Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for determining a state of a capacitive voltage transformer which, on its primary side, comprises a capacitive voltage divider having a first capacitor and a second capacitor. The first capacitor has a high-voltage connection for connection to a high voltage and the second capacitor has a ground connection. A first resonant frequency is determined by way of a plurality of first short-circuit impedance measurements at different frequencies on a secondary side of the capacitive voltage transformer while the high-voltage connection is connected to earth. A second resonant frequency is determined by way of a plurality of second short-circuit impedance measurements at different frequencies on the secondary side of the capacitive voltage transformer while the high-voltage connection is open. A capacitance ratio of the capacitive voltage divider is determined on the basis of the first resonant frequency and the second resonant frequency.

Abstract: A diagnostic system for a level-crossing safeguarding system. The safeguarding system has a relay circuit with electrical connection cables that are at least partly guided in a cable conduit. The cable conduit has a longitudinal access side with a detachable cover. The diagnostic system is simplified in that the cover is configured for receiving a plurality of current sensors of the diagnostic system and the plurality of current sensors are disposed, in particular fastened, next to one another in the cover in the longitudinal direction of the cover. There is also described a current sensor for such a diagnostic system and to a method for installing such a diagnostic system.

Abstract: In an electrical grid, several electricity meters may be associated with the same transformer, and may measure electricity sold to respective customers. In an example, one electricity meter executes manager software, while the other electricity meters execute agent software. One or more applications operated on each electricity meter, and control metrology devices, data processing, operation of radio(s) and/or a powerline communications modem, aspects of electrical phase determination, etc. The agent software operating on each electricity meter may relay messages from applications operating on that electricity meter to other (possibly similar) applications operating on other electricity meters. Each message sent by each instantiation of agent software may include a networking score of that electricity meter. The manager software may additionally communicate with a data collector and/or main office server(s).

Abstract: A multi-cell battery apparatus is provided, according to certain aspects, including a battery with a plurality of voltage-stacked battery cell circuits, a switchable resistive-divider circuit and a control circuit. The control circuit selectively activates the switchable resistive-divider circuits and, in response to the respective switchable resistive-divider circuits being selectively activated, the control circuit measures the controlled-load voltage drops. These aspects are used to allow open load detection without interfering with the cell balancing mechanism and the accuracy of the redundant measurements performed on these pins in a battery management system.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring a flow of current through at least one electrical conductor of an electrotechnical device which is disposed in a cooling channel, wherein a non-conductive cooling medium flows through the cooling channel during operation of the electrotechnical apparatus, the apparatus including a flux conductor which is disposed around the at least one electrical conductor, and an evaluation circuit which is coupled to the flux conductor and is configured to determine the flow of current through the at least one electrical conductor by evaluating an electrical parameter of the flux conductor, wherein at least a part of the flux conductor is disposed in the cooling channel.

Abstract: A sensor probe includes a body having first and second channels that are spaced apart and extend through the body approximately parallel to each other. A first end of a Rogowski coil is fixed within the first channel. The Rogowski coil passes through the second channel and loops back to the first channel where a second end of the Rogowski coil is selectively insertable into the first channel opposite the first end of the Rogowski coil. A non-contact sensor coupled to the body is positioned between the first and second channels to measure a parameter of an insulated conductor situated within the loop formed by the Rogowski coil. The size of an interior region within the loop is selectively adjustable by sliding movement of the Rogowski coil within the second channel.

Abstract: A detection value correction system is a detection value correction system that corrects detection values of a plurality of sensors that are arranged in a line and detect a physical quantity, and includes a correction processing unit that corrects a detection value of a target sensor, which is a sensor to be corrected, among the sensors based on at least detection values of sensors adjacent to the target sensor.

Abstract: A control device includes a first series circuit and a second series circuit. In the first series circuit, a first switch and a first resistor are connected in series to each other. In the second series circuit, a second switch and a second resistor are connected in series to each other. A current detection circuit outputs a voltage value that corresponds to a voltage value between two ends of the first resistor. When an instruction to turn on the first switch and the second switch has been given, a control unit senses any occurrence of a failure in at least one of the first switch, the second switch, the first resistor, and the second resistor, based on the voltage value output by the current detection circuit.

Abstract: An optimal control strategy for a distributed low voltage system with unidirectional DC/DC converters is provided. DC/DC converters regulate high electrical voltages from high voltage battery modules and output regulated electrical currents to a low voltage battery. A control system differentially varies electrical currents input to the DC/DC converters to balance states of charge in high voltage battery modules, by: calculating sets of electrical currents that balance states of charge in high voltage battery modules based on values for a low voltage regulator electrical current, in advance to knowing a value for the low voltage regulator electrical current, interpolating the sets of electrical currents to be input to the DC/DC converters in response to receiving the value for low voltage regulator electrical current, and selecting an interpolated set of the electrical currents from the sets as input to the DC/DC converters in accordance with the value received.

Abstract: A battery monitoring device includes: a pair of terminals for measuring voltage or current of a battery, and to which a filter unit including a capacitive element is connected; an AD converter that measures a waveform of voltage between the terminals during charging or discharging of the capacitive element; and a time constant calculation unit that calculates a time constant of the filter unit based on the waveform measured. The AD converter is, for example, a first AD converter or a second AD converter. The filter unit is, for example, a first filter unit or a second filter unit.

Abstract: Provided is current detection apparatus for detecting current flowing through a power supply path of a power supply control apparatus. The power supply path includes a first conductor and a second conductor. The current detection apparatus includes: a first and a second shunt resistor connected in parallel between the first and the second conductor, and a current detection circuit detecting: (1) current flowing through the first shunt resistor; and (2) current flowing from the first to the second conductor via both the first and second shunt resistors. The current detection apparatus further includes an arithmetic circuit that calculates current flowing through the power supply path based on a correlative relationship between the current flowing from the first to the second conductor via both the first and the second shunt resistor and current flowing through the first shunt resistor, and the current detected by the current detection circuit.

Abstract: In one example, a semiconductor integrated circuit is provided. The semiconductor integrated circuit includes a microelectromechanical system (MEMS), a substrate on which the MEMS is formed, and a controller, the MEMS including one or more micro-mirror assemblies, each micro-mirror assembly including: a micro-mirror comprising a first connection structure and a second connection structure, the first connection structure being connected to the substrate at a first pivot point, the second connection structure being connected to the substrate at a second pivot point; an actuator configured to rotate the micro-mirror; and a measurement circuit configured to measure an electrical resistance of at least one of the first connection structure or the second connection structure. The controller is configured to control the actuator of each of the one or more micro-mirror assemblies based on the electrical resistance measurements from the measurement circuits.

Abstract: A pulse generator and a method for generating pulses are provided. The pulse generator includes at least one first transmission line with a first and a second end; at least one second transmission line with a first and a second end; a voltage source; a switching unit; and a charge control device. The charge control device is adapted to connect an output of the voltage source to the first end of the at least one first transmission line. A first switch S1 in the switching unit is adapted to connect or disconnect the second end of the at least one first transmission line to the first end of the at least one second transmission line for predetermined time spans. A second switch S2 in the switching unit is adapted to connect or disconnect the first end of the at least one second transmission line to a fixed potential. The opening or closing states of S1 and S2 in the switching unit are mutually exclusive. A second end of the at least one second transmission line is adapted to be connected to a load.

Abstract: One or more implementations of the present disclosure are directed to sensor probes of measurement systems for measuring a plurality of electrical parameters, (e.g., voltage, current) of a conductor and methods for measuring same. In at least one implementation, the sensor probe integrates a Rogowski coil and a non-contact voltage sensor that are arranged relative to each other such that when positioned to measure a conductor, such as a wire, the Rogowski coil and the non-contact voltage sensor are held in proper position for measurement.

Abstract: A current transformer having a body having an upper half and a lower half hingedly connected to the upper half, a pair of ferrite cores located within one of the upper half and the lower half of the body, the pair of ferrite cores defining a gap formed between each ferrite core of the pair of ferrite cores, and a sensor located within the gap formed between each ferrite core of the pair of ferrite cores.

Abstract: A sensor device for detecting voltage in a conductor cable includes a sense electrode to be disposed over a surface of the conductor cable to cover a sense region having a sense axial width and a sense circumferential length and a reference electrode to be disposed over the surface of the conductor cable to cover a reference region. The reference region has an axial position adjacent the axial position of the sense region and has a reference circumferential length greater than the sense circumferential length. The sensor device further includes a charge measurement circuit connected in series between the sense electrode and the reference electrode to measure a charge measurement and circuitry to compare the charge measurement to a threshold to detect a presence of the voltage in the conductor cable.

Abstract: A sensor system for a battery module, includes: a shunt resistor including: a first current clamp and a second current clamp, each of the first and second current clamps to be connected to a current path of the battery module; a first voltage clamp and a second voltage clamp; and a measurement resistance between the first voltage clamp and the second voltage clamp, and electrically connected to the first current clamp and the second current clamp; a first landing pad electrically connected to the first voltage clamp; a second landing pad electrically connected to the second voltage clamp; a first temperature sensor connected to the first landing pad; and a second temperature sensor connected to the second landing pad.

Abstract: A measuring circuit for determining the magnitude of a current flowing through a conductor, the measuring circuit having an input terminal pair that can be connected to the current transformer with a first switch, which connects a measuring resistor between the input terminals in a current measuring position, and which, in a voltage measuring position, separates the measuring resistor from at least one of the input terminals, and having an output terminal pair, at which, alternatively, a voltage-dependent measuring voltage present at the input terminal pair or a current-dependent measuring voltage present at a first measuring point of the measuring resistor can be tapped. The measuring circuit includes a changeover switch which can be switched synchronously with the switch. The changeover switch is used to connect an output terminal to the first measuring point in the current measuring position, and to the second measuring point in the voltage measuring position.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a circuit comprising: a 4-20 mA transmitter; a transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding; a first current-sense resistor connected in series with the primary winding and a current regulator, wherein the current-sense resistor is configured to measure a first voltage and provide the measured first voltage to the current regulator, the current regulator being configured to output a current proportional to the measured first voltage; and a second current-sense resistor connected in series with the secondary winding, wherein the current-sense resistor is configured to measure a second voltage such that a current associated with the 4-20 mA transmitter is determined based on the second voltage.

Abstract: A method for accurately measuring a battery temperature using a temperature sensor embodied in a battery monitoring integrated circuit is disclosed. The method includes performing calibration to estimate a thermal resistance between the battery monitoring integrated circuit and a terminal of a battery, measuring a temperature using the temperature sensor, measuring a voltage at the terminal or at a supply pin of the battery monitoring integrated circuit while a current is being used to charge or discharge the battery, calculating a power by multiplying the voltage and the current, and calculating a self-heating temperature adjustment to the temperature by multiplying the power and the thermal resistance.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for diagnosing whether a charging and discharging switching element provided on a charging and discharging path of a battery pack operates normally. A charging and discharging switching unit having a charging and discharging switch and a fuse is installed on a charging and discharging path between a battery cell and a pack terminal. The apparatus includes a first diagnosing path a second diagnosing path, a third diagnosing path, an integrated diagnosing path having a diagnosis switching unit and a diagnosis resistor, a voltage measuring unit, and a control unit configured to turn on and off the diagnosis switching unit and determine whether the charging and discharging switching unit is operating abnormally based on the diagnosis voltage measured by the voltage measuring unit.

Abstract: An electrical installation includes: a switchgear cabinet; a protective switch arranged in the switchgear cabinet; at least one optical triggering device which is operatively connected to the protective switch and for triggering or switching off the protective switch upon optical detection of an arc; a detection device for detecting an access or an access request to a secured area of the electrical installation by detecting a presence of the at least one optical triggering device in a danger area of the electrical installation; and an electronic circuit which is connected to the detection device and allows, and otherwise prevents, a triggering or switching off of the protective switch by the at least one optical triggering device upon detection of the access or the access request, when the at least one optical triggering device is present in the danger area.

Abstract: A current sensor for magnetic field-based current determination of an alternating current through a current conductor is based on a magnetic field-sensitive sensor element. The sensor element is arranged spatially adjacent the current conductor to detect a magnetic field brought about by the alternating current I in the current conductor. It is proposed that at least one conductive compensation element be arranged separately from the current flow through the current conductor and spatially adjacent the sensor element and the current conductor to compensate frequency-dependent distortions of the magnetic field by means of an induction-generatable compensation magnetic field.

Abstract: One example includes a flux switch system. The system includes an input stage configured to provide an interrogation pulse. The system also includes a plurality of flux loops configured to receive an input current. Each of the flux loops includes a Josephson junction configured to trigger to generate an output pulse in response to a first polarity of the input current and to not trigger to generate no output pulse in response to a second polarity of the input current opposite the first polarity. The system further includes an output stage configured to propagate the output pulse to an output of the flux switch system.

Abstract: In a method and system, voltage and/or current signals on an electrical/power system is monitored. A power event is identified from the monitored voltage and/or current signals. In response to event identification, waveforms of the monitored voltage and/or current signals are captured. Energy-related signals are calculated and extracted from pre-event measurements, event measurements and post-event measurements using the captured waveforms. Additional information associated with the event is identified and calculated by comparing (a) the calculated and used energy-related signals from pre-event measurements, with (b) the calculated and used energy-related signals from post-event measurements.

Abstract: A test board includes a first board and a second board. The first board includes a socket on which a device under test (DUT) is mounted, and a first functional circuit. The first functional circuit exchanges signals and data with the DUT in an actual operating environment of the DUT, and performs a first test on the DUT using a first test signal. The first test signal is identical to a signal to be transmitted in the actual operating environment. The second board includes a processor and a multiplexer. The processor performs a second test different from the first test on the DUT using a second test signal. The second test signal is different from the first test signal and checks an electrical characteristic of the DUT itself. The multiplexer selects one of the first test signal and the second test signal to transmit to the DUT.

Abstract: A sensor system for an electric power asset includes a sensor instrument coupleable to sensors associated with the electric power asset to receive sensor signals therefrom, and an antenna connection cable coupled to the sensor instrument. The antenna connection cable includes a cable sheath and a plurality of twisted pair signal carriers contained within the cable sheath to carry sensor signals received from the electric power asset. A first subset of the plurality of twisted pair signal carriers carry antenna signals and a second separate subset of the plurality of twisted pair signal carriers carry signals for partial discharge monitoring.

Abstract: A system and a method for correcting a current value of a shunt resistor, which calculate a change amount of a resistance value by using a variable temperature value of a shunt resistor and calculate a real-time current value flowing in the corresponding shunt resistor based on the calculated change amount of the resistance value and voltage values of both terminals of the shunt resistor, so that even though the temperature value of the shunt resistor is continuously changed, an accurate current value may be obtained by reflecting all the changes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for cable condition monitoring of an electric cable. The method comprises inducing a test current in the electric cable, measuring a resulting current in a measurement point of the electric cable by measuring a magnetic nearfield of the electric cable, measuring a resulting voltage in the measurement point of the electric cable by measuring an electric nearfield of the cable, calculating an impedance of the electric cable based on the resulting current and the resulting voltage by a line resonance analysis system, and analysing the impedance by the line resonance analysis system establishing a condition of the electric cable. A coupler arrangement providing a non-galvanic connection to the cable is also disclosed.

Abstract: A meter apparatus is provided for determining parameters of an AC electric signal in first and second wires, the AC signal including an AC electric current and an AC electric voltage, the apparatus including a measurement section to provide first and second measure signals each one indicative of the AC voltage based on a first capacitive coupling with the first wire and on a second capacitive coupling with the second wire, the first and second measure signals depending on capacitance values of the first and second capacitive couplings, and a control unit to determine said capacitance values of the first and second capacitive couplings according to the first and second measure signals, and determining the amplitude of the AC voltage according to the first or second measure signal, and to the capacitance values of the first and second capacitive couplings.

Abstract: A device and a method for testing receptacle wiring are revealed. The device for testing receptacle wiring includes a signal transmitter and a receiver. The signal transmitted is plugged into a receptacle to be tested while the receiver is used to detect voltage signals of no-fuse breakers (NFB) and receive signals from the signal transmitter so as to find out correspondence between the NFB and the receptacle correctly.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present disclosure provides an electromagnetic inductive power supply apparatus comprising: an upper housing disposed on the upper side of a lower housing and having an elevating guide; a base disposed above the upper housing; a pressing support disposed on the lower side of the base part and having a guide bar which is coupled to the elevating guide so as to move up and down while being guided by the elevating guide, and one end of which is fastened to the lower housing; a lower core installed in the lower housing; and an upper core installed in the upper housing and forming a magnetic circuit inner space through which a line passes when the upper core is connected to the lower core.

Abstract: A current detection circuit to detect an electric current of the battery pack includes an insulating substrate, a first busbar and a second busbar disposed on a first surface of the insulating substrate, a shunt resistor disposed between the first busbar and the second busbar on the first surface, and electrically connected to the first busbar and the second busbar, and a hall effect sensor disposed on a second surface of the insulating substrate, wherein the second surface is opposite the first surface.

Abstract: Contactless voltage transducer for measuring voltages between at least two conductors of an alternating voltage conductor system, the transducer including two or more capacitive current measurement units, each said capacitive current measurement unit comprising an electrode surrounding a passage for receiving therethrough a respective said conductor of the alternating voltage conductor system, an electrode shield surrounding the electrode, an electrode signal processing circuit portion connected to the electrode and electrode shield, configured to output an analog measurement signal, and a reference voltage signal generator connected to the electrode shield and configured to generate a reference voltage source signal, wherein the reference voltage signal generators of the two or more capacitive current measurement units are connected together at a common floating voltage connection point.

Abstract: A sensor for a separable connector includes a plug body, one or more high voltage capacitors, one or more low voltage capacitors, and a low voltage connection. The plug body includes an insulating resin. The plug body can be inserted into the separable connector to encase a high voltage conductor disposed in the separable connector. The one or more high voltage capacitors are encased by the insulating resin and can be electrically coupled to the separable connector at a first end portion when the plug body is inserted. The one or more low voltage capacitors are electrically coupled in series to the one or more high voltage capacitors to form a capacitive voltage divider. The low voltage connection provides a low voltage signal corresponding to a high voltage signal present in the separable connector. Signal conditioning electronics or a memory may also be included.

Abstract: A resistance-measuring device mountable to a component of a current-carrying transmission line. The device includes a body having a base and two arms with interconnected first ends and spaced-apart second ends. The arms define a gap therebetween. Each arm has an inner portion facing the gap. The body is displaceable to mount the body about the component and position the component within the gap. The body has an abrading mechanism mounted to the arms. The abrading mechanism has an electrically-conductive abrading element disposed along the arm and facing inwardly toward the gap. The abrading element rubs against an outer surface of the component upon displacing the body to mount the body about the component. A method is also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs stored on a computer-readable storage medium, for obtaining, from an electric field sensor, measurements of a net electric field resulting from a combination of respective electric fields from two or more electrical power conductors that are proximate to the electric field sensor. The apparatus detects a change in successive measurements of the net electric field. The apparatus determines, based on the change, that an electrical fault has occurred in one of the two or more electric power conductors. The apparatus sends to a server system, data indicating that the electrical fault has occurred in one of the two or more electric power conductors.

Abstract: A split core current sensor a core subdivided into a first core section and a second core section, each of which have a first end and a second end. The first core section and the second core section are spaced apart by a gap. The sensor also includes a plurality of coil windings disposed about the core. A first coil winding is disposed proximate to the first end of the first core section; a second coil winding is disposed proximate to the second end of the first core section; a third coil winding is disposed proximate to the first end of the second core section; and a fourth coil winding is disposed proximate to a second end of the second core section. Each of the first core section and the second core section include a central portion disposed between the first and second ends that is free of coil windings.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure may enable an electrical component within an electrical distribution equipment cabinet to be audibly monitored via an electrical fault detection device mounted on the housing of the cabinet. The electrical fault detection device may comprise a sensor to detect a signal emitted from an electrical fault within the cabinet, a transducer to convert the detected signal into an electrical audio signal, and an output socket adapted for an external device that may generate an audible sound based on the detected signal. The detected sensor may be an ultrasound sensor and the detected signal may be an ultrasound emitted from the electrical fault.

Abstract: Multi-frequency buried object location system transmitters and locators are disclosed. A transmitter may generate and provide output signals to a buried object at a plurality of frequencies, which may be selected based on a connection type. Corresponding locators may simultaneously receive a plurality of magnetic field signals emitted from the buried object and generate visual and/or audible output information based at least in part on the plurality of received magnetic field signals. The visual and/or audible output may be further based on signals received from a quad-gradient antenna array.

Abstract: A shunt resistor mounting structure comprising: a resistor including a pair of terminal portions and adapted to perform current sensing; and a mounting board. The mounting board includes: a mounting portion including a pair of a first land and a second land to which the pair of terminal portions are respectively connected, and which allow a current to be measured to flow through the resistor; a substrate having the pair of lands formed thereon; a first voltage terminal formed on the substrate and including a line pattern led out from the first land; and a second voltage terminal including a wire connected to the terminal portion corresponding to the second land.

Abstract: A current sensor configured to detect electric current flowing through an object to be measured in a state where the current sensor encloses the object to be measured includes a coil body configured to detect the electric current flowing through the object to be measured, and a holding portion to which a base end portion of the coil body is attached, the holding portion being configured to insert and hold a leading end 1a of the coil body in an insertion port. A part having a greater curvature than a curvature of the base end portion is formed in a leading end portion having the leading end of the coil body.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to ensuring contact between core halves of a current transformer. For example, a current transformer (CT) may include a split core comprising a first core half having a first plurality of faces and a second core half having a second plurality of faces. Each face of the first core half may contact a corresponding face of the second core half to allow magnetic flux to flow through the split core to induce current on windings of the CT. The CT may include a first housing that houses the first core half and a second housing that the second core half. The CT may include a biasing element that biases the second core half towards the first core half to ensure that each face of the second core half contacts the corresponding face of the first core half.

Abstract: An electrical assembly includes a first conductor, a second conductor, and a bus bar. The first conductor is disposed on a terminal block and defines a first conductor opening. The second conductor is spaced apart from the first conductor. The bus bar extends from an electrical component. The bus bar has a first bus bar surface that is arranged to engage the first conductor and a second bus bar surface that is disposed opposite the first bus bar surface. The second bus bar surface is arranged to engage the second conductor. Each of the first bus bar surface and the second bus bar surface extends between an end surface of the bus bar and the electrical component.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure are to evaluation of a phase-resolved partial electrical discharge (PD) of equipment insulation. In one embodiment, a method includes providing Phiqn-arrays by a measurement device configured to detect a PD process in electrical equipment. The electrical equipment can include high voltage insulation. The method further includes associating, by an equipment controller communicatively coupled to the measurement device, at least one Phiqn-pattern present in the Phiqn-arrays with a geometrical shape. The method also includes tracking, by the equipment controller, parameters of the geometrical shape in the Phiqn-arrays. The method also includes determining, by the equipment controller and based on the parameters of the geometrical shape, a discharge intensity associated with the Phiqn-pattern. The method may further include providing, by the equipment controller and based on the discharge intensity, a signal indicative of a condition of the high voltage insulation.

Abstract: A coil that includes an elongate conductor.

Abstract: A shunt is composed of multiple pieces with at least some of the pieces being connected by a conductive channel that provides uniform flow of current. The conductive channel may be a recess, raised portion, stand-alone component, or other channel that directs current to flow from one piece of the shunt to another piece in a uniform manner, resulting in an accurate current reading for the shunt. Further, the shunt may include multiple pieces that are composed of different materials.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a strain gauge on a substrate, the strain gauge configured to measure a stress of the substrate; and a temperature sensor disposed within the substrate, the temperature sensor being decoupled from the stress of the substrate.

Abstract: A method for measuring a temporal drainage of an alternating current flowing through a measurement object, in which a Rogowski-Steinhaus-Chattock coil is aligned on the measurement object, at least one isolating line is inserted into coil windings of the Rogowski-Steinhaus-Chattock coil, said isolating line minimizing a capacitive coupling of the coil windings of the Rogowski-Steinhaus-Chattock coil with one another and/or with at least one further electrical line, and a voltage induced by the alternating current in at least one measuring line comprising the Rogowski-Steinhaus-Chattock coil is measured. A corresponding sensor and a method for providing a sensor of this type are furthermore disclosed.

Abstract: A device, including: a sensor circuit that senses the state of contact impedance of a mechanical electrical switch; and a switch-off circuit that represents a sensed high impedance contact of the switch as a low or constant impedance, where the sensor circuit detects an open or closed condition of the switch by sensing a voltage across the switch passing a threshold value.