument is also disclosed.

Abstract: Three bridge circuits (101, 111, 121), each include magnetoresistive sensors coupled as a Wheatstone bridge (100) to sense a magnetic field (160) in three orthogonal directions (110, 120, 130) that are set with a single pinning material deposition and bulk wafer setting procedure. One of the three bridge circuits (121) includes a first magnetoresistive sensor (141) comprising a first sensing element (122) disposed on a pinned layer (126), the first sensing element (122) having first and second edges and first and second sides, and a first flux guide (132) disposed non-parallel to the first side of the substrate and having an end that is proximate to the first edge and on the first side of the first sensing element (122). An optional second flux guide (136) may be disposed non-parallel to the first side of the substrate and having an end that is proximate to the second edge and the second side of the first sensing element (122).