Abstract: A light-to-digital converter (2) comprises a light-to-current converter (10); a current integrator (4) with an integrator output (30) resettable to a baseline level; and a counter (18) with a digital output (26), wherein the light-to-current converter (10) is switchably connectable as a positive integration input to the current integrator (4), for, during a light-collecting phase (404-406), integrating a current from the light-to-current converter (10), the integrator output (30) starting from the baseline value and ending at a value to be digitized; a reference current source (14) is switchably connectable as a negative integration input to the current integrator (4), for, during a counting phase (406-408) subsequent to the light-collecting phase (404-406), integrating a reference current from the reference current source (14), the integrator output (30) starting from the value to be digitized and ending at the baseline value, the time spent integrating the reference current corresponding to the value to be

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an X-ray input apparatus capable of exactly reflecting an operator's intention to perform calibration control, an X-ray imaging apparatus including the X-ray input apparatus, and a method of controlling the X-ray input apparatus. In accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure, an X-ray input apparatus comprises a body configured to be accommodated in a holder of an X-ray imaging apparatus. The apparatus also includes a touch sensor disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the body and configured to sense a touch. The apparatus also includes a radiation button disposed on a top of the body and configured to receive a control command from an operator. The apparatus also includes an input controller configured to perform calibration control when the body is accommodated in the holder, thereby deciding a capacitance threshold value of the touch sensor.

Abstract: A method for establishing a powered link over a transmission line includes enabling a current source to provide a constant, predetermined current to a terminal. The method includes sensing a voltage on the terminal to generate a sensed voltage level. The method includes comparing the sensed voltage level on the terminal to a predetermined voltage level. The method includes disabling the current source in response to the sensed voltage level equaling or exceeding the predetermined voltage level. The method may include, while the current source is enabled, a power transistor coupled to the terminal is disabled and only conducts current in a subthreshold region of transistor operation.

Abstract: A method for synchronizing opening of a circuit breaker is presented. The circuit breaker is arranged to interrupt a current to an inductive load. The method is performed in a control device (2) and comprises measuring (S100) a reference signal as a function of time for a circuit breaker (1) connected to an inductive load (5), obtaining (S110) an indication of a power factor of the inductive load through the circuit breaker, determining (S120) an arcing time for opening of the circuit breaker, the arcing time being dependent on the obtained indication of a power factor, predicting (S130) a zero crossing of a current through the circuit breaker based on the measured reference signal, and providing (S140) contact separation of a contact pair of the circuit breaker at a point of time before the predicted zero crossing, the point of time being determined by the determined arcing time and the predicted zero crossing.

Abstract: An autoranging ammeter with fast dynamic response allows improved dynamic measurement of rapidly changing direct electrical currents. The ammeter utilizes a low-cost dual threshold comparator mechanism coupled with an analog-to-digital converter and digital processing to rapidly select the appropriate current shunt resistor.

Abstract: A set of respective self-configuring probe interface circuit boards (SC-MPIC's) are disclosed for use with a measurement system comprising host electronics and respective interchangeable measurement probes. Member SC-MPICs each comprises: a local circuit (LS) for probe identification, signal processing and inter-board signal control; and higher-direction and lower-direction connectors “pointing” toward and away from the measurement probe, respectively. Member SC-MPICs establish a processing hierarchy by generating lower board present signals on their higher-direction connector, higher board present signals on their lower-direction connector, and determining whether they are the highest and/or lowest SC-MPIC based on receiving those signals from adjacent SC-MPICs. They can independently perform probe identification matching operations using probe identification data from compatible and incompatible probes, and the highest SC-MPIC does this first.

Abstract: Techniques for improved multiple-range current sensing are provided. In an example, a circuit can include a plurality of shunt resistors, a plurality of gain resistors, and a first switch. A first shunt resistor of the plurality of shunt resistors can be of a different type that the other shunt resistors of the plurality of shunt resistors. The plurality of gain resistors can include a first gain resistor of the same resistor type as the first shunt resistor. The first gain resistor can be a different resistor type than the other gain resistors of the plurality of gain resistors. The switch can be configured to couple the first shunt resistor with the load in a first state and to isolate the first shunt resistor from the load in a second state.

Abstract: A time-domain segmented calibration method for a characteristic impedance of a time-domain reflectometer is provided. The method first segments the measured characteristic impedance value according to the reflection coefficients ?, determines several boundary points with the reflection coefficients, and divides the range of the measured impedance according to the impedance values corresponding to the reflection coefficients of the boundary points, and then select a typical impedance value in the range as a reference impedance for calibration. The TDR instrument performs characteristic impedance calibration for each typical reference impedance value one by one, and stores them as calibration parameters of different groups. With respect to different impedance value ranges, the selection ranges of the calibration and measurement areas of TDR are different. When the measurement is performed, the 50? calibration parameter is used as the default reference for calculation.

Abstract: Provided are systems, methods and techniques for compressing the dynamic range of an audio signal. In one implementation: an input audio signal is obtained, and a time-varying gain signal is provided based on it and a desired output range. The time-varying preliminary gain signal is then applied to the input audio signal to provide an output audio signal. Provision of the time-varying gain signal involves lowpass filtering a signal that is based on the input audio signal, using an attack gain-response time and a release gain-response time as filtering parameters, with the attack gain-response time decreased and the release gain-response time increased in response to a determination that a transient is occurring in the input audio signal.

Abstract: Methods and measurements systems are disclosed relating to use of a soft front panel (SFP) to display results of measurement functions. A measurement device may concurrently perform two or more measurement functions to produce two or more respective signal measurements, wherein each measurement function comprises an acquisition function and a processing function. A computer may be configured to display information on a soft front panel on the display device corresponding to two or more of the signal measurements. The computer may receive, from a user, a selection of an update option, wherein the update option indicates a trigger that causes the displayed information to update. Responsive to receiving an indication that the trigger has occurred, the computer may update the displayed information on the soft front panel.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an X-ray input apparatus capable of exactly reflecting an operator's intention to perform calibration control, an X-ray imaging apparatus including the X-ray input apparatus, and a method of controlling the X-ray input apparatus. In accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure, an X-ray input apparatus comprises a body configured to be accommodated in a holder of an X-ray imaging apparatus. The apparatus also includes a touch sensor disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the body and configured to sense a touch. The apparatus also includes a radiation button disposed on a top of the body and configured to receive a control command from an operator. The apparatus also includes an input controller configured to perform calibration control when the body is accommodated in the holder, thereby deciding a capacitance threshold value of the touch sensor.

Abstract: An oscilloscope has a measurement channel comprising an analog-to-digital converter providing digitized measurement input signal values, a triggering unit, an acquisition memory, and a digital voltmeter connected to said analog-to-digital converter. The digital voltmeter is configured for receiving untriggered values, determining a characteristic value of said untriggered values in a predefined interval, determining an output value based on said characteristic value, and storing said output value in an output memory of the oscilloscope. Further, a method for analyzing a measured signal using an oscilloscope is provided.

Abstract: An embodiment of a system is described that comprises an ionization chamber electrically coupled with a charge amplifier circuit by a reed switch. The reed switch of the embodiments described herein produces substantially no leakage current and electrically insulates the charge amplifier from the ionization chamber.

Abstract: A smarter plug for a home automation system includes a smarter plug sensor and a controller which stores logic for operating the smarter plug sensor. The smarter plug sensor includes three A-D op-amps respectively paired with three resistors having different values forming three different op-amp voltage meters. The three different op-amp voltage meters respectively report a first sensor-voltage slope with a higher sensitivity and a lower range, a second sensor-voltage slope with a lower sensitivity and a higher range and a third sensor-voltage slope with a range and a sensitivity intermediate between these ranges.

Abstract: Method for detecting a fault in an electricity meter including a breaking unit, the fault producing an abnormal temperature increase in the meter, the detecting method comprising the steps of: measuring a magnitude of an electrical current flowing through the breaking unit; measuring an interior temperature in proximity to the breaking unit; and detecting the presence or absence of the fault on the basis of the measured magnitude and the measured interior temperature.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a battery protection board, a battery and a mobile terminal. A battery protection board includes a protection circuit and a detection circuit. The protection circuit is configured to be coupled to a charge and discharge circuit of a battery in a mobile terminal. The detection circuit is coupled to at least part of the protection circuit and configured to detect a voltage drop generated by an impedance of the at least part of the protection circuit and to determine a charging current or a discharging current of the charge and discharge circuit according to the voltage drop and the impedance of the at least part of the protection circuit during a charge and discharge process of the battery.

Abstract: The present invention provides a radio field intensity measurement device having a display portion with improved visibility, in the case of measuring a weak radiowave from a long distance. In the radio field intensity measurement device, a battery is provided as a power source for power supply and the battery is charged by a received radiowave. When a potential of a signal obtained from the received radiowave is higher than an output potential of the battery, the power is stored in the battery. On the other hand, when the potential of the signal obtained from the received radiowave is lower than the output potential of the battery, power produced by the battery is used as power to drive the radio field intensity measurement device. As an element to display the radio field intensity, a thermochromic element or an electrochromic element is used.

Abstract: A method for insulation fault location in a branched, ungrounded power supply system includes determining an insulation fault position being carried out in combination with evaluating information for identifying a faulty cable outlet according to the method of time-domain reflectometry. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for insulation fault identification in a branched power supply system and for status monitoring of the branched power supply system, an image of all reflection positions on the power supply system being carried out based on a method of time-domain reflectometry. Moreover, the invention relates to a device for insulation fault location in a branched, ungrounded power supply system having the function units insulation fault test apparatus and insulation fault evaluation device having a measuring current transformer, the device comprising a time-domain reflectometer having a controller so as to implement the method according to the invention.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an X-ray input apparatus capable of exactly reflecting an operator's intention to perform calibration control, an X-ray imaging apparatus including the X-ray input apparatus, and a method of controlling the X-ray input apparatus. In accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure, an X-ray input apparatus comprises a body configured to be accommodated in a holder of an X-ray imaging apparatus. The apparatus also includes a touch sensor disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the body and configured to sense a touch. The apparatus also includes a radiation button disposed on a top of the body and configured to receive a control command from an operator. The apparatus also includes an input controller configured to perform calibration control when the body is accommodated in the holder, thereby deciding a capacitance threshold value of the touch sensor.

Abstract: Environmental monitoring devices for detecting and warning users of unhealthy levels of a given substance are disclosed having more than one sensor for each substance to be detected. A processing unit, wirelessly coupled to the sensors in the devices can be configured to receive each of the output signals from the sensors, determine a detection signal for the substance based on the output signals, determine a gain of a majority of the sensors, and generate a calibration action responsive to the output signals deviating by a threshold amount, wherein the calibration action comprises adjusting a gain of a deviating sensor to correspond with the gain of the majority of sensors.

Abstract: A stage, suitable for use in an analog to digital converter or a digital to analog converter, can have a plurality of slices that can be operated together to form a composite output. The stage can have reduced thermal noise, while each slice on its own has sufficiently small capacitance to respond quickly to changes in digital codes applied to the slice. This feature allows a fast conversion to be achieved without loss of noise performance.

Abstract: An ESD protection circuit for an IC having multiple diodes coupled in series between a signal pad and a reference pad including a first diode coupled to the signal pad, a last diode coupled to the reference pad, and at least one intermediate diode. The protection circuit includes a bias network which may include one or more resistors, each coupled in parallel with a corresponding intermediate diode. One or more capacitors may be included, each coupled in parallel with a corresponding intermediate diode. For diode strings with four or more diodes, the resistances of the resistors may increase in the direction from the signal pad to the reference pad. The capacitances of the capacitors, if included, may decrease in the direction from the signal pad to the reference pad. The reference pad may be a voltage supply pad, such as a ground pad or a positive supply voltage pad.

Abstract: A circuit for compensating an offset voltage in an amplifier or a DC component in a signal supplied to the amplifier comprises the amplifier and a first voltage source. The amplifier has at least one measurement signal port and at least two contacts for a supply voltage. Each of two contacts is connected to a different terminal of the first voltage source. The potential at each contact is separated from a ground potential and from an external supply potential.

Abstract: A programmable circuit breaker, including an input unit, a sensor, and, a trip mechanism. The input unit permits user input and/or adjustment of predetermined load parameters. The sensor senses actual values of a load. A microcontroller receives and processes the values, and operates/trips the circuit breaker when the sensed values exceed predetermined load parameters. The sensor preferably includes a Hall-Effect sensor. The circuit breaker is preferably able to be programmed, monitored and/or tripped remotely. It preferably includes an RCD. In a power distribution system, at least one such current breaker is provided, controllable by a controller, which may be remote from the current breaker.

Abstract: A connector assembly for a portable field device testing includes a two-wire communication line to provide communication between a handheld maintenance tool and a field device, a first two-prong plug to provide power and communication signals to the field device and a shunt plug to provide power to the field device using the two-wire communication line.

Abstract: An oscilloscope includes a probe and an analog to digital converter. The probe detects a varying electronic signal and produces an analog signal. The analog to digital converter converts the analog signal to a digital signal. The oscilloscope detects vertical movement of the digital signal as a first digital trigger triggered at a trigger time. A segment of the digital signal is compared with predetermined parameters for the varying electronic signal received from a user to confirm whether a pattern of the varying electronic signal in the segment matches the predetermined parameters. When the pattern of the varying electronic signal in the segment matches the predetermined parameters, the process includes generating a display showing the varying electronic signal in the segment based on the trigger time.

Abstract: A receiver includes a variable resolution analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and variable resolution processing logic/circuitry. The processing logic may use feed-forward equalization (FFE) techniques to process the outputs from the ADC. When receiving data from a channel having low attenuation, distortion, and/or noise, the ADC and processing logic may be configured to sample and process the received signal using fewer bits, and therefore less logic, than when configured to receiving data from a channel having a higher attenuation, distortion, and/or noise. Thus, the number of (valid) bits output by the ADC, and subsequently processed (e.g., for FFE equalization) can be reduced when a receiver of this type is coupled to a low loss channel. These reductions can reduce power consumption when compared to operating the receiver using the full (i.e., maximum) number of bits the ADC and processing logic is capable of processing.

Abstract: A continuous-time sigma delta modulator circuit includes a scaling circuit that scales an input analog signal by a selectable range of different scaling factors in order to change a range of signal levels of the input analog signal to a desired range of signal levels in a scaled analog signal prior to conversion of the scaled analog signal to a digital signal. The scaling factor is selected based on the range of signal levels of the input analog signal in order to provide signal levels of the scaled signal within a desired range. The scaling circuit maintains current flow of the input analog signal at a substantially constant level regardless of the different scaling factors that are used to scale the input analog signal.

Abstract: An active probe adapter adapts an active probe to a PXI instrumentation module. The active probe adapter includes a first module interface (MI) connector on a first side of the active probe adapter. The first MI connector is configured to connect to a corresponding interface connector of the PXI instrumentation module. The active probe adapter further includes a plurality of probe pads on a second side of the active probe adapter opposite to the first side. The plurality of probe pads is configured to interface with an active probe employed with the PXI instrumentation module. The active probe adapter may include a second MI connector on the active probe first side configured to connect to a PXI power module and provide power to the active probe.

Abstract: The present invention provides a radio field intensity measurement device having a display portion with improved visibility, in the case of measuring a weak radiowave from a long distance. In the radio field intensity measurement device, a battery is provided as a power source for power supply and the battery is charged by a received radiowave. When a potential of a signal obtained from the received radiowave is higher than an output potential of the battery, the power is stored in the battery. On the other hand, when the potential of the signal obtained from the received radiowave is lower than the output potential of the battery, power produced by the battery is used as power to drive the radio field intensity measurement device. As an element to display the radio field intensity, a thermochromic element or an electrochromic element is used.

Abstract: A set of assumptions about scheduled settings in a home automation system which control devices in a home is provided. An input from a sensor coupled to the home automation system is received. The input indicates that activity has occurred in the home. Suggestions in the user interface are presented for changing a first assumption of the set of assumptions based on the input. The first assumption is for controlling a device separate from the sensor which produced the input.

Abstract: An interconnect module includes a metal clip having a first end section, a second end section and a middle section extending between the first and the second end sections. The first end section is configured for external attachment to a bare semiconductor die or packaged semiconductor die attached to a carrier or to a metal region of the carrier. The second end section is configured for external attachment to a different metal region of the carrier or to a different semiconductor die or packaged semiconductor die attached to the carrier. The module further includes a magnetic field sensor secured to the metal clip. The magnetic field sensor is operable to sense a magnetic field produced by current flowing through the metal clip. The interconnect module can be used to form a direct electrical connection between components and/or metal regions of a carrier to which the module is attached.

Abstract: A measuring system for measuring a high frequency signal is provided. The measuring system comprises an antenna module, adapted for receiving the high frequency signal. Moreover, the system comprises a detector module adapted for deriving a measuring signal from the high frequency signal. Finally, the system comprises a sensor module adapted for measuring the measuring signal. The sensor module is arranged in a housing, while the detector module is not arranged in the housing. The detector module is connected to the sensor module by a first cable, which is adapted to transmit the measuring signal from the detector module to the sensor module.

Abstract: An electronic circuit card and a corresponding data acquisition and generation system, including a conditioning circuit for conditioning input signals of at least two types chosen from the following types: digital, discrete, analog. A binary modulator and resources for processing the different types of input signals are provided. A programmable digital matrix switch for input signals is used to route the input signals to the resources corresponding to the types of the signals. Alternatively, or additionally, the card includes an output signal modulator and an output signal programmable digital matrix switch used to route the modulated output signals to an amplifier as a function of their type. The programmable digital matrix switches make it possible to address constraints regarding the segregation of varying numbers of input/output signals of different types.

Abstract: A sensor port is adapted to connect to either a sensor or a data source. A reader is configured to identify which of the sensor and the data source is connected to the sensor port. A data path is configured to communicate an analog signal associated with the sensor and digital data associated with the data source to a signal processor according to the identification made by the reader.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for a diagnostic circuit test device having multi-meter functionality and being adapted to provide current sourcing to an electrical system for selective measurement of a plurality of parameters thereof in powered and unpowered states. The diagnostic circuit test device comprises a conductive probe element configured to be placed into contact with the electrical system and provide an input signal thereto. A power supply is interconnected between an internal power source and the conductive probe element. Processors are electrically connected to the conductive probe element and configured to manipulate the input signal provided to the electrical system and receive an output signal in response to the input signal. The output signal is representative of at least one of the parameters of the electrical system. A display device is configured to display a reading of the output signal which is representative of the parameter.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a reference voltage temperature coefficient calibration circuit. The circuit comprises: an operational amplifier comprising an input pair transistor, a load pair transistor, and a bias current source, an inverted input terminal of the operational amplifier being connected to an output terminal of the operational amplifier; and an adjustable current module connected in parallel to the load pair transistor, the adjustable current module being configured to generate an adjusting current, the adjusting current being used to adjust an offset current flowing through the input pair transistor, wherein the adjusting current is related to a current of the bias current source and an order of Kelvin temperature. The present invention is applicable to calibration of first-order to high-order temperature coefficients of a reference voltage in a circuit, and has universality.

Abstract: Disclosed is a calibration apparatus for a network analyzer, including a communication portion configured to communicate with the network analyzer to input or output data necessary for calibration, a signal input portion configured to receive a signal notifying a start of the calibration input, at least one radio frequency (RF) port for being connected to the network analyzer, at least one adaptor configured to connect the RF port with the network analyzer, an impedance circuit portion connected to the RF port and configured to include at least one standard impedance, and a controller portion configured to generate calibration data using adaptor characteristic data corresponding to electrical characteristic of the adaptor, measurement data obtained by connecting each of such standard impedances with the network analyzer, and standard impedance characteristic data corresponding to the standard impedance.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for determining a context-dependent virtual distance based on stigmergic interference. The method may include obtaining environmental status information relating to an environment in proximity to a client device, calculating, based on the obtained environmental status information, the context-dependent virtual distance between the client device and a user of the client device, and controlling a user signaling pattern of the client device based on the calculated context-dependent virtual distance.

Abstract: A measurement device has a sensor that generates current by electromagnetic coupling to a power line, a measurement circuit that measures one of voltage and power, the voltage and the power being obtained by the current generated in the sensor according to voltage at the power line, a conductive member electrically connected to a signal ground line of the measurement circuit, and an insulating member that brings the conductive member close to an external conductor and insulates the conductive member from the external conductor.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method for measuring current comprises generating a sensor current based on a current being measured. The method also comprises converting a combined current into a first frequency, wherein the combined current is a sum of the sensor current and a common-mode current, and converting the first frequency into a first count value. The method further comprises converting the common-mode current into a second frequency, converting the second frequency into a second count value, and subtracting the second count value from the first count value to obtain a current reading.

Abstract: Techniques for detecting an inrush current in a power transformer in are disclosed. For example, the presence of an inrush current on a current path in a power transformer may be determined by receiving a signal from a Rogowski coil positioned on a current path of a power transformer, the signal corresponding to a current flowing in the current path; sampling the received signal to produce samples of the received signal; and analyzing the samples of the received signal relative to at least two criteria to determine whether an inrush current is present. When an inrush current is present, operation of a protective relay is blocked.

Abstract: A piezoelectric sensor with configurable sensitivity thresholds in response to at least one sensitivity threshold command received from a host (28) over a serial data bus (27).

Abstract: A measuring instrument includes a main body casing, a detector on the main body casing and detecting an amount of stylus head displacement, a display on an outer surface of the casing; a plurality of key switches on the outer surface, a menu proximate the display on the outer surface, and a display controller controlling the display. The display includes a main display and a cursor display, which is arranged in a location alongside the menu and displays a cursor pointing to the menu, and performs control such that a measured value based on an amount of displacement is displayed, but the cursor is not displayed when in a measurement mode where the detector detects the amount of displacement, and such that a cursor is displayed so as to point to the menu corresponding to a selected menu when in a settings mode where measurement conditions are set.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting noise in a power supply of a PLC analog input/output module is provided. The apparatus may include a capacitor configured to extract a noise determination target voltage from a driving voltage outputted from the power supply; a voltage conversion unit configured to convert the noise determination target voltage outputted from the capacitor and to output the converted noise determination target voltage; a comparison unit configured to compare the noise determination target voltage converted by the voltage conversion unit with a reference voltage; and a determination unit configured to determine whether the noise determination target voltage is a noise, based on a comparison result by the comparison unit.

Abstract: A connector assembly for a portable field device testing includes a two-wire communication line to provide communication between a handheld maintenance tool and a field device, a first two-prong plug to provide power and communication signals to the field device and a shunt plug to provide power to the field device using the two-wire communication line.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring thickness of a film in a solar cell provides for directing light emitted at multiple emission wavelengths, to a surface of the solar cell. Each emission results in the generation of a responsive photo current. The photo currents are read by a current meter having one contact coupled to a surface of the solar cell and another contact coupled to another surface. The currents associated with each of the different light emissions are identified and the thickness of a film in the solar cell is calculated based on the two currents or associated quantum efficiencies, and associated absorption coefficients. In one embodiment, the film thickness is the thickness of a CdS or other buffer film in a thin film solar cell.

Abstract: There are provided a method and device for detecting a zero phase component. The device for detecting a zero phase component includes a meter chip of a sequential sampling method, a data acquiring unit configured to acquire sequential data on a plurality of phases from the meter chip, and a zero phase current value calculating unit configured to calculate an instantaneous current value for fault detection by summing instantaneous current values for each phase from the acquired sequential data, and calculate a zero phase current value using the calculated instantaneous current value for fault detection.

Abstract: A system for measuring soft starter current includes a current monitoring system having a controller and a current transfer device that includes a first solid state switching device. A first current sensor is coupled to the first solid state switching device and the controller to sense off-state current of the first solid state switching device. The controller is configured to determine an operational status of the first solid state switching device.

Abstract: A magnetic angle encoder comprising counting wheels, with columnar ring-shaped permanent magnets coaxially mounted to the counting wheels, tunneling magnetoresistive angular displacement sensors, and a digital processing circuit. In the magnetic angle encoder, the tunneling magnetoresistive angular displacement sensors are located in a region within detection planes of the permanent magnets with an axial distance and a specific radial distance from the permanent magnets. Within this specific radius range, the rotating magnetic field angle (?) of the component of the magnetic field generated by the permanent magnets in the detection planes varies linearly with the rotation phase angle (?) of the permanent magnets. An electronic water meter is also disclosed, and it comprises a plurality of counting units and a digital processing circuit. The counting units contain counting wheels, permanent magnets, and tunneling magnetoresistive angular displacement sensors.